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NAACP Founded
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. An African American Civil Rights organization that fought for equal rights and protection for all people. -
FOR or Fellowship of Reconciliation
A religious nonviolent organization that supported Martin Luther King Jr. and the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955. -
CORE
CORE or Congress of Racial Equality was founded in 1941. CORE was an important organization in the Civil Rights Movement. CORE's goal was to find true equality throughout the world. -
Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka
A decision by the United States Supreme Court that declared separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.
"We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does."--quote from the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education U.S. Supreme Court -
Brown II
This decision said that desegregation in schools should be carried out "with all deliberate speed". -
Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott
The boycott started when Rosa Parks refused to give her seat up for a white person, which she was then arrested for. The boycott then took shape as a protest against the Montgomery, Alabama government for racial segregation on there public transportation system. The boycott ended on December 20th, 1956 when the courts ruled the segregation unconstitutional. -
SCLC Founded
SCLC or Southern Christian Leadership Conference was founded. It was an African American civil rights organization that was closely related to its first president Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. -
Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine were a group of African American students who attended Little Rock Central high scool in 1957. The students were first prevented from attending the school by the governer of Arkansas, but president Eisenhower intervened. The students were then followed by mobs and tv cameras for the rest of the year. This was considered an important event in the Civil Rights movement. -
SNCC
SNCC or Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was founded in 1960. It was inspired by the Greensboro Sit-Ins and branched out of the SCLC. SNCC becomes the model for the white student movement. -
Executive Order 10925
Affirmative Action was first created when John F. Kennedy signed the order. The order calls for no discrimmination because of "race, creed, color, or national origin" and later added sex. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act gave equal employment opportunity. The provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race in hiring, promoting, and firing. -
Exeutive Order 11246
Signed by president Lyndon B. Johnson. This order required equal employment opportunity no matter race, color, religion, sex, or national origin -
The Philadelphia Order
Started by president Richard NIxon. The Philiadelphia Order was the most powerful affirmative action plan so far by the government in an attempt to guarantee fair hiring practices for construction jobs. -
The American Association for Affirmative Action
This association helped further affirmative action and fought for eual opportunity, diversity and other human resources. -
Regents of University of California V. Bakke
The decision showed that race can be one of the factors to be accepted to college in order to have a more diverse student body. But this decision also said that universities cannot hold a quota of some amount of diverse students allowed, therefore the case shows the University of California discrimminated against Allan Bakke.
"MR. JUSTICE STEVENS views the judgment of the California court as limited to prohibiting the consideration of race only in passing upon Bakke's application." -
Citizens' Commission on Civil Rights
An organization called the Citizens’ Commission on Civil Rights was created in 1982 after the Bakke case. This organization was one of the few that were created in response to the Bakke case. The organizations goal is to supervise civil rights policies and legislation made by the government. -
Grutter V. Bollinger
This decision upheld the affirmative action admission process of the University of Michigan's Law school. It was ruled that their "plus" system was not a quota system and therefore constitutional. This ruling furthered the ruling of the Bakke case reiterating affirmative action constitutional. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor declared the ruling. -
Gratz V. Bollinger
This decision was about the University of Michigan's undergraduate admission policy. The courts ruled their admission process unconstitutional because it wrongly awarded the diverse students applying an unfair advantage by autimatically giving the students a 20 point advantage over non diverse applicants.
