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Watson v. City of Cambridge
"Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that a child who was “weak in mind” and could not benefit from instruction, was troublesome to other children, made “unusual noises,” and was unable to take “ordinary, decent, physical care of himself ” could be expelled from public school" (Yell, 2016). -
Beattie v. Board of Education
The court ruled that a student with disabilities (even if they had attended school up to fifth grade) could be expelled if they required too much attention from their teacher, drooled extensively, had facial contortions, and/or speech issues (Yell, 2016). -
The Council for Exceptional Children
The Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) was founded and organized in 1922 at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York. They are an organization concerned about children with disabilities in school (Yell, 2016). -
The National Association for Retarded Citizens
In Minneapolis, Minnesota, forty-two parents and concerned individuals created an organization called The National Association for Retarded Citizens (ARC/USA). The mission of this organization is to provide information to those concerned, monitor quality of education to those with disabilities, and advocate for those with disabilities (Yell, 2016). -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
“The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was passed and signed by President Lyndon Johnson as an important component of the war on poverty” (Yell, 2016). -
Crime
"The State of North Carolina made it a crime for parents to persist in forcing the attendance of a child with disabilities after the child’s exclusion from public school" (Yell, 2016). -
Sections 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act states, "No otherwise qualified handicapped individual in the United States . . . shall solely by reason of his handicap, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any activity receiving federal financial assistance" (Yell, 2016). -
The Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps
The Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps (TASH) is an organization that provides support to those with disabilities. “TASH disseminates information on best practices, publishes research reports, and supports the rights and humane treatment of persons with severe and multiple disabilities through active involvement in court cases (Yell, 2016). -
Federation of Families for Children’s Mental Health
The Federation of Families for Children’s Mental Health is a group of “professionals interested in children and youth with emotional, behavioral, and mental disorders” (Yell, 2016). -
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments
"The primary purposes of IDEA are: To provide a free appropriate public education (FAPE) to children with disabilities. IDEA requires schools to find and evaluate students suspected of having disabilities, at no cost to families" (Understood, 2020). -
No Child Left Behind Act
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was signed by President Bush on January 8, 2002. This law was significant because it includes all children with or without disabilities. Its goal is to close the achievement gap in reading and math within a certain amount of time. The responsibility goes to the school districts and schools, and keep them accountable for their students.