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13th Amendment
the United States made this amendment to abolish slavery. It was passsed by Senate then the house. It was adopted in 1865. -
14th Amendment
This established the rights of citzens and equal protection. It was adotpted in 1868. It was contested by the southern states. The first part of the amendment is the most litigated part in the constitution. -
15th amendment
This amendment prohibits states to deny the people to vote based on race or color. This worried the people because there would be more black representatives. -
Jim Crow
This was an era where there was racial segregation. They mandated de jure racial segregation in public facilities. They were supposed to be "seperate but equal" but were not equal what so ever. -
Literacy Tests
A literacy test, in the context of American political history from the 1890s to the 1960s, refers to the government practice of testing the literacy of potential citizens at the federal level, and potential voters at the state level. For other nations it has been a matter of ideal immigration policy. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
This court case fought against sperate but equal. The public facilities were serpate but far from equal. -
19th Amendment
This amendment states that you cannot deny someone their right to vote based on their sex. A lot of states didn't allow women to vote until this amendment was ratified. -
Poll Taxes
This was used as de facto segrgation. This made blacks and poor people not be able to vote becasue poll taxes were so high. -
Koremastsu v. United States
Thsi was a landmark Supreme Court case. This court case had the concern of putting Japanese Americans in Internment Camp and if it was constitutional or not. Koremastsu won this court case which says it is unconstitutional. -
Sweatt v. Painter
This court case successfully challenged the "seperate but equal" act. Sweatt was refused admission to the School of Law. There was no Law School for Blacks at the time. -
Brown v. Board of Education
This case is known as a landmark case. It declared that seperate public school and white students is unconstitutional. It overturned the seperate but equal laws. By doing so it allowed black and white children to go to the same school. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
This all atarted with Rosa Parks not givin up her seat for a white man. It was a political and social protest against the polocies of racial sergregation. This led to seperated buses were unconstitutional. -
Ruby Bridges
Ruby Brisges was the first black student to join a white elementary school. She attended William Frantz Elemetary School. Her parents were contacted by the NAACP to join 6 other kids in this process. She was the only student who went to a school by herself. -
24th Amendment
This amendment prpohibits both Congress and states form giving poll taxes. This was to try and make African Americans not able to vote. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act outlawed descrimation of race color sex of orgin adn religion. It ended unequalapplication of voter registration requirements. It also outlaws racial segregation that still happened during that time. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This outlaws racial discrimination for voting. It was signed into law by President Lydon B. Johnson. -
Loving v. Virginia
This was a landmark civil rights case that decides if interracial marrige was constitutional or not. The Lovings were sentenced to a year in prison for interracial marrige. They concidered this unconstituional and legalized interracial marrige. -
Robert Kennedy Speech in Indianapolis upon the death of MLK.
Kennedy was talking to the University of Notre Dame and Ball State University the day he found out MLK was assassinated. He attended a rally in Idianapolis and talked to the crowd saying there should be peace. -
Reed v. Reed
This was the first case to declare sex discrimmination a violation of the 14th Amendment. -
Equal Rights Amendment
This amendment was proposed to congress to have equal rights for women. It was first brought to Congress in 1923 and wasn't passsed till 1972. -
Regents of the University of California v Blakke
Bakke was ordered admitted to U.C.-Davis Medical School, and the school's practice of reserving 16 seats for minority students was struck down. Judgment of the Supreme Court of California reversed insofar as it forbade the university from taking race into account in admissions. -
Bowers v Hardwick
A Georgia law classifying homosexual sex as illegal sodomy was valid because there was no constitutionally protected right to engage in homosexual sex. Eleventh Circuit reversed and remanded. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
This act states that you cannot discriminate against someone just because they have a disability. They are needed to be treated as an equal individual. -
Lawerence v. Texas
A Texas law classifying consensual, adult homosexual intercourse as illegal sodomy violated the privacy and liberty of adults to engage in private intimate conduct under the 14th Amendment. Texas state courts reversed and charges dismissed. -
Fisher v. Texas
The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals failed to apply strict scrutiny in its decision affirming the admissions policy. The decision is vacated, and the case remanded for further consideration. -
Gay Rights Court Battle
For three days over the summer the courts legalized gay marriges to happen and took it away because it is not constitutional. Couples are fighting their way to the head Supreme Court to challenge this. Still undecided. -
Affirmative Action
an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination.
