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Navigation Acts
-restricted foreign trade/shipping
-passed in England
-Parliament; affected Dutch, Spanish, others who desired English trade
-English trade in English vessels, dislike of competition, deterioriation after 80 Years' War
-resentment in colonies due to trade restrictions
-caused resentment of imperial authority, contributed to American Revolution
-no substantial countermeasures from Britain
-mercantilism: state main participant in econ. matters, colonies benefited main country -
Navigation Acts
see 1651 -
Navigation Acts
see 1651 -
Navigation Acts
see 1651 -
Period: to
Period of Benign Neglect
-colonies left to their own devices; no direct supervision
-mismanagement, lack of time for colonies -> colonies controlled all affairs
-colonies resisted newfound imperial dominance
-ended 1763 after defeat of France in Seven Years' War -
Navigation Acts (Molasses Act of 1733)
-see 1651 for general Navigation Acts
-tax of 6 pence/gallon on molasses imported from non-British colonies
-passed in Britain, affected colonies
-Parliament, colonists
-plantation owners insisted
-tax evaded, smuggling grew prominent
-colonists heavily disliked it
-British didn't respond; local officials bribed -
1754 Albany Plan
-proposal to unite 13 colonies under 1 gov't
-Albany, NY
-proposed by Benjamin Franklin + PA, MD, NY, New England delegates rejected by colonial gov'ts
-faced common threat from French + their allies
-conference for treaty w/Iroquois
-rejection by colonists, didn't want union
-British disliked unity idea, proposed troop-raising & fort-building -
Period: to
French and Indian War (Seven Years War)
-struggle between French + native allies and Britain due to French expansion; named for French side only
-took place Virginia to Nova Scotia
-France, French-allied natives, & Britain
-conflict btwn. French & British land claims
-end of benign neglect, Britain received Canada and Florida, gave Louisiana to Spain, allowed French to keep W. Indian islands
-French colonists now under British control -> deportation of Acadians
-British attempted to resettle Acadians; unsuccessful -
Philosophy of Revolt, inc. John Locke (Enlightenment ideals)
-wish for permanent principles, opposition to taxation w/out representation, Locke believed in legitimacy of revolt against tyrannical gov'ts in order to completely reform them
-colonies
-John Locke, American colonists, British
-"radical ideas" of British dissenters, indigenous ideas
-resentment btwn. Americans & British, ideological shift in American views of British & own gov'ts -
Paxton Boys & their Rebellion
-band that descended on Philadelphia, wanted relief from colonial taxes & money to defend against Indians
-Pennsylvania
-Scots-Irish frontiersmen, Susquehannock Indians
-wanted native territory, claimed that natives encroached on their homes
-murder of 20 Susquehannock, grievances heard, mob broke up -
Period: to
Prime Minister George Grenville
-believed in colonists obeying laws/aiding empire
-Great Britain
-Grenville, PM to King George III
-believed in prevailing British opinion about leniency toward colonists
-tried to impose new system of control upon colonies -
1763 Treaty of Paris
-formally ended French and Indian War
-signed in Paris
-by Great Britain, France, & Spain; Portugal agreed
-desire for peace after French and Indian War
-French ceded all mainland N. America to Britain/Spain, lost power/holdings -
Pontiac's Rebellion
-natives wished to drive British settlers out of the region, raids and killings on both sides
-Great Lakes region
-Indians allied w/French vs. British
-dissatisfaction w/treatment from British officials
-diplomatic solution -> peace treaty (not surrender) -
Proclamation of 1763
-forbade settlers to advance beyond a line drawn along the Appalachian Mts.
-issued in Britian w/relat. to colonies
-desire to prevent escalation of fighting that might threaten western trade
-ineffective at limiting white western expansion, had some effect on west land speculation/fur trade -
Period: to
Regulator Movement Revolts (Carolinas)
-upcountry farmers resisted tax collections by force, eastern counties defeated these "regulators"
-N. Carolina
-Regulators (Carolina upcountry farmers opposed to taxes), Gov. Tryon, militiamen
-dislike of taxation
-9 per side killed, many wounded, 6 hanged for treason -
Period: to
Opposition to Stamp Act, including Patrick Henry, Stamp Act Congress, riots, Sons of Liberty, Sam Adams, boycotts, Virgina Resolves
-hoped to challenge Stamp Act/tidewater planters; Patrick Henry made dramatic speech about George III's tyranny; Stamp Act Congress wished to petition king about taxation; riots terrorized stamp agents; Sons of Liberty terrorized stamp agents; Sam Adams wrote legislation against SA; boycotts on stamps; "Virginia Resolves" were printed vers. of Henry's beliefs about Americans = English
-Virginia, Boston
-Henry, Sons of Liberty, SA Congress, S. Adams
-outrage over Stamp Act
-violence vs. agents -
Stamp Act of 1765
-tax on printed paper used by any American
-passed in Britain w/relat. to colonies
-British government, American colonists
-desire for econ. recovery after Seven Years' War
-antagonized/unified colonies; thought of as raising revenue w/out colonial assemblies' consent -
Declaratory Act
-asserted Parliament's authority over colonies in all cases
-Britain affecting colonies
-Parliament, colonists
-desire to satisfy Rockingham's opponents who wanted colonial control
-few Americans paid attention -
1767 Townshend Duties
-#1 disbanded NY assembly until colonists obeyed Mutiny Act; #2 levied taxes on imports from England (lead, paint, paper, tea)
-Britain
-Charles Townshend
-enforce law, try to raise colonial revenue
-didn't satisfy colonial grievances, unpopular w/colonists -
1770 Boston Massacre
-scuffling in front of customs house, some British soldiers fired & killed 5 ppl
-Boston, MA
-dockworkers, liberty boys, British soldiers, 5 killed, inc. Crispus Attucks, a mulatto sailor
-earlier antagonism btwn. ship-rigging factory workers & British soldiers
-became a symbol of British oppression/brutality, over-exaggerated -
Samuel Adams & creation of Committees of Correspondence
-became first head of "committee of corr." to publicize grievances against England throughout colony
-Boston, MA
-Samuel Adams
-disliked England's "sin and corruption", believed that "public virtue" was only in America
-other colonies followed MA's lead, polit org. -> spirit of dissent alive throughout 1770s -
Tea Act of 1773; Boston Tea Party, boycotts, role of women
-gave E. India Company the right to export merch directly to colonies w/out taxation; 150 men disguised as Mohawks dumped tea into harbor; tea boycotts; women participated in literature, riots, crowds
-Boston
-E. India Company, Boston colonists
-wanted to save company; resentment of taxation w/out rep.
-Coercive Acts as punishment -
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) & Edenton Proclamation
-closed port of Boston, drastically reduced colonial self gov't, royal officials could be tried in other colonies/England for crimes, quartering of troops in colonists' property; boycott of British goods
-Britain, affected Boston; North Carolina
-Parliament, colonists; NC women
-retaliation for Bostonians refusing to pay for destroyed property
-made MA a martyr, encouraged resistance -
First Continental Congress
-rejected plan for colonial union under Brit. authority, statement of grievances, military prep. for defense against Brit., stop all trade w/Britain, continuing Congress
-Philadelphia, PA
-delegates from all colonies except GA
-dissolving of VA assembly
-reaffirmed autonomous status w/in British empire -
1775 Lexington & Concord
-1000 soldiers sent to capture illegal gunpowder as well as capture rebel leaders Sam Adams & John Hancock; minutemen waited for them & attacked them, killing many; 1st military engagements of Rev. War
-Lexington & Concord, MA
-Gen. Thomas Gage, William Dawes, Paul Revere
-orders to capture illegal gunpowder; Dawes & Revere rode to warn villages/farms
-colonists circulated their story -> rallied colonists -
Thomas Paine's Common Sense
-pamphlet inspiring colonists to fight for/declare ind. from GB, plain language expl. need/advantages of immediate ind.
-colonies
-Thomas Paine
-desire to appeal to common people
-incendiary/widely read; used by G. Washington -
Declaration of Independence
-first formal statement asserting people's right to choose own gov't; Jefferson's phil. of revolt based heavily upon Locke's
-Pennsylvania
-Continental Congress, inc. Jefferson, Adams, Sherman, Franklin, Livingston
-desire for a formal break w/Britain
-landmark in history of democracy
