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The battle of the plains of Abraham
The British defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham, which took place in Quebec. The victory turned the tide, opening the path for British authority in New France. The transfer of power resulted in changes to Canada's borders, traditions, people, and identity that continue to have an impact on indigenous populations today. -
Quebec Act
After the war, The Royal Proclamation would bring Quebec land and its people become part of the British Empire. The Quebec Act would revoke this and would also gain royalty -
The war of 1812 - 1815
The territorial boundaries of the United States and Canada and their national identities were influenced by the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain.
Indigenous peoples formed alliances based on their own interests.
Conflicting ownership claims to land after the war led to the loss of indigenous territory.
This created a process that opened up space for subsequent dialogue and conflict between settler governments. -
The gold rush (1850-1860)
Until the gold rush occurred primarily in British Columbia, the fur trade was the largest part of the economy.
This led to a mass migration of people to the Thompson River and Fraser areas of British Columbia.
The settlers drove out the indigenous people there and denied them the right to own this land.
However, the resources of indigenous peoples can be sold to settlers. -
The Chilcotin war
During the Caribou Gold Rush, the Chilcotin Wars were fought between the Tŝilhqot’in and settlers.
Illegal road construction initially killed 14 people, then 5.
Despite the negotiated agreement, the Tŝilhqot’in were captured and five were hanged. -
Confederation
Consists of the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Canada, and is part of the Dominion of Canada.
Founded in Charlottetown, Quebec City, and London, this organization expanded western settlements, enriched railroad revenues, and gave the federal government responsibility for Native American affairs. -
The Treaty of Washington
A peace treaty between the United States and Great Britain concluded after the American Civil War to resolve issues between the two countries.
The treaty stipulated that Britain would be responsible for any damage caused by Confederate cruisers and ships leaving British ports.
This treaty also created reservations for Native Americans -
Oregon Boundary Dispute
Spain, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States fought over the expansion of Oregon.
This treaty established a boundary separating trade routes between Canada and the United States in the Pacific Northwest. -
The Indian Act
The newly established Canadian government sought to integrate Indigenous social and economic practices into European Canadian culture.
The law included amendments that defined strategies for dismantling indigenous traditions such as religion and residential schools. -
The trial/hanging of Louis Riel
He is considered the founder of Manitoba and was elected to Parliament after Riel established a democratic government with Métis.
The move was viewed differently among Anglo-French Canadians, with some calling him an outlaw, while Métis saw him as a hero defending Métis rights and language.
Meanwhile, Riel considered himself a righteous leader and founded a resistance movement in 1884. -
Numbered Treaties (1887 - 1921)
An important agreement between the Crown Tribes and the Native American Tribes.
In return, they gave their ancestral lands to the king for development and settlement.
This includes providing land, paying money, and other activities.
However, such treaties retained some political relevance and formed alliances with similar goals. -
The Calder Case (1967 - 1973)
It was the Nisga'a expulsion that sparked a legal battle for recognition and compensation.
Frank Calder, who in 1949 became the first Native American to be elected to the Columbia Legislature, was a central figure in this battle.
The white paper triggered legal action.
Despite the lawsuit being dismissed, negotiations ultimately led to him gaining autonomy over more than 2,000 square kilometers of land. -
The Oka Chrisis
78 days of conflict over plans to expand a golf course near the village of Kanasatake.
Indigenous people faced clashes with his RCMP, Quebec provincial police, and the military, and violence broke out.
The conflict ended with the Canadian government purchasing the disputed land, highlighting the impact of these actions on Indigenous peoples and drawing attention to Indigenous issues in Canada. -
The Gustafson Lake Standoff
In January, a dispute with the RCMP between the indigenous Sundancers and a dispute between Sundancers and local ranchers over access to private land during ceremonies.
RCMP surrounded the camp, but no serious injuries were reported after the shooting. -
The James Bay Agreement (1989 - 1994)
The Cree people opposed Quebec Hydro's construction of three dams on their land without consultation.
That would have affected their hunting and fishing.
The Cree assembled a team of advisors who fought to ensure compensation for the Cree through education and health care. -
The Highway of Tears (1969 - present)
The stretch of Highway 16 is notorious for the high number of missing and murdered indigenous women.
Hitchhiking is dangerous because public transportation is limited.
Of the 18 cases, only two have been solved, including that of a 12-year-old girl who had been missing for 18 years and whose murderer was only indicted in 2014.