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Period: to
Armenian Genocide
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Suppression of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, and Serbia
The Ottoman Empire's violent suppression of any uprisings among its Christian minorities led the Great Powers (Russia, France, and Great Britain) to declare their ability to protect the Christians that the Ottomans persecute. Tensions between Ottomans and Armenians continued to grow which led Armenians to contact Russia with news of the acts the Ottoman Empire commits against Armenians. -
Abdul Hamid II rises to power.
Also known as "Abdul the Damned" and the "Red Sultan" from his involvement in the Armenian Genocide. He replaced his brother (Murad V) as the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. -
Armenakan is established
Mëkërtich Portukalian establishes the Armenakan, a party promoting the liberation of Armenia from the Ottomans through revolution. -
Social Democrat Hunchakian Party is formed.
A socialist party established by a group of college students with the idea of obtaining Armenia's independence. The party was made to represent enlightenment and and freedom. -
Young Armenia Society is established.
Established by Kristapor Mikayelian which organized campaigns against those guilty of persecuting Armenians. They also believed Russia would help in the creation of a self-ruling Armenian government. -
Armenian Revolution Federation is founded
The ARF was a group whose members armed themselves and worked to protect Armenian land from oppression and persecution from the Ottomans. -
Hamidian Massacres
Beginning in 1894 and ending in 1896, the Hamidian Massacres is the mass killing of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire. Estimated killing between 100,000 and 300,000 people along with orphaning about 50,000 childen. The massacre is named after the Sultan in power at the time, Abdul Hamid II, who stated the Christians were largely the cause of issues amongst the Ottoman Empire. -
Sassoun Resistance
Uprising of the Hunchak and ARF militia against the Ottoman's army. Led by Mihran Damadian (pictured), Hampartsoum Boyadjian and Hrayr. -
Zeitun Rebellion (1895~1896)
Uprising from the Hunchak Party during the Hamidian massacres. With great numbers, the Armenians fought against the Ottoman army. Although the Ottomans greatly outnumbered the Armeanians about 5 to 1, the Ottomans had between 10,000, and 20,000 casualties while the Armenians suffered minimal casualties. -
Van Rebellion
The Van Rebellion was retaliation from Armenians living in Van against Ottoman forces. The men eventually left to Persia where most were massacred en route by Ottoman troops along with other Armenian Villages and people along the way. -
Khanasor Expedition
The Khanasor Expedition was an attack from Armenia forces agains the Kurdish Mazrik tribe in order to punish them for their role in the Hamidian Massacres. Most of the men in the tribe were killed (women and children spared) with only 25 casualties on the Armenian side. -
Second Sassoun Resistance
Uprising of Armenians in the Sason region against the Ottomans. The Armenian national liberation movement armed many Armenians to make the uprising possible. The Ottomans outnumbered the Armenians 4 to 1, but the Ottomans still had large casualties. -
Young Turk Revolution
A revolution against the government Abdul Hamid II had created and restoration of the parliament which was suspended in 1878 by Hamid II. Abdul Hamid II was eventually removed from his position as Sultan because of threats of his forced removal. This revolution brought about the Second Constitutional Era and is a key point in the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. -
Adana Massacre
A massacre that took place in the Adana province in the Ottoman Empire. Attacks fueled by political and religious differences led to the massacre of 15,000~30,000 Armenians. The massacres were led by the Young Turks. Armenians being seen as anti-Ottoman and against Turkey/Islam also played a role in violence in the Adana Massacre. -
Balkan Wars
The First Balkan War led to the Ottoman Empire losing 85% of its land in Europe. The Balkan Wars are also responsible for a large expulsion of Muslims from the Balkans. Muslims relocated themselves in the Ottoman Empire. Blood boiling for revenge, Muslims found Christians to be the cause of all the troubles, leading Muslims to look at Armenians as the enemy. Muslim refugees from the Balkans played a large role in the atrocities committed during the Armenian Genocide. -
Ottoman Empire enters WW1 alongside Central Powers
The Ottomans lead an attack against Russia in which the Ottomans are devastated and suffers large losses. This leads to the Ottomans putting blame on Armenians with the accusation of helping the Russians. -
Red Sunday
Recognized as the beginning of the Armenian Genocide, Turkish authorities arrested and executed Armenian leaders en masse in Constantinople. -
Deportation of Armenians
Armenians were mass deported to deserts in Syria and Iraq by Ottoman forces. Armenians were forced to walk or to ride in trains where most of them died due to starvation and thirst. All able-bodied males were shot before the depotation began. Only 1/4 of those that left Turkey arrived in Syria or Iraq. -
End of the Armenian Genocide
The Young Turks were put on trial for the massacres of Armenian people. They were found guilty and either sentenced to life in jail or executed. Some Young Turk officials were sentenced in absentia. This marks the end of the Armenian Genocide, once the Young Turks have been put to trial for the crimes against humanity. An estimation of over 1 million Armeanians were killed. -
Mustafa Atatürk rises to power
The war hero, Mustafa Kemel Ataturk rose to power and formed the Republic of Turkey. All prisoners convicted of war crimes (including the Young Turks) were released from prison.
