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13th Amendment
This abolished slavery in the United States. "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." -
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Jim Crow Laws
A collection of state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation. This denied African- Americans the right to vote, hold jobs, and get an education -
14h Amendement
This granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States including formerly enslaved and guaranteed citizens, "equal protection of the laws." -
15th Amendement
This was created to protect the voting rights of Black men after the Civil War. "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States of by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." -
Red Summer
For several months, there was an increase in lynchings and race riots across 25 states. African- Americans were fighting back against white violence after World War I -
Brown Vs Board of Education
This effectively ended racial segregation in public schools -
Rosa Parks Arrest
Rosa Parks was arrested after refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus. -
Emmett Till
Emmett Till was a 14- year-old who was brutally murdered in Mississippi for allegedly flirting with a white woman. His murderers were found not guilty. -
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
This was known as the first large-scale U.S. demonstration against segregation. Originally demanding courtesy, hiring black drivers, and first-come, first-serve seating, Montgomery federal court eventually found segregated bus seating violating the 14th amendment -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
This law was put in place to protect voter rights. This allowed federal prosecution against anyone who suppressed another's right to vote. -
Civil Rights Act of 1960
Protected voting rights and requiring local authorities to maintain comprehensive voting records for review for the government could determine if there were patterns of discrimination -
Civil Rights Address
John F. Kennedy called for a new bill, "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public- hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments" as well as "greater protection for the right to vote." -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.