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Claudius Galenus (or Galen) studies
He is one of the most important anatomists and physicians in history. Through dissection and experimentation on animals, he proves that arteries contain and move blood, but incorrectly reports that the liver makes blood. -
Jan 1, 1250
Ibn al-Nafis
Cairo physician- describes pulmonary flow (blood flow to and from lungs).
In 1533, Michael Servetus, unaware of al-Nafis' findings, suggests blood flows through the lungs to get to either side of the heart. -
In the valves in veins
Fabricius- Publishes ON THE VALVES IN VEINS which has the first drawings of vein valves -
Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus
British physician William Harvey publishes Anatomical Treatise on the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals, This explains howblood is circulated through the body and pumped by the heart. He discovered this by experimenting on animals and sometimes even surface veins of living humans. -
Red Blood cells
Jan Swammerdam- Is the first to see up close red blood cells and describe them. -
First Animal Transfusion
Richard Lower performs first transfusion in animals. Christopher Wren creates syringe made of goose quill and bladder and connects one dog to another, saving one of the dogs life. -
First human transfusion
First successful human transfusion- French doctor Jean-Baptiste Denis gives a teenage boy nine ounces of sheep's blood- he recovers without any negative consequences. -
Human-to-Human Transfusion
James Blundell-first recorded human-to-human blood transfusion. Injects patient with internal bleeding with blood from several different donors- at first shows signs of recovery, then dies. -
Platelets
Sir William Osler- Platelets discovered (but not called that until later) when he notices that cell frsagments of bone marrow make up most of clots in blood vessels. -
Blood Types
Karl Landsteiner- Publishes details of three human blood types- A, B, and C, which is later changed to O. He bases this off of the way the blood types react ot one anoter. In 1902, a fourth blood type, AB, is discovered. -
Cross-mathcing blood types
Dr. Ludvig Hektoen- Recommends checking blood types before transfusions- used by other doctors, virtually erases blood transfusion reactions. -
Sodium Citrate
Albert Hustin and Luis Agote- Discover adding sodium citrate wil prevent blood from clotting. In 1915, Dr. Richard Lewisohn discovers that .2 percent of sodium citrate can be added to donor blood to preven coagulation, but will not harm the recipient. -
Blood Storing
Francis Peyton Rous and J.R. Turner- develops a citrate-glucose solution that preserves blood and allows it to be stored for a few weeks before being transfused. -
First blood Bank
Dr. Oswald Robertson-collects and stores type O blood, forming first blood bank, before the casualties of the Battle of Cambrai in World War 1. -
Blood Donor Services
Percy Lane Oliver- Runs blood donor service out of his London home. Volunteers are on twenty four our call, tested for blood types and diseases, and rush to the local hospital to give blood should the need arise. -
Blood sharing network
Soviet Russia establishes the first network of facilities to collect and store blood. -
Cadaver Blood
Dr. Serge Yudin- At the Sklifosovsky Institute in Moscow,He successfully revives a young man who attempted suicide by slashin his wrists by injecting him with 420 cc of blood from a cadaver of a 60-year-old man who was hit by a bus. -
First shipment of blood
Dr. Charles Drew- Blood plasma shortage in Britain causes him to collect and organize blood and send it on refridgerated ships across the atlantic. We are now able to store blood for much longer. -
Seperating blood
Edwin Cohn- Lack of plasma forces him to look for substitues; he develops a way to seperate the different proteins (fractination). -
Albumin increases blood volume
Dr. Isidor Rardin- He treats Pearl Harbor with albumin to increase blood volume. -
Blood donation
American Red Cross- The war is huge, and soldiers are dying; they organize a blood donor service and over the course of the war, collect over 13 million units of blood. -
Transfusion transmitted diseases
Dr. Paul Besson- He links seven cases of illnesses to blood transfusion; tranfusion-transmitted hepatitis is discovered. -
American Association of Blood Banks
American Association of Blood Banks- Local blood banks band together and form a network. Blood can be donated and used in most parts of the country. -
Blood containment
Dr. Carl Walter- Previously, blood had besn stored in glass bottles, but they are easily broken and contaminated, so he creates a strong plastic bag to hold it. -
Hemoglobin
Dr. Max Perutz- Using X-Ray crystallography, he is able to unravel the protein in red blood cells that carry the oxygen (hemogoblin). This makes it easier to take apart the blood and use what the specific patient needs. -
Plasma
Dr. Judith Pool- She discovers that slowly thawed plasma can help hemophiliacs to stop bleeding episodes. -
Pooling Plasma
Dr. Kenneth Brinkhous and Edward Shanbrom- By treating and pooling plasma, it makes the clotting power stronger and can help hemophilia patients. -
Hepatitis B
Dr. Baruch Blumberg- He identifies what triggers hepatitis B, and develops a test that becomes FDA mandatory. -
FDA
FDA- Control of regulating the blood banking industry falls to the Food and Drug Administration. -
GRID
GRID- Gay-related immunodefiency Disease is identified, later becomes AIDS. -
Blood borne
GRID- Homophiliacs begin developing GRID, doctors start to believe it is blood- borne. -
LAV
Dr. Luc Montagnier's lab- They isolate the virus that causes AIDS, located in the swollen lymph nodes, call it LAV (lymphadenopathy-associated virus). -
HTLV III
Dr. Robert Gallo- At a press conference, he announces he has found the virus that causes AIDS and calls it HTLV III (human T-cell lymphotropic virus). -
Blood-screening test
After Americans get infected ith AIDS after blood trasfusions, the first blood-screening test is created todetect the presence of blood diseases. -
Blood Screening
Sesitive tests are implemented to screen donated blood for infectious diseases: two tests that screen for indirect evidence of hepatitis; the Human T-Lymphotropic-Virus-I-antibody (anti-HTLV-I) test; the hepatitis C test; the HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies test; the HIV p24 antigen test; and Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAT) that directly detects the genetic material of viruses like HCV and HIV.
