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79
Vesuvius Eruption
Vesuvius exploded, covering a library in Ancient Greece, preserving the scrolls. These scrolls give insight into the technology they had. -
220
Woodblock Printing
Woodblock printing was derived in China with the idea of reproductivity. This allowed the for the ability to reproduce text at a faster rate, however many were still illiterate so there was little need for this technology. -
1041
Clay Moveable Type
Commoner, Bi Sheng, first created the individual clay letters which could be used to construct different layouts of text. Clay was then replaced by more durable wood. -
1100
Codex Gigas
During the age of Christianity, the trunk of a tree is first used to make a bounded book. Codices began to appear in the first century AD, with one of the most famous being Codex Gigas (also known as the Devil's Bible), written in 1100 AD. Knowledge was seen as a source of power and was not easily distributed due to the limited number of codices. Therefore, only few people had the capability to read books. -
1323
Tutankhamun’s Mask
Believed to give strength to the spirit of the mummy and guard till the afterlife -
1377
Jikji
This religious text was produced in Korea with the first movable metal type. They were the first known documents made with metal type which was a turning point in developing technology. -
1400
Tacuinum Sanitatis
The Tacuinum Sanitatis was a handbook that includes information about farming and agriculture that explains how to achieve good health. -
1434
Emerald Buddha
Made of semi precious stone and in meditation pose but suggested that its from India
Different seasonal costumes -
1435
Alberti
Alberti discussed color mixing and thinking of colors in terms of elements. He stated that an infinite number of colors are born from four true colors; red, blue, green, and gray. -
1436
Lucca Madonna
This painting was created by Jan Van Eyck which is also known as the Nursing Madonna. In this painting Mary becomes apart of the architecture as the draping of her garment echos the throne and chapel. This painting also includes biblical references, such as the orange representing signs f paradise. -
1440
Johannes Gutenberg's Printing Press
Gutenberg's groundbreaking invention used metal type to produce books at a speed never known before. This allowed knowledge to spread and become more accessible to the public. -
1470
Playing Chess with Death
Albertus Pictor shows early image of death coming through -
1480
"Madonna and Child"
"Madonna and Child" was painted with tempura and gold on wood in 1480 by Carlo Crivelli who filled his paintings with food and motifs. In this particular painting, the cucumbers and goldfinch symbolize redemption, while the apples and fly represent sin. -
1490
"Danse Macabre or Dance of Death"
"Danse Macabre or Dance of Death" was painted in 1490 by Janes iz Kastva. This painting showed a line of people walking towards their grace. The line included a peasant, a child, and a king because death is the only true democracy. -
1510
Madonna of Loreto
Raphael created a sense of tenderness from Mary toward Jesus in this painting. Joseph, painted in the background, replaces what used to be a window and is said to be forlorn and seeing the future of Jesus. -
1526
Adam and Eve
Lucas Cranach the Elder show female sexuality tied to sin -
1538
Venus of Urbino
Titan's painting shows a sensual woman in which “Venus” protects the artist. -
1547
Memento Mori
Ligier Richier made this piece in which there used to be his actual dried up heart in his hand but was stolen.
It is a common renaissance form that reminds was life is temporary -
1550
Mask of Agamemnon
Iconic face in which a sheet of gold formed into shape -
1562
The Triumph of Death
Pieter Bruegel the Elder really saturated the scene in combination of the dance of death and the triumph of death. Skeletons are taking over the scene as death takes over the situation. -
1563
"The Four Seasons"
"The Four Seasons" was painted in 1563 by Guiseppe Arcimboldo. In his paintings, Arcimboldo arranged vegetables together to make faces. In the Four Seasons, he used vegetables that were common in the harvests of each of the four seasons. -
1567
"The Peasant Wedding"
"The Peasant Wedding" was painted in 1567 by Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Unlike most other paintings in this time, Bruegel focussed on depicting peasant life in his rather comical paintings. Through these paintings, we are able to learn about and understand peasant life in the 16th century. -
Pietà
Michelangelo sculpted the Pietà to convey tenderness from mother to child. While there isn’t any evidence of the crucifixion itself, Mary’s body is enlarged at the base to make it look more natural to support Jesus. -
Period: to
Baroque Art Movement
The Baroque Art Movement focussed on religious themes that were presented in an exaggerated way. -
"Still Life with Quince, Cabbage, Melon, and Cucumber"
Juan Sanchez Cotan painted, "Still Life with Quince, Cabbage, Melon, and Cucumber," in 1602-1603. This symbolic fruit basket portrays a conversation between good and evil and a meditation on purity versus excess. -
"Still Life with Dead Game, Fruits, and Vegetables in a Market"
"Still Life with Dead Game, Fruits, and Vegetables in a Market" was painted in 1614 by Frans Snyders. As part of the Baroque movement, Snyders exaggerates the drama in his work and fills this painting with symbolism. For example, the peacock represents vanity, the boar - lust, and the deer - purity and innocence. -
Judith Slaying Holofernes
In the Baroque time period, this painting shows the power of woman. It is an account of the assassination of a general. Gentileschi was born into wealthy painter and started working under a painter who rapped and sexually assulted her. This forever tainted her image. -
Venus and Adonis
This painting by Peter Paul Rubens shows a mother in a sexual way in which she is pricked by her son, which happens to be Cupid’s arrow. Though the woman is nude, she has full control of the scene, having a strong feminine play. -
"The Milkmaid"
In 1658, Johannes Vermeer painted, "The Milkmaid." Vermeer is known as a "painter of light." In this painting, he portrays a woman - a milkmaid in a Dutch home pouring milk into an oven. -
Self Portrait
Rembrant von Rijn painted self portraits that show him getting older through his paintings in which the light changes. -
"The Dissolute Household"
Jan Steen painted, "The Dissolute Household," in 1664. This painting portrays a sin-filled party taking place in a home. The husband is flirting with the maid, who is pouring a drink for the wife, who is stepping on a Bible. -
Opticks
Newton created the color wheel and prisms, experimenting with how white light can divide up to all colors on the spectrum. This bridges science to color as white is the common agent of all colors for light producing the medium. -
Palace of Versailles
Completed in 1710, it was elaborate and originally bought for hunting.
Louis the XIV reinforced ideas of his sovereignty and moved entire french royal court out there -
Panini
Giovanni Paolo leads the start of neoclassicism -
Self portrait
Francisco de Goya painted self portraits where he ages and does not look appealing. This is his desire and honesty to show his true self. It is also a way of accepting his death and awareness that mortality is coming. -
Newton Cenotaph
Architectural love letter to newton where the ffect of day and night different light effects through the day and night -
hemispherical color system
Michael Eugene Chevreul France created a hemispherical color system that accounts for the gradient of light and spectrums of light and dark -
Self portrait
Jacques Louis David created self portraits in which the color is different. He paints his younger self because he wanted to capture the way he wants to be seen. In his early paintings he is in a confrontational position as he has less of an idea of who he is. -
The Death of Marat
Jacques Louis David’s painting shows the scene right after Marat is murdered which seems unfinished. The body looks similar to Jesus with the wounds and position of the body, showing the death for a good cause. -
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe from Germany explored how colors make you feel and the impact they have on your brain. They focused on the cognitive effect of colors on human beings -
La Grand Odalisque
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres created a painting for men, in which the woman doesn't have full power over her sexuality. -
The raft of the Medusa
With Theodore Gericault, we start to see artists veering away from biblical imagery and more towards current events.
The essel that got lost off african coast, which inspired him to build the model and interviewed people who survived the wreck and studied dead bodies. -
First know Photograph
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce captured the world's first photograph of the view from his window at Le Gras. Previous to this discovery, paintings were detailed oriented. Now pictures could be created using light and light sensitive materials. Niépce called this "Heliography" in which exposure took for days but the but the ability to capture an image without the hand came about. -
Ogden Rood
Ogden Rood was influential because divided color into three constants; purity, luminosity, and hue -
Chemically Developed Photographs
Lois Daguere took over where Joseph Nicéphore Niépce left off. Daguere is responsible for discovering chemically developed photos which he named "daguerrotypes." The first know photograph a person was taken with a ten minute exposure while this person was getting their shoe shined. This image is called "Boulevard du Temple." Daguerre said, "I have seized the light-I have arrested its flight." -
Calotypes
Henry Fox Talbot discovered that paper is also a possible medium for photographs. He identified negatives which, due to ego issues, he wanted to call "talbotypes" but were called "calotypes" instead. -
"Valley of the Shadow of Death"
Roger Fenton used photography to document war which brought the question of truth into light. It is believed the Fenton purposely positioned cannonballs in the composition of his photographs to convince the truth. This marks the beginning of propaganda. -
Munsell Color Wheel
Albert Henry Munsell American created most historically significant color solids that had consistent transition from one color to the next with a gradient. He divided it into three new dimensions; hue, value, and saturation. Because not all colors act the same a sphere will not work, causing him to use an irregular shape to fit all the colors he defined. -
The Harvest of Death
Timothy H O’Sullivan moved bodies around to create the perfect image, showing the Union dead on the battlefield at Gettysburg. He was able to capture scenes of the war to convey to people. -
Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1
James McNeil Whistler painted a portrait of his mother with severity in the painting. She is not seen in a warm or sexual way, rather in a reverent and respectful way. -
Impressionism
Impressionism was a reaction to photography as there was no longer a need to paint in high detail to capture an image. Camille Pissaro painted the Entrée du village de Voisins in which the painting became more about the paint, life, and direct experience. Impressionism allowed materiality of paint to become relevant. -
Linconnue de la Seine
This death mask showed no sign of murder most likely a suicide. The morgue found her face so pure and showing no signs of death that he made a cast of her face. Tons of replications were made and became a cultural trend. -
Period: to
Arts and Crafts Movement
Crit on contemporary culture of the time
Slow process made by hand and acknowledgement of nature -
"The Potato Eaters"
Vincent Van Gogh painted "The Potato Eaters" in 1885. This painting portrays a humble meal around a humble table. Again this painting portrays peasant life in a potato based area. -
Self portrait
Van gogh paints self portraits that show him as a civilized man and tradition -
Self Portrait
Van Gogh's style changes in 1887 as his depression grows and overwhelms him. -
Interaction of Color
Josef Albers German immigrated to America and taught at Black Mountain college and ran the painting program. He then taught at Yale with design and wrote the Interaction of Color, dealing with how color in the background affects color in the foreground. -
Self portrait
Gauguin paul creates a painting with biblical reference that shows his arrogance -
Maternité
Marie Cassatt learned her skill from other painters instead of the academy. This is a prime example of the restriction on subjects and knowledge women had. -
Abbott Thayer
Abbott Thayer created camo through nature and color, taking inspiration from cubism and color theory -
Period: to
Art Nouveau
Inspired by natural forms and structures particularly the curved lines of plants and flowers -
The Banjo Lesson
Henry Ossawa Tanner was the first african american to achieve any notary in his lifetime and was the only black student could attend art school in Philadelphia. He Made images of black life in america in a way that wasn't derogatory -
"The Basket of Apples"
In 1895, Paul Cezanne painted, "The Basket of Apples," as part of the impressionism movement. Impression emerged after the invention of photography as art no longer had to depict life in a realistic way. Impressionism used painting to depict something in a more emotional way as a meditation on the materiality of the paint. -
"At the Moulin Rouge"
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec painted, "At the Moulin Rouge," between 1892 and 1895. This painting portrays a group of impressionist painters gathering at the Moulin Rouge in Paris. "At the Moulin Rougr" was famous for its poster design. -
A Trip to the Moon
"A Trip to the Moon," directed by George Mellès, was the first film to be produced in a studio. -
Tote Mutter
With the beginning of expressionism, medicine was not nearly as advanced as it is today. Many women died during childbirth as conveyed in this painting by Egon Schoele. -
"The Banquet of the Starved"
"the Banquet of the Starved," or "Comical Repast," was painted in 1915 by James Ensor. During World War I, under German occupation, Ensor portrays "The Last Supper" but replaces the images of Jesus and the apostles with grotesque figures. -
Marlene
Hannah Hoch created images that are questioning gender bias with resistance to female body being an entity. -
Period: to
Art Deco
Luxury, glamour, and exuberance and faith in social and technological progress -
Dada and Surrealism
Artists began to experiment with reality, such as photographer Man Ray. Ray played with double exposures known as the Rayograph, creating "The Kiss" The question of truth in an image became predominant. -
Evening Attire
James Van Der Zee created the main documentary of Harlem Renaissance with photos of influential people such as Marcus Garvey. It was black art not dictated by black ideals. -
Dia de los Muertos
Diego Rivera show the blending of aztec tradition and catholicism in which the Dead will be offended if they see us mourning or sad -
Bird in Space
Constantin Brancusi created this based on theme of a bird -
"FT Marinetti and Fillia"
"FT Marinetti and Fillia," was "the Futurist Cookbook" which was written in 1930. The Futurists wanted to move forward as a society and desired to push the limits of technology. The Futurists believed that food should reflect ideas of visual presentation. -
"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction"
In "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," Walter Benjamin shows his concern with loosing the "aura" of art in the reprinting and mass production of artwork. -
"The Luncheon in Fur"
Meret Oppenheim created "The Luncheon in Fur" in 1936. This was a surrealist sculpture of a teacup and spoon made entirely out of fur. -
Self Portrait
Pablo Picasso painted self portrait when he was 15 and 20 years old and later started painting with cubism -
The Two Fridas
In this piece, one is wearing white victorian style dress and the other wearing a traditional mexican dress. One represents a western parent and one a hispanic parent. -
"Freedom from Want"
In 1943, Norman Rockwe made a series of 4 paintings called, "The Four Freedoms." "Freedom from Want," portrays a classic image of an American family having Thanksgiving dinner. This was painted near the end of World War II which was a dark time and it upset people in Europe. -
Pantone
Pantone is an American contemporary corporate society in New York CIty. The company used science to simplify color ink, bringing them out of debt and standardizing color to create the universal language of color for industry. -
Yves Klein
Yves Klein mixed a particular shade of blue and patented it in 1959. -
"Prose Poems"
"Prose Poems" was created in 1960 by Daniel Spoerri. Spoerri fixed objects in a scene to a wall with the intent of making his sculpture look more like an image. Daniel Spoerri made visual art, wrote cookbooks, and opened restaurants - all of which he considered works of art. -
Walking man am I
Alberto Giscomenti’s sculpture came out of war and existentialism -
"Campbell's Soup Cans"
Andy Warhol created the famous, "Cambell's Soup Cans" in 1962 as a reflection of the mass production of food, -
"Floor Burger"
Claes Oldenburg created "Floor Burger" in 1962. This sculpture was a painting on canvas that was then formed into a three dimensional burger. Oldenburg used an oversimplified subject to talk about the conversation between painting and sculpture. -
"Make a Salad"
"Make a Salad" was performed by Allison Knowles in 1962. In this piece, Knowles and her friends make a large scale salad. This work was about the action of making something sustaining and eating together. As part of the Fluxes Movement, "Make a Salad" asked the question, "Can art imitate life and can life imitate art?" -
Souriez Rue Froide
This total abstraction is Jorn’s response to Guggenheim Award in 1964 -
"Triomphe de Moules I"
Marcel Broodthaers created, "Triomphe de Moules I," in 1965. This sculpture was an iron pot filled with, mussel shells and paint. -
A line made by walking
Richard Long used natural materials to make a sculpture by walking along his own path going nowhere -
Eden
Helio Oiticica used parangoles to give the person strength and power to be free and move. -
Fall series
Bas Jan Ader talks about the potential of death, showing pictures of right before he falls. -
The double negative
Michael Heizer literally changed the earth by creating two trenches. His work entirely made by negative space and is sight specific -
The Rothko Chapel
It is a Non denominational chapel but modern piece of art which uses the purity of color to evoke emotional response in viewer. -
Sun Tunnels
Nancy Holt made perfectly lines up with summer and winter solstice as a homage to stonehenge. It is not meant to disintegrate but draw attention to nature. -
"Literaturwurst"
Dieter Roth created "Literaturwurst" between 1961 and 1974. This piece is a sculpture of sausage links but Roth substitutes the sausage ingredients with books. This sculpture brings about the questions of "What is art? Can anything be art?" -
Nam June Paik
Nam June Paik is known as the Father of video art and integrated the meaning of television into his work. In his piece, "TV Buddha," Paik explained the implications of media on ideas of oneself. -
Silueta Series
Ana Mendieta created a series in which she placed her body into nature, using the land as a material. After falling from her 34th floor apartment, her tragic death spawned a revival of her work. -
House #3
Francesca Woodman’s photographs show ghost like images of women in run down places. -
Running Fence
Christo and Jeane Clause made Veiled fence that runs for 24.5 miles as a nod to landscape painting that goes from highway to water and ocean -
The lightning Field
Walter De Maria made this with primary function to attract lightning -
Quilting Time
Romane Bearden was part of the Harlem Renaissance where for the first time African Americans were forming an identity as a cultural group -
Guerrilla Girls
Guerrilla Girls is an underground activists group of women noticing how exclusive the art world really is. -
A fire in my belly
A controversial still form by David Wonjnarowicz, which was in response to the aids crisis. -
Immersion (Piss Christ)
Andres Serranto put the crucifixion in different liquids and took very controversial photographs which evokes thought about the experience of crucifixion. -
Stereo Style
Lorma Simpson is taking note from advertisement in photographs, showing different hair styles. By denying her face in the images, she is not giving viewers what they want. -
Offset lithograph
Keith Harring made the statement that ignorance leads to fear and silence leads to death through an offset lithograph -
Riot grrrl
Started in Olympia Washington making a statement on feminism, consciousness, and punk, and politics. Women can express themselves in the same way men can through High energy zines of addressing feminism. -
Picasso and Frederick’s of Hollywood
Nancy Spero created a hand painted collage on paper -
The Kitchen Table Series
Carrie Mae Weems is most well known for documenting the intimate lives of families showing their entire lives unfolding -
"Untitled (Portrait of Ross in LA)"
Fleix Gonzalaz Torres created "Untitled (Portrait of Ross in LA)" in 1991. This sculpture was a response to the loss of his lover, Ross, and was a pile of 175 pounds of hard candy. Torres encouraged visitors to take a pice of candy and as the weight of the piece diminishes, the "body" of his lover disappears. However when the pile of candy was getting low, it would be replenished - keeping Ross alive. -
"Untitled (Free Still)"
In "Untitled (Free Still)," Rirkrit Tiravanija served Pad Thai to guests instead of displaying art in the gallery. He hosts a type of dinner party while treating it as a work of art. -
Four untitlied Etchings
Glenn Ligon shows the power of text and what words mean as an image which is important to how a message is received. -
Faceless Women of Allah Series
Shirin Neshat created a rebellious silence where she confronts the role of a women in muslim culture. Her piece has great contrast against background as weapon splits the image in half. She explores tradition vs. advancement, east vs. west , beauty and violence, all through a submissive gaze -
Wiggs
Loma Wilson created Lithographs printed on felt as a Scientific exploration of black hairstyles and sigma on beauty -
Dropping a Han Dynasty urn
Ai Wei Wei -
"The Chromatic Diet"
Sophie Calle created "The Chromatic Diet" in 19998 where she would assemble single-colored meals for each day of the week. -
Jedenplatz
Rachael Whiteread created a Holocaust Memorial made of a concrete cast of the inside of a library. The negative space becomes solid as she talks about all the knowledge that's lost in an eradication of people and inability to access that knowledge. -
Gfp
Eduardo Kac used a jellyfish and bunny to make a glow in the dark bunny -
The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine
Rithy Panh created a film that focuses on conflict in 1975-1979 where the educated classes were in prison because of dissenting viewpoints. -
The tourist project
Nikki S. Lee created the Fujiflex print, taking on different roles and observing people and their clothes and body language -
Self Portrait Nursing
Catherine Opie made her body represent sexual identity that is not typically accepted. -
Stern
Marlene Dumas used enlarged massive proportions with deathly white skin to look at images from pop culture and news -
Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
Peter Eisenman created historical tomb markers in Berlin. Some thought it was insufficient to memorialize the dead. To accommodate they built an underground information center where more details are displayed. -
Napoleon Crossing the Alps
Kehinde Wiley shows Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps through a portrait of a black man that is actually in power -
The Giant 2
David Altmejd shows that we need death for growth and the beauty in all process of life, with the blending of many different practices. -
“Shibboleth”
Doris Salcedo created a crack in the floor using concrete and metal which is 548 feet long. It shows the literal divide to show larger cultural systems -
Third ear
Stelarc grew his own ear on his arm -
Momme Portrait Series
This shows an economically repressed place where Latoya Ruby Frazier is living in her mother's shadow. -
No seconds
Henry Hargreaves recreated last meals of people on death row -
Standing Man
Erden Gunduz from Turkey stood in protest against islamic government -
Double Cross
Theaster Gates made an installation and was a social practice artist who would reach out to community and bring them into the work and have that be the work -
"Claim"
Wiliam Pope L. created the "Claim" installation in 2014. In this work, Wiliam Pope L. attached pieces of dried up bologna to a wall. -
Black
Anish Kapoor created the blackest black that flattens objects, buying all the rights to that black. -
Invisible Presence Bling Memories
Ebony G. Patterson explores gender norms and african culture to pull viewer in further and engage in the act of looking. This raised civic awareness and pushed to question more. -
You are my sunshine
Wangechi Mutu created collages often from pornography that aimed for Female and black empowerment. -
CanoeKene Jaguar Patal Lamp Light
Ernest Neto made hanging sculptures of light fabric crystals that are sensual and invites viewer in, done in collaboration with tribe who were resistant to interacting with outsiders. -
Soundsuit
Nick Cave made musical instruments to be worn on dancers as Performance art -
Art Hoe
Art Hoe is a movement created by Amandla Stenberg and Willow Smith which stands for women of color to put themselves in front of paintings and settings that are predominantly white. It is an opportunity for young women to see themselves in spaces they don’t usually see themselves in. -
Removal of confederate monuments
Emphasis on long, terrible, and brutal history which questions why we leave these glorifying statues
