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Cognitive development
Primary Circular Reactions: Birth to one month: Reflexes: sucking, grasping, staring, listening. 1-4 month- sucking a pacifier; grabbing bottle to suck it.
Secondary Circular Reactions: 4-8 months clapping hands together 8-12 months, putting moms hands together to calp them together.
Tertiary Circular Reaction: 12-18 months; Active emerimentation, 18-24 monhts; potty training -
Psychosocial development
Emotional Development: Within the first two years infants progress from reactive pain and pleasure complex patterns of social awarness. Infant's emotions; Smiling and Laughing, Anger& Sadness Fear: Stranger wariness, and seperation anxiety -
Play Years (Biosocial event)
Gross motor skills: 2 years olds fall down and bump into each other. 5 year olds are skilled and graceful. North American five year old can ride a tricycle, climb a ladder, and pump a swing. Fine Motor skills: 2 year olds scribble on paper, tying shoes, pulling on socks. -
Play Years ( Cognitive Development)
Between ages 2-6 year olds children have symbolic thought, espeically language and imagination, they are characterized by egocentism, centration, static reasoning and lack of conversation. -
Biosocial event
Body Size: Infants double their birthweight by the fourth month and triple by age 1. By age 2 they are 20 inches and 34 inches tall.
Sleep: 15 to 17 hours newborn sleep. By 2 months 14 hours, 3 months 13 hours from 6-17 months 12 hours.
Brain development: Birth 25% of adult weight. neonate's body 5%. by age 2 75% of adult brain wieght; total body wieght 20%
Hearing: At birth certain sound triggers reflexes; without conscious preception. -
Play Years ( Psychosocial event)
Erik Erikson's third stage (3-6 years): A child wants to complete things successfully, and feels guilt at failure. Young children have positve self-concept and self esteem. Emotional regualtions, cope with direct one's emotions. Genes, Early experiences (stressors), Culture, ongoing care, types of plays:
Solitary- Play alone, Onlooker- watch others Parallel- play with similar toy but don't interact. -
Middle Childhood (biosocial development)
Growth: Body weight doubles, girls become taller and heavier than boys from ages 10-12. Malnutrition: Mild to moderate malnutrition suffered by 40-60% of world's children. Obesity: Rate of childhood obesity doubled from 1981-1991 in U.S. 10% of all children are obesed. -
Middle childhood (cognitive development)
Concrete Operational Stage:
Use operations to slove concrete problems, understand conversation, better bale to focus attention, and cognitive advantages -
Middle childhood (Psychosocial)
Changes self-esteem and self concept academic competence, social competence, physical/ athletic, competence, physical apperance, Good emotional self-regulation. -
Adolescene ( Psychosocial development)
Identity vs. rolde diffusion
Understanding one's identity:
* Emotions
* Task behavior
* Social interactions
Role diffusion- Children whgo dress and wear their hair differently.
Intimacy vs. Isolation -
Adolescene( cognitive development)
Between 12 & 18 the developing teenagers acquires the ability to think systematically about all logical relationships within a problems.
Early adolescene- logical operations in schoolwork.
Middle adolescene- thinking process
Late adolescene- develops idealisitc, develop intolerance. -
Emerging: Adulthood Biosocial development
Growth & Strength
* 18 to 25 are prime time for hard physical work and safe reproduction
Strong & Active Bodies
* By 22 women have attained breast ad hip shape and men have reached fully shoulder width and upper arm strength.
Bodies designed for health:
* Body are naturally healthy during emerging adulthood. the immue system is fighting off everything. -
Emerging adulthod ( Psychosocial development)
Ethnic identity
* both personal choice and a response to others
Vocational identity
* Traditional vocational identity may be an illusion in the current employment market.
Intimacy -
Emerging adulthood ( cognitive development)
Adult thinking is multi-contextual
Moral & Religion
Cognitive growth and higer education -
Adulthood ( biosocial development)
Both males and females encounter analogous changes in their sexual reproduction systems. Between 42& 58 average age 51 menopause. -
Adult (cognitive development)
Intelligence;
Gains in some areas, losses in others.
Postformal thoughts -
Adulthood ( psychosocial development)
Lifespan- View
* Almost one and half adults have grown children living
Personality through adulthood
* openess
*conscientiousness
* extroversion
* agreeableness -
Late adulthood- biosocial development
Primary aging
* skin
* speech/heart rate
* body shape Secondary aging
* causes of senescene
causes- wear and tear theory -
Late adulthood ( cognitive development)
Five primary mental ability:
* Verbal meaning
* Spatial orientation
* Induicitve reasoning
* number abiity
* Word fluency -
late adulthood ( Psychosocial)
Stratification theories
The social convoy
Long-term marriages
Widowhood -
Death and Hope
Death in childhood
* Children as young as 2 have some understanding at death, but their perspective differs from older people.
Death in adolescene & emerging adulthood
teenagers and emerging adulthood to have little fear of death.
Religions and Hope
* Dying and Acceptance :
- At the end of a long life
- Peaceful
- Quick
- In familiar surroundings
- With family and friends present
- Without pain. confusion, or discomfort -
Adolecence ( biosocial development)
Puberty begins:
rapidly increasing hormone levels, For boys hormonal increases, for girls menstrual cycle, mood changes
Stress- causes early puberty
genes- mother daughter correclation
body type- stocky individuals earlier. The transformations of puberty:
Guys- shoulder wild grow wider, and their bodies will become muscular.
Girls- bodies will become curvier, gain weight in their hips and breast develop.