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The idea for a global computer network.
The internet as we know it doesn’t exist until much later, but internet history starts in the 1960s. In 1962, MIT computer scientist J.C.R. Licklider comes up with the idea for a global computer network. He later shares his idea with colleagues at the U.S. Department of (ARPA). Work by Leonard Kleinrock, Thomas Merrill and Lawrence G. Roberts on packet-switching theory pioneers the way to the world’s first wide-area computer network. -
At MIT
At MIT, a lot of computer experiments are going on. Ivan Sutherland uses the TX-2 to write Sketchpad, the origin of graphical programs for computer-aided design.J.C.R. Licklider writes memos about his Intergalactic Network concept, where everyone on the globe is interconnected and can access programs and data at any site from anywhere. systems.
https://www.computerhistory.org/internethistory/1960s/ -
Syncom & ASCII
Syncom, the first synchronous communication satellite, is launched. NASA’s satellite is assembled in the Hughes Aircraft Company’s facility in Culver City, California. Total payload is 55 pounds.A joint industry-government committee develops ASCII, the first universal standard for computers. It permits machines from different manufacturers to exchange data. 128 unique 7-bit strings stand for either a letter of the English alphabet,one of an assortment of punctuation marks and symbols. -
SABRE
Simultaneous work on secure packet switching networks is taking place at MIT, the RAND Corporation, and the National Physical Laboratory in Great Britain.IBM’s new System 360 computers came onto the market. The $5 billion investment by IBM into these computers pays off, and within two years orders for the System 360 reach 1,000 per month.On-line transaction processing debuts with IBM SABRE reservation system for American Airlines.SABRE links 2,000 terminals in sixty cities via telephone lines. -
PDP-8
DEC unveils the PDP-8, the first commercially successful minicomputer. Small enough to sit on a desktop, it sells for $18,000.The combination of speed, size, and cost enables the establishment of the minicomputer in thousands of manufacturing plants, offices, and scientific laboratories. With ARPA funding, Larry Roberts and Thomas Marill create the first wide-area network connection. They connect the TX-2 at MIT to the Q-32 in Santa Monica via a dedicated telephone line with acoustic couplers. -
Larry Roberts
Larry Roberts convenes a conference in Ann Arbor, Michigan, to bring the ARPA researchers together. At the conclusion, Wesley Clark suggests that the network be managed by interconnected ‘Interface Message Processors’. Donald Davies, Paul Baran, and Larry Roberts become aware of each other’s work at an ACM. From Davies, the word ‘packet’ is adopted and the proposed line speed in ARPANET is increased from 2.4 Kbps to 50 Kbps. -
ARPANET
ARPA awarded the ARPANET contract to BBN. BBN had selected a Honeywell minicomputer as the base on which they would build the switch. The physical network was constructed in 1969, linking four nodes: University of California at Los Angeles, SRI (in Stanford), University of California at Santa Barbara, and University of Utah. -
ILLIAC IV
The ILLIAC IV, the largest supercomputer of its time, is being built at Burroughs under a NASA contract. More than 1,000 transistors are squeezed onto its RAM chip, manufactured by the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, yielding 10 times the speed at one-hundredth the size of equivalent core memory. ILLIAC-IV will be hooked to the ARPANET so that remote scientists can have access to its unique capabilities. -
Unix
Nodes are added to the ARPANET at the rate of one per month.
Programmers Dennis Ritchie and Kenneth Thompson at Bell Labs complete the UNIX operating system on a spare DEC minicomputer. Bob Metcalfe builds a high-speed (100 Kbps) network interface between the MIT IMP and a PDP-6 to the ARPANET. In December, the Network Working Group (NWG) led by Steve Crocker finishes the initial ARPANET Host-to-Host protocol, called the Network Control Protocol (NCP). -
Email
The first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN.
The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was renamed The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (or DARPA)ARPANET was currently using the Network Control Protocol or NCP to transfer data. This allowed communications between hosts running on the same network. -
Blue Box
Following the lead of Intel’s 4004 chip, hand-held calculators ranging from the simple Texas Instruments four-function adding machines to the elaborate Hewlett-Packard scientific calculators immediately consign ordinary slide rules to oblivion.Bell Labs develops a language called ‘C.’Steve Wozniak begins his career by building one of the best-known ‘blue boxes;’ tone generators that enable long-distance dialing while bypassing the phone company’s billing equipment. -
TCP/IP
Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed a protocol for linking multiple networks together. This later becomes the (TCP/IP), a technology that links multiple networks together such that, if one network is brought down, the others do not collapse. While working at Xerox, Robert Metcalfe develops a system using cables that allows for transfer of more data over a network it later becomes known as Ethernet.Unix becomes popular for TCP/IP networks. -
Ethernet
Ethernet is demonstrated by networking Xerox PARC’s new Alto computers.Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection" in the May 1974 issue of IEEE Transactions on Communications Technology. Shortly thereafter, DARPA funds three contracts to develop and implement the Kahn-Cerf TCP protocol described in their paper, one at Stanford,one at BBN, and one at University College London.Daily traffic on the ARPANET exceeds 3 million packets. -
Internet
First Use of term Internet by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in paper on Transmission Control Protocol. -
SATNET
The packet satellite project went into practical use. SATNET, was born. This network linked the United States with Europe. Surprisingly, it used INTELSAT satellites that were owned by a consortium of countries and not exclusively the United States government.(Unix-to-Unix CoPy) developed at AT&T Bell Labs and distributed with UNIX one year later.The Department of Defense began to experiment with the TCP/IP protocol and soon decided to require it for use on ARPANET -
Apple II
Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs announce the Apple II computer. Also introduced are the Tandy TRS-80 and the Commodore Pet. These three off-the-shelf machines create the consumer and small business markets for computers.Larry Landweber of the University of Wisconsin creates THEORYNET providing email between over 100 researchers and linking elements of the University of Wisconsin in different cities via a commercial packet service like Telenet. -
USENET
USENET (the decentralized news group network) was created by Steve Bellovin, a graduate student at University of North Carolina, and programmers Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis. It was based on UUCP. The Creation of BITNET, by IBM, "Because its Time Network", introduced the "store and forward" network. It was used for email and listservs. -
CSNET
National Science Foundation created backbone called CSNET 56 Kbps network for institutions without access to ARPANET. Vinton Cerf proposed a plan for an inter-network connection between CSNET and the ARPANET. -
Standardized TCP/IP
The ARPANET standardized on the TCP/IP protocols adopted by the Department of Defense (DOD). The Defense Communications Agency decides to split the network into a public ‘ARPANET’ and a classified ‘MILNET, ‘ with only 45 hosts remaining on the ARPANET. Sun develops workstations that ship with Berkeley Unix and feature built-in networking. At the same time, the Apollo workstations ship with a special version of a token ring network. -
DNS
Internet Activities Board (IAB) was created in 1983.On January 1st, every machine connected to ARPANET had to use TCP/IP. TCP/IP became the core Internet protocol and replaced NCP entirely.The University of Wisconsin created (DNS). This allowed packets to be directed to a domain name, which would be translated by the server database into the corresponding IP number. This made it much easier for people to access other servers, because they no longer had to remember numbers -
T1
The National Science Foundation began deploying its new T1 lines, which would be finished by 1988. -
56k
The 56Kbps backbone between the NSF centers leads to the creation of a number of regional feeder networks..This growth in the number of interconnected networks drives a major expansion in the community including the DOE, DOD and NASA.Between the beginning of 1986 and the end of 1987 the number of networks grows from 2,000 to nearly 30,000.TCP/IP is available on workstations and PCs. Ethernet is becoming accepted for wiring inside buildings and across campuses. -
T1
The NSF starts to implement its T1 backbone between the supercomputing centers with 24 RT-PCs in parallel implemented by IBM as ‘parallel routers’. The T1 idea is so successful that proposals for T3 speeds in the backbone begin.Network management starts to become a major issue and it becomes clear that a protocol is needed between routers to allow remote management. SNMP is chosen as a simple, quick, near term solution. -
T1 backbone
The upgrade of the NSFNET backbone to T1 completes and the Internet starts to become more international with the connection of Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. -
WWW proposal
The number of hosts increases from 80,000 in January to 130,000 in July to over 160,000 in November!Australia, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom join the Internet.Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf at CNRI hold the first Gigabit (1000Mbps) Testbed workshops with funding from ARPA and NSF. Berners-Lee proposes a hypertext system that will run across the Internet on different operating systems. This was the World Wide Web. -
Private access
America Online (AOL), CompuServe, and Prodigy begin to emerge as the Big Three online service providers. They introduce millions of users to dial-up messaging, email, and web portals over the coming years, but try to confine them within proprietary, closed platforms -
ARPANET Shutdown
ARPANET formally shuts down. In twenty years, ‘the net’ has grown from 4 to over 300,000 hosts. Countries connecting in 1990 include Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Greece, India, Ireland, South Korea, Spain, and Switzerland.More ‘worms’ burrow on the net, with as many as 130 reports leading to 12 real ones! This is a further indication of the transition to a wider audience. -
T3
Merit, IBM and MCI formed a not for profit corporation called ANS, Advanced Network & Services, which was to conduct research into high speed networking. It soon came up with the concept of the T3, a 45 Mbps line. NSF quickly adopted the new network and by the end of 1991 all of its sites were connected by this new backbone. -
www
Internet Society is chartered. World-Wide Web released by CERN. NSFNET backbone upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps) -
Web Browser
InterNIC was created by NSF to provide specific Internet services: directory and database services (by AT&T), registration services (by Network Solutions Inc.), and information services (by General Atomics/CERFnet).Marc Andreessen and NCSA and the University of Illinois develops a graphical user interface to the WWW, called "Mosaic for X". -
Online Services
No major changes were made to the physical network. The most significant thing that happened was the growth. Many new networks were added to the NSF backbone. Hundreds of thousands of new hosts were added to the INTERNET during this time period.Pizza Hut offers pizza ordering on its Web page.First Virtual, the first cyberbank, opens.ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode, 145Mbps) backbone is installed on NSFNET. -
Backbones become private
The National Science Foundation announced that as of April 30, 1995 it would no longer allow direct access to the NSF backbone. The National Science Foundation contracted with four companies that would be providers of access to the NSF backbone (Merit). These companies would then sell connections to groups, organizations, and companies.$50 annual fee is imposed on domains, excluding .edu and .gov domains which are still funded by the National Science Foundation. -
Communications Decency Act
The US Congress passes the Communications Decency Act to regulate indecency and obscenity online. The act includes Section 230, which protects “interactive computer services” from being treated as the publisher of third-party content and grants immunity from civil liability if the services make a good faith effort to restrict prohibited material -
The Great Firewall of China
The phrase “the Great Firewall of China” first appears in a Wired article in reference to the Chinese government’s desire to control internet access. Beijing implements various restrictive laws and technologies over the coming years to impose digital censorship within its borders, establishing a model for other national governments to claim sovereignty over the internet and attempt to limit the flow of information. -
The beginning of google
Google Inc. was officially launched in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to market Google Search, which has become the most used web-based search engine. -
Netscape
Netscape releases the source code of its browser suite, creating the Mozilla project and inspiring the open-source software movement. Later that year, Google is founded, innovating the business of search and clicks. Despite an initial aversion to advertising (“We expect that advertising funded search engines will be inherently biased towards the advertisers and away from the needs of the consumers,” wrote founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page), -
Napster and Salesforce
Napster, a peer-to-peer file-sharing service, sparks debate and lawsuits about intellectual property and digital property rights. Meanwhile, Salesforce.com starts offering online business applications to enterprises via its website, building a model for subscription software services that run on proprietary servers. -
The dot-com bubble
The dot-com bubble begins to pop. Triggered in part by Netscape’s wildly successful IPO in 1995, venture capitalists and investment banks rushed to get startups listed as public companies without regard to product potential or profit margins, and the seemingly endless growth of tech stocks had inflated the Nasdaq fivefold in five years. But by 2000, the capital supporting the bubble was drying up and publicly traded dotcoms started folding. -
Bit Torrent
BitTorrent, a decentralized communication protocol for peer-to-peer file sharing, is released. The open-source technology enables users to download large files from multiple hosts at once rather than from a single server, but the tech is also used to pirate content. -
Myspace
Founded in July 2003, Myspace was first created Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolfe as an online community for anyone to connect and share their journals, pictures, music, and interests with friends. In July 18, 2005, Myspace was purchased by News Corp for $508 million. In June 29, 2011, Specific Media Group jointly purchased MySpace for $35 million. -
Facebook
Facebook is created, signaling a new era of social media on the internet. Within a decade, the company will go public and begin aggressively monetizing users, becoming an advertising behemoth to rival Google. The platform will face increasing scrutiny for the promotion of hate speech and sensationalized content, as well as the spreading of misinformation and political propaganda -
Cloud Computing
Amazon Web Services begins marketing IT infrastructure to businesses, and the term “cloud computing” gains traction, referring to the storage and processing of data and applications on remote (and typically proprietary) servers. Cloud computing allows for easy data storage, access, and processing, supporting the mobile web revolution to come. But data centralization brings security and privacy challenges -
Iphone
Apple introduces the iPhone, which will quickly evolve into a dominant platform of the mobile web. The transition to mobile creates more access, more apps, and more data — as well as increased privacy and surveillance issues. By 2020, mobile web traffic will account for approximately half of all web activity worldwide. -
Bitcoin network
Satoshi Nakamoto launches the Bitcoin network, a digital cash system on a decentralized, cryptographically-secure peer-to-peer protocol — the first blockchain. The technology enables a vision of decentralized networks with distributed consensus that securely execute verifiable transactions without the need for central authorities. -
Net neutrality
The Federal Communications Commission asserts the principles of net neutrality and an open internet, holding that internet service providers (ISPs) must offer equal access to all internet communications without favoring particular sites or services. A regulatory fight intensifies in the coming years as the FCC establishes net neutrality rules and then, under new leadership, votes to repeal them. -
Online Surveilling
CIA subcontractor Edward Snowden leaks classified files that show how the National Security Agency is monitoring the communications of US citizens with help from telecom firms, as well as surveilling online communications by tapping into the servers of internet companies like Google, Facebook, Microsoft, and Yahoo. The news also reveals the sharing of intercepted data across a global surveillance system. Meanwhile, a massive data breach at Yahoo is kept quiet. -
World Record: Internet speed of 319 Tb/s over 3,001 km
Scientists at University College London had set a new world record for the fastest internet in the world at 178 terabits per second (Tbps). Now, scientists from the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Japan have broken that record by scaling up the fastest internet speed record in the world to a whopping 319 TERAbits per second. -
Telework
For fiscal year 2020, agencies reported that 76 percent of teleworkers teleworked on a situational basis. In terms of routine telework, 57 percent teleworked three or more days per two-week period, 13 percent teleworked one to two days per two-week period, and 5 percent teleworked no more than once per month. -
More than half of the world is connected.
As for may 2021 5,168,780,607 users were conected on internet from a total population of 7,875,765,587. Thee was a increment of user fo about 1,331.9 % from the 2000's.