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1150
Preindustrial and medieval
In medieval Europe, there existed a well-defined system outlining various life stages that indicated the beginning and end of childhood. The arrival of a newborn was a noteworthy event, prompting nobles to quickly devise advantageous marriage arrangements for the benefit of the family. birthdays were of minimal importance. -
Early Modern period
In the 1600s, Europe experienced a transformation in philosophical and societal perspectives regarding children and the idea of "childhood." During this period, adults began to perceive children as distinct entities, characterized by innocence and in need of protection and guidance from the adults in their environment. -
Enlightenment era
During this time period, there was an increase in the availability and organization of children's education, with the goal of supplying the church and state with individuals who would serve as their future administrators. Local schools were established by philanthropists to provide basic literacy skills to economically disadvantaged children, while children from noble and bourgeois backgrounds received more tailored education at grammar schools and universities. -
Children’s rights under the law
Starting in the 1830s, reformers started to condemn child labor, influenced by Charles Dickens' vivid descriptions of the harsh realities of London street life. By 1856, the law permitted children as young as nine to work up to 60 hours per week. Then, in 1901, the acceptable age for child labor was increased to 12. -
Modern childhood
By the end of the 19th century, a modern perspective on children began to emerge, particularly emphasized by the Victorian middle and upper classes. This shift is noticeable in the rise of a new type of children's literature, where authors started to create humorous and child-focused books that better connected with the imagination of young readers. -
Compulsory schooling
During the latter half of the century, mandatory state schooling for children was introduced across Europe, leading to their removal from workplaces and enrollment in educational institutions. The advent of the 19th-century market economy fostered the perception of childhood as a time characterized by joy and satisfaction. Furthermore, growing up in rural areas allowed children to break free from urban structures of age and gender hierarchy.