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500 BCE
Socratic method (More info: https://lifelessons.co/critical-thinking/socratic-method/)
Definition: Actively engaging students' with a topic through questions and discussion.
*Best known for practicing the Socratic method: Mark Hopkins, president of Willian's College
*1st professor to bring this method into an aesthetics course: Joseph Torrey, at university of Vermont
*Both Hopkins and Torrey believed Aesthetics, good taste, beauty, skills, art history, and judgement could all be taught professionally
*Named after Socrates, the classic Athenian philosopher(469 B.C. to 399 B.C.) -
Williams College
President, Mark Hopkins
Aesthetic judgments would lead to good taste and improved morals -
Period: to
Aesthetic Didacticism
This method of teaching about visual arts was popular in the 1800's, stressing that the arts could be "a means of moral and social improvement". It stressed learning about great works of art as a type of literary study part of a liberal, humanistic form of education. Didacticism is a philosophy that emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in literature, art, and design. -
Mark Hopkins (1802-1887)
President of Williams College (1836-1872) Known for teaching with the Socratic Method. Believed that teaching aesthetic appreciation would lead to the refined spirit and strengthen the mind and country, argued that "cultivating aesthetic judgment would not harm morality and might benefit...society" He said "cultivating one mental power would strengthen the rest" https://specialcollections.williams.edu/williams-history/presidents/hopkins-mark/ -
James Mason Hoppin (1820-1906) (learn more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mason_Hoppin)
Definition: American educator and writer who taught art history with the goals of improving character/ teaching virtue.
* He was born locally in Providence, Rhode Island; graduated from Yale in 1840, 20 years later, from 1861 to 1879 he was professor of homiletics at Yale, where he was also professor of art history from 1879 to 1899,
* Pastor of a Congregational church at Salem, Mass., from 1850 to 1859. (brought religious ideas into his class) -
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Charles Elliot Norton (1827-1908)
Born in Cambridge, MA
Harvard Graduate, 1846
Writing articles for 'Atlantic Monthly' in 1857, founded 'Nation' in 1862.
Taught at Harvard from 1874-1897 about aesthetic ideals and art history
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Eliot-Norton -
Henry Ossawa Tanner (1859-1937)
American Painter, the first African American painter to be internationally celebrated. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ossawa_Tanner -
Reverend Joseph Torrey (1797-1867)
'Americas first professor of aesthetics"
1816- Graduated Dartmouth
1817- studied for the ministry
1827-head of moral and intellectual philosophy at uni. of Vermont
1862-1866 served as president of the University of Vermont
Daughter published lectures as 'A Theory of Fine Art' https://www.uvm.edu/trustees/former-president-rev-joseph-torrey -
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Vassar College
The earliest women's college to have an art gallery. Poughkeepsie, New York. Founded in 1865 by Matthew Vassar Professor Henry Van Ingen, managed the gallery. First college to coordinate art collection and fine arts education. -
John Ferguson Weir (1841–1926)
Description: American painter, sculptor, writer, and educator.
* Brought professional drawing, painting, and art history to Yale Univ.
* His father, Robert Walter Weir, was also a long-time professor of drawing at the Military Academy at West Point.
* his brother, J. Alden Weir, also became a well-known artist who painted in the style of American Impressionism.
*In 1868 he studied abroad. After his return he was named first director (later dean) of the School of Fine Arts at Yale University. -
Charles Callahan Perkins
Trustee of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (1870) Member of the Boston School Committee Believed that "future civic guardians needed exposure to the best models of fine art to develop high standards of taste" -1870, convinced the American Social Service Association to donate casts of original ancient art to the Girls Normal and High School in Boston -
Boston Museum of Fine Arts
Founded 1870 -
College of Fine Arts at Syracuse
-Women outnumbered men in all departments but architecture
-Dean George Fisk Comfort believed students needed knowledge of fine arts history and technique.
-developed curriculum where art theory, history, and studio classes were taught together
-1876 summer school for teachers
-most colleges still not giving credits for studio work -
Isaac Edwards Clarke
reported for the US commissioner of education that only 8 colleges provided art training or had art collections. Yale and Syracuse University had coeducational, professional art schools. Women outnumbered men in most of the programs but were not eligible for a degree. -
Charles Elliot Norton (1827-1908)
Description: Taught history of fine arts as connected with literature to Harvard undergrads
* He gave art history an equal place in the college curriculum with other branches of the humanities.
* Known to complain about the ugliest of modern life
* His goal was to teach fine art history through past cultures, teach how America drained creativity spirits, and refine sensibilities of Harvard men. -
Wellesley College
Founded in 1875
Where Alice Van Vechton Brown taught the Laboratory Method, which differentiated from the teaching styles of the men's colleges at the time. Men's schools treating fine arts as a liberal art to studied for improving manners, morals, and status in society. The laboratory Method combined art practice with history and theory -
Mary Dana Hicks
founded the Social Art Club in Syracuse to extend art education beyond the school system, this was a pattern of public art societies being founded all over the US, to put art in the people's hands -
Alice Van Vechten Brown (1862-1949)
Pioneering female educator, believed in combining art practice with art history, "to influence life through art". 1881-1885 studied painting with William Merritt Chase and Abbott Thayer
1891- Assistant director, Norwich Art School
1897- Wellesley College, Laboratory Method: She insisted students get credits for practical drawing work and literary and theoretical studies
1911-1917,1920's art museum training course for young women https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alice-Van-Vechten-Brown -
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Progressivism in art, 1890's-1930's
seeking change in all levels of society including fine art
http://www.artandpopularculture.com/Progressivism -
Laboratory method- taught by Alice Van Vechten Brown ( https://www.queensu.ca/ctl/teaching-support/instructional-strategies/lab-based-learning)
Description: a method that Alice learned at Norwich art school in Connecticut where she combines drawing practice of art history (students would copy historical photographs and paintings)
Her goal: To influence life through art
Extra: she taught an art Museum training course from 1911-1917, and then again in the late 1920s
Wellesley college- started working there in 1897 and changing their curriculum to a laboratory method based curriculum. -
Deristhe Levinte Hoyt
Lecturer of Art History at Massachusetts Normal Art School
https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_s_Painters_and_Their_Pictures/NH9WaQlxSqcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover -
John Cotton Dana (1856-1929)
John Cotton Dana
born 1856 in Woodstock, Vermont, died July 21, 1929 in Newark, New Jersey
American library and museum director
-sought to make these cultural institutions relevant to the daily lives of citizens.
-"if you cultivate your sensibilities by the keen observation and careful criticism of every-day, familiar objects, you cultivate the whole esthetic side of your nature" -
James Frederick Hopkins
gave series of illustrated art history lessons at Boston's English High School
Lecture "The Making of an Artistic City" the need to plan for order and beauty in urban development -
Isabelle Sewall
adapted party games to help students identify artists and their work in Natick, MA -
Lithography (more info: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithography)
The method of pressing a stone(lithographic limestone)or a metal plate to print originally made artworks in oil or water and transfer them onto a new surface.
*Before the 19th century.. photography was not invented so only the rich could afford hand made expensive art works of their family and loved ones.
*which made Lithography very popular in the end of the 18th century.
*ch1:Walter Smith-importance of prints-kindergarten classroom hang images to inspire good behavior/ landmark recognition -
The Toledo Museum
founded in 1901, a pioneer in missionary efforts to spread "the true gospel of art education in all the 'dark spots' of America"
featured lots of African American artists and became a cultural center for arts and education. -
Henry Turner Bailey (1865-1931)
A lithographer, illustrator, craftsman, teacher and writer
-attended the Massachusetts Normal Art School
-Dean of the Cleveland School of Art in 1917 and the John Huntington Polytechnic Institute in Cleveland.
-stressed the importance of teachers gathering collections of pictures, and using magazines to shaw art examples in schools during the second 'Applied Arts Guild Folio', 1902
-1904 presented suggestions to the planners of the new Boston Museum of Fine Arts, reproductions, leaflets -
Agnes Lodwick
Teacher at Minneapolis High School, 1910's
has students reading magazines on past and present art by criticism provided an accessible and inexpensive book for the class, with reproductions of class artworks to look at. -
A Handbook of Art in Our Own Country, 1911
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Art Museum Education
It wasn't until 1915 that museums started teaching photography and art history classes to the public kids k-12. -
Anna Curtis Chandler
A costumed story-teller, combining information about works of art and the historical context of the work and the artists. She was a pioneer of museum story hours.
https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/39414 -
Manuel Barkan (1913-1970)
A leader in reconceptualizing art Education "to synthesize the knowledge in art of the artist, sn the knowledge about the art of the aesthetician , the critic, the historian" -graduated from New College at teachers college, Columbia university
-the program was experimental, ideas of John Dewey, to put students at the center of education and preparing teachers for the workforce https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1781/Barkan-Manuel-1913-1970.html
