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Plessy & Ferguson
Supreme court case that dealt with segregation.
"Seperate but equal" was followed during the case despite the color of the man, man is man in the eyes of the constitution.
Discussed the facilities of whites only and color'd people and the differences of the quality. However the court's decision did not reflect the difference of understanding the signifigance. -
CORE
Group that protested against segregation by the use of non violence. About 2/3 were white and 1/3 black. Known as the Congress of Racial Equality(CORE)
Inspired of Gandhi's methods of civil disobediance. -
Sweatt v Painter
Supreme court case that involved a black man who was denied to enter the School of Law of the University of Texas. At the time the law of Texas prohibited integrated schools, however the law school had never admited any African Americans in.
This was a case that challenged the "Separate but equal" idealism.Sweatt ended up winning the case and had the right to attend the school. -
Brown V Board of Education
Segregation of schools has ended. Integration of schools allowed for another win in the race for equality between the races during the civl rights movement.
It was said that African American children had to travel far distances compared to white children who had local schools just nearby. In the end the case was won and a great influential landmark in the movement, another victory in the struggle of segregation. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Park's refuses to give her seat to a white man. She was later arrested, this event led to African Americans boycotting the buses till they had the same right to sit where they wanted. -
Rosa Parks has had enough
"People Always say that I didn't Give up my seat because I was tired, but that isn't true... No, the only tired I was, was tired of givin in." -Rosa Parks -
Southern Manifesto
Declared the integration of the schools and public "Unconstintutional"
The officals of the south insisted that many resisted by any means necessary, without breaking the law. Not many disagreed with this, many whites protested that they wanted to stay segregated and insist that if they were not integrated before they will not start now. -
SOLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Was an organization focusing on the primary objective of achieving equality for African Americans with a non-violence approach as the main method.
Dr.Martin Luther King Jr was the leader of the organization, a primary leader in the Civil Rights Movement. This group participated in many popular activities known today such as the march of Washington where MLK performed his famous "I have a Dream" speech. -
Little Rock 9
Little Rock Central High was now being integrated by 9 brave African Americans. They faced much hate by white protesters and officals, due to this Eisenhowever insisted that he federalize the national guard in Arkansas removing them from governor Faubus's control.
Out of the 9 students 8 completed their school year.Facing racism,hate, and discrimination was not an easy task for these children, but they revolutionized how America is by attending, therefore changing history. -
Greensboro Sit in
Four African American students order food at Woolworth's lunch counter in North Carolina. The white waitress refused to serve blacks, due to this the college students protest by sitting down on the stools till the counter was closed.
This protest became popular across the nation once the word was out. Similar protests were held by other students and other African Americans desperately protesting for the rights they deserve no matter their racial identity. -
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Comittee
Important Organization in the Civil Rights Movement. This group participated in sit-ins,freedom rides, and other special events such as the march in Washington.
The group was anti-racist, and the purpose was to unite people as one, instead of segregation. -
Freedom Rides
Freedom Rides were started.
African Americans and white civil right supporters drove down South to support equality for everybody and protest against segregation. Many who agreed to do this were injured or arrested and some were even killed. Due to the extreme violence the message had gone around the international news and showed many common people the cruelities that the African Americans had to face just for their skin color. -
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James Meredith Court Case
James Meredith a veteran of the Air Force challenges the legality of segregation in the courts. Eventually he won the federal court case that orded universities to integrate.
Ross Barnett who was a governor of Mississippi was determined to not let this happen, he believed in segregation. -
Letter From Burmingham Jail
“Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” “Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal, so must we see the need for nonviolent gadflies to create the kind of tension in society that will help men rise from the dark depths of prejudice and racism to the majestic heights of understanding and brotherhood."-MLK -
Medgar Evers
Participated in the right for African Americans to attend University. Helped James Meredith's cause to go to the University of Mississippi.
Assassinated in front of his house, killed by gunshot to the back. -
March of Washington
Many Black Leaders planned to march to Washington to express their belief's in equality. It was overall a success, many entertainers,performers, and politicians showed up. This was also where Martin Luther King performed his most famous "I have a dream" speech. The march symbolized a hope for equality to the people, it was a joyus day everywhere for pro-equality believing people. -
Bombing of Birmingham
September 15, 1963 a man bombed the church of Birmingham, The SCLC and Core reguarly held meetings here to help African Americans with voting. 4 children were killed in the blast with many others injured. Denise McNair (11), Addie Mae Collins (14), Carole Robertson (14) and Cynthia Wesley (14) were killed.
Robert Chambliss (KKK member) was responsible for the bombing. He was not found guilty until 1977 -
24th Amendment
Gave the right for any citizen to vote for any primary or other election including President,Vice President, Representatives, and Senates.
" -
Mississippi Freedom Summer
The Mississippi Freedom Summer was a campaign launched in 1964 to help African Americans register for voting. Mississippi was notorious for not allowing African Americans to vote, however freedom schools,houses, and community centers were also built.
It was a success and this spawned a reassurance that African Americans could now vote more safely than before. -
Civil Rights Act
After many long years the Civil Rights Act was passed on July 2, 1964. It outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.Including work buildings,schools, and voting registration.
This ofcourse was only a piece of paper, over the next few decades only then will have the racism and discrimination calmed down. Today some may still face it however, thankfully it is not as bad in comparison but it will get better with time. -
Malcolm X Assassinated
Malcolm X was a very influential leader in the Civil Rights Movement, he advocated "self defense By any means necessary"
After leaving his former Nation of Islam Malcolm made a visit to Mecca.
He created the Afro-American Unity organization. On Febuary 21,1965 Malcolm X was shot to death by Nation of Islam members while speaking in a rally.
"You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom"~Malculm X -
Selma to Montgomery march
Martin Luther King's SCLC organization planned to march from Selma to Montgomery to help register black voters. During the march the people were faced with harsh violence from citizens and local officals. It took 3 days for the march to be complete with the help of federal troops. This march help establish the awareness of how difficult it was for African Americans to have the right to vote. Later that year a voting act was passed to help African Americans vote. -
Voting Rights Act approved
After years of working to get equality the Voting Rights Act was finally approved. Many African Americans and Hispanics could not vote without being openly discriminated. Ofcourse there was still backlash, but now look how today is, it is much greater than before.
The act banned racial discrimination in voting by the federal government and the state. -
James Meredith
James Graduated in 1963 for Ole Miss and later went to obtain his law degree in Columbia University in New York City. -
Black Panthers
Organization formed in 1966. This group used violence to try to get the rights they wanted instead of using Martin Luther King's method of non-violence. They believed that by using that method it would take too long to get what they equally deserved.
They desired equal education,housing,employment, and civil rights. -
MLK Assassination
King was assassinated in Memphis, Tenessee during a worker's strike. He was shot in the neck by a sniper bullet standing just outside his hotel balcony, he was prounounced dead at the hospital.
This news shocked the world, the suspect found was James Earl Ray, he was guilty and sent to prison for 99 years. MLK's death marked an important date in history, he was remarkably one of the most known Civil Rights Leader and even has a day dedicated for his achievements. -
Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson was a baseball player and a fellow civil rights activist. He was very passionate about what he believed in and insisted on baseball allowing black managers and coaches.
Jackie worked with figures such as Martin Luther King and attend the march of Washington.
Unfortuantely he died Oct 24, 1972 before his dream of having an African Manager/Coach in the league, in 1975 the first black manager was hired.
Jackie's Legacy will forever be noted in history, for his integrity. -
LINKS
9.https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxxiv
10.http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/malcolm-x-assassinated
11.http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/martin-luther-king-jr-assassination
12.http://www.biography.com/people/james-meredith-9406314
13.http://www.solipsis.com/jackierobinson/civil_rights.html
14.http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/history-brown-v-board-education-re-enactment
15.http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/montgomer -
LINKS
1.http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-Southern-Manifesto-of-1956/
2.http://crdl.usg.edu/events/little_rock_integration/?Welcome
3.http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/freedom-
4.http://my.ilstu.edu/~fsuggs/html/letterfromjail.html
5.http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/march-on-washington
6.http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/randall/birmingham.htm
7.http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/selma-montgomery-march
8.http://www.civilrights.org/
