-
The three phases of CALL
Computers have been used for language teaching for more than three decades. According to Warschauer (1998), the history of CALL can be divided into three stages: behavioristic CALL, communicative CALL and integrative CALL. Each stage corresponds to a certain pedagogical approach. -
1. Behavioristic CALL
It was formed in the late 1960s and used widely in the 1970s under the influence of Audio-lingual teaching method. In this stage of CALL, repetitive language drills and can be referred to as drill and practice. The computer was seen as a mechanical tutor who never allowed students to work at an individual pace, which hindered motivation. Further, it included extensive drills, grammatical explanations and translation at various intervals. -
The History of CALL
Although computers have been used since the first half of the 20th century, they were not used for educational purposes until the 1960s. The 1970s witnessed the evolution of CALL as a result of development in research related to the use of computers for linguistic purposes and for creating suitable language learning conditions. Since the beginning of the 1980s computers have also found their way into many schools. CALL software has also become more readily available on the market (Ittelson: 2000 -
2. Communicative CALL
It was the period of the 1980s. This period was the time that behavioristic approach to language teaching was being rejected at both theoretical and pedagogical level, and also personal computers were creating greater possibilities for individual work at school. Communicative CALL corresponded to cognitive theories which stressed that learning was a process of discovery, expression and development. Software developed in this period included text reconstruction program and simulations. -
3. Integrative CALL
The rise of computer-mediated communication and internet has reshaped the uses computers for language learning at the end of the 20th century.With Internet, the computer both in society and in the classroom has been transformed from a tool for information processing and display to a tool for information processing and communication (Sperling: 1998). Nowadays, learners of a language can communicate inexpensively and quickly with other learners or speakers of the target language all over the world -
The Definition of CALL
The abbreviation CALL stands for Computer Assisted Language Learning. The term CALL used by teacher and learner to describe the use of computers as a part of a language course. It is traditionally described as a means of 'presenting, reinforcing and testing’ particular language items. Jones & Fortescue (1987) indicate that the traditional description of CALL is they present the computer as flexible classroom aid, which can be used by teachers and learners inside and outside of class.
