APUSH Period 7 [1890-1945]: Imperialism, Progressivism, WW1, The Depression, The New Deal, and WW2
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Tuskegee institute
Led by Booker T. Washington to teach blacks farming to allow them to have economic independence -
Chinese exclusion act
-Prompted by lobbying from nativist and labor groups, this law banned immigration from China. It was the first immigration law to target a specific nationality -
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Cleveland's Presidency
National Democratic Party but won with support from both Democrats and Republicans, opposed: high tariffs, free Silver, inflation, imperialism, and giving economic relief to business, farmers, or veterans (believed it would make them too reliant on other government). His crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era -
Interstate commerce commission
Monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices -
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Harrison's Presidency
Whig then Republican
Foreign affairs: vigorously promoted American exports, sought tariff reciprocity in Latin America, and worked to increase U.S. influence across the Pacific
Economics: included new economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff (a protective tariff that increased rates on imports up to 50 percent) and the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Also facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891 -
McKinley Tariff, and the Influence of Sea (novel)
McKinley Tariff: boosting protective tariff rates of nearly 50 percent on average for many American products Influence of Sea Novel: It details the role of sea power throughout history and discusses the various factors needed to support a strong navy -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act, Jacob A. Riis (photographer)
Sherman Anti-Trust Act: First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions and didn't stop the laissez-faire economic Jacob A. Riis: Muskraker who wrote with How the Other Half Lives, shocked the conscience of his readers with factual descriptions of slum conditions in New York City -
Hawaii Queen Overthrown (Lili'uokalani)
Hawaii's monarchy was overthrown when a group of businessmen and sugar planters forced Queen Liliuokalani to renounce her throne. -
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Cleveland's Presidency
National Democratic Party but won with support from both Democrats and Republicans, opposed: high tariffs, free Silver, inflation, imperialism, and giving economic relief to business, farmers, or veterans (believed it would make them too reliant on other government). His crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era -
Carey Act, Immigration Restriction League
Carey Act: distributed federal land to the states on the condition that it be irrigated and settled
Immigration Restriction League: American nativist and anti-immigration organization -
Cuban revolt
Cuban insurrectos burned sugar canefields believing that if they destroyed enough of Cuba, then Spain might abandon Cuba or the United States might move in and help the Cubans with their independence from Spain -
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McKinley's Presidency
Republican, promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity, and denounced Bryan (the silver guy) as a radical who promoted class warfare.
Foreign policy: created an overseas empire and put the U.S. on the world's list of major powers
1897 the economy rapidly recovered from the severe depression, called the Panic of 1893, McKinley's supporters argued that the new high tariff and the commitment to the gold standard were responsible -
U.S.S. Maine got blown up, start of Spanish-American war, Teller amendment, Hawaii annexation
U.S.S Maine was sunk in Havana Harbor contributing to the outbreak of Spanish-American War and US blamed the Spanish
Yellow-Journalism: a style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts, encouraged colonization
Teller Amendment: declared that when the United States had overthrown Spanish rule of Cuba it would give the Cubans their freedom
Hawaii was annexed to prevent Japanese from colonizing and U.S wanted a naval base -
Acquisition of Philippines, Philippine rebellion, National consumers League
The United States government formally acquired the Philippines from Spain with the signing of the Treaty of Paris
Philippine Rebellion:Philippine struggled for independence because the US wanted it for naval bases and economic purposes. The Philippines declared war on the US and used guerilla warfare.
National Consumers League:American organization founded in 1899 to fight for the welfare of consumers and workers who had little voice or power in the marketplace and workplace. -
Open Door Act
Open Door Note: allow countries equal access to trade with China -
National Consumers League
National Consumers League: formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions. -
Boxer rebellion, Foraker act
Boxer Rebellion: rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops Foraker Act: President McKinley signed a civil law that established a civilian government in Puerto Rico. -
Insular cases, Teller and Plat amendment, forest reserve act
Insular Cases: These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution didn't always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos Teller and Plat Amendment: Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war/ a treaty between the two that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention Forest Reserve Act: authorizing President to designate public lands in the West into forest reserves -
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TR's Presidency
Republican, moderate in his views and wanted to prevent radicalism
Trust busting, government regulation, big fan of conservation, New Nationalism (government plays an active role in the economy, controls trusts, supported women's suffrage and social welfare)
Nationalistic in foreign affairs: Think Roosevelt Corollary, Great White Fleet, Panama Canal, "Big Stick Diplomacy" -
New lands act, Northern securities case, U.S withdrew from cuba
New Lands Act: encouraged developers to inhabit lands that were useless without massive irrigation works. The lands were sold at a cheap price if the buyer fixed land
Northern Securities Act: Court ruled against the stockholders of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railroad companies, who had essentially formed a monopoly, to dissolve them
United States gave up its occupation authority over Cuba, but claimed a continuing right to intervene in Cuba -
Department of Commerce and Elkins Act, Women's Trade Union League
Department of Commerce: A cabinet formed by Roosevelt with the government concerned with controlling the excess of big businesses
Elkins Act: prohibits railroad companies from giving rebates to businesses that ship large quantities of goods and giving power to those businesses to artificially lower shipping prices.
WTUL: a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions -
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force -
Lochner v. New York and "Jungle" (book)
violation of the Bakeshop Act on the basis of an inspector's complaint that one of Lochner's employees had worked more than 60 hours in one week, aimed towards less working hrs per day
Jungle: expose the appalling working conditions in the meat-packing industry and led to public safety laws -
Meat Inspection Act, Hepburn Act, Pure Food and Drug Act
Meat Inspection Act: the conditions of meat packing were inspected for health concerns
Hepburn Act: fortified the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and strengthened federal regulation of railroads.
Pure Food and Drug Act: forbade the manufacture of food or patent medicine with harmful ingredients, and required ingredient labels. -
Gentlemens Agreement, Panic of 1907
Japanese agreed with the United States to refuse to give passports to laborers trying to enter the U.S and agreed to exclude Japanese immigrants with passports to enter the U.S.
Panic of 1907:exposed the problems of the National Banking Act of 1864 when stock market dropped and demonstrated the need for the central bank. -
Muller v. Oregon, Aldrich Vreeland Act
Muller: Louis D Branders got the Supreme Court to accept laws protecting women against the harmful effects of factory labor Aldrich: authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral -
Payne-Aldrich Bill
Placed a high tariff on many imports. This angered many Republicans because before he was elected, Taft said that he would lower the tariff -
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Taft's Presidency
Republican
Accomplishments: Started the Children's Bureau, expanded civil service protections, started an income tax, and passed anti-trust actions (was a little trigger happy with trust busting and violated the deal Roosevelt set up with US Steel)
Split the Republican party by defending the Payne-Aldrich Tariff (Split the party into supporters of Taft and supporters of Roosevelt) -
Ballinger Pinshot Quarell, Republican party splits
Taft was a strong conservationist, but his conservationist record was tarnished in 1910 when he fired the chief of the Agriculture Department's Division of Forestry, Gifford Pinchot, for insubordination. (Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel) Pinchot was liked by conservationists
By the spring of 1910, the reformist wing of the Republican Party was furious with Taft, causing the Republican Party to split -
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Great Migration #1
Great Migration #1: Black southerners relocate to northern and mid-western cities including: New York, Chicago, Detroit, and Pittsburgh. When the war effort ramped up in 1917, more able bodied men were sent off to Europe to fight leaving their industrial jobs vacant. -
Standard Oil Company and U.S steel trust busted, the rule of reason doctrine
In 1911, the Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company, stating that it violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890.
Also in 1911, the Supreme Court laid out its "rule of reason" doctrine. This stated that a trust was illegal only if it unreasonably restrained trade.
In 1911 Taft decided to press an antitrust suit against the U.S. Steel Corporation. This initiative infuriated Roosevelt, who had personally been involved in one of the mergers that prompted the suit -
National Association Opposed to Women's Suffrage
Believed that the effort and win the vote would take attention away from family and volunteer work that benefited society in many ways -
T.R New Nationalism plan, Wilson New Freedom Plan
In the election of 1912, the Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were the main competitors. Roosevelt called for a "New Nationalism", with more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage (voting rights), and more social welfare programs. Wilson supported a "New Freedom", which would limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business. -
16th and 17th Amendment passed, Federal Reserve Act, Underwood Simons Tariff Act, Mexican Revolt
16th Amendment:established Congress's right to impose a Federal income tax
17th Amendment: allowing voters to directly cote in U.S. senators
Federal Reserve Act: establish a form of economic stability through the Central Bank, would be in charge of monetary policy, into the United States
Underwood Simmons Tariff: re-established a federal income tax in the United States and substantially lowered tariff rates.
Mexican Revolt: an unstable situation that led to distrust between the U.S. and Mexico -
Hetch Hetchy
Congress debated whether to make a water resource available or preserve a wilderness when the growing city of San Francisco, California proposed building a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley to provide a steady water supply -
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Wilson's Presidency
Democrat
Idealistic and nationalistic in foreign policy, went to Versailles & created the league of nations, wanted the US to be more involved in foreign affairs but most people disagreed. Stated the United States would fight to ensure democracy, self government, the rights of small nations, and help establish an international peace organization that would end war forever. (The cheese factor tho)
Passed the Nineteenth Amendment, laws prohibiting child labor, 8-hour workday for railroad workers -
Federal Trade Commision Act, Clayton Antitrust Act
Gave the power to an already existing, presidential appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce
Clayton Anti-trust Act: prevented unfair methods of competition. Aside from banning the practices of price discrimination and anti-competitive mergers, the new law also declared strikes, boycotts, and labor unions legal under federal law. -
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World War 1
The first world war
Allies- Great Britain, Russia, France and U.S
Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire -
Lusitania sunk by German, U-boats
The disaster set off a chain of events that led to the U.S. entering World War I. A German U-boat torpedoed the British-owned steamship Lusitania, killing 1,195 people including 128 Americans. German U-boats were new tech and the Germans were able to make secret attacks under water on Allied ships -
Russia pulls out of the war, Bolshevik Revolution, Jones Act
Bolshevik: the Bolshevik Revolution (communist) in Russia overthrew the tsar regime. The new regime decided to pull Russia out of the "capitalist" war. This freed up thousands of Germans on the Russian front to fight against France on the western front Jones Act: granted the Philippines independence as soon as a “stable government” was established -
Zimmerman Note, U.S joins war, Espionage Act, Draft Act
Zimmerman: German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmermann secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance. News of the note leaked out to the public, infuriating Americans leading them to war. espionage: sought to prevent support of U.S. enemies during wartime Draft Act: It required the registration of all males between the ages of 18 and 45, and it did not allow for a man to purchase his exemption from the draft. Women were allowed in the armed forces. African Americans in segregated units -
14 Point Plan, Sedition Act
14 Point Plan: proposal made by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in a speech outlining his vision for ending World War I in a way that would prevent such a conflagration from occurring again. Sedition Act: An amendment to Title I of the Espionage Act of 1917, the act provided for further and expanded limitations on speech. -
Schenck v. U.S, Strike in Steal industry, 18th Amendment, Treaty of Versailles
Schenck: declared government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils. Strike: 250,000 steelworkers went on strike, seeking the right to organize and bargain. The steel companies refused to negotiate, brought in 30,000 African-Americans to keep the mills running 18th: outlawed the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages Treaty: severe punishment on Germany, The US did not ratify the treaty despite Wilson´s perseverance -
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Red Scare
The rise of anti-communist sentiment after World War I as a result of the Russian Revolution and increased immigration from Eastern Europe. This resulted in the arrest and mass deportation of over 6000 suspected communists between 1919 and 1920. -
19th Amendment, Palmer Raids, Womens Bureau
19th Amendment: prohibits the United States and its states from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex, in effect recognizing the right of women to a vote Palmer Raids: were a series of government raids on suspected radicals in the U.S. led by the U.S. Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer. They were unsuccessful in finding radical communists. Bureau: Emerged after the war in the Department of Labor to protect women in the workplace. -
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Immigration Restriction
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Ku Klux Klan
In the 1920s immigration policy became " Normatively restrictive" (Nativists wanted to restrict immigration to fill America with the people they wanted)
Ku Klux Klan rose to power after WWI (100% Americanism) -
Emergency Quota Act, Washington Conference
Quota: 1921 legislation that limited immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910 Washington Conference: 1921 - president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence -
Equal Rights Amendment proposed
Would the ERA get rid of special protections for women? EX: special protections in the workplace
Failed in the 1920s
Dr. Alice Paul -
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Coolidge's Presidency
Republican
Did nothing to regulate the economy of the 20s or prevent the depression
Continued to keep the US out of the League of Nations
Failed as a leader to address the crisis and instead dismissed it -
National Origins Act
The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census -
Stock Market Crash, start of Great Depression
partially triggered by the British, who raised their interest rates in an effort to bring back capital lured abroad by American investments. The British needed money, and they were unable to trade with the United States due the high tariffs.
On "Black Tuesday" of October 29, 1929, millions of stocks were sold in a panic.
Millions lost their jobs and thousands of banks closed. The United States was the hardest industrialized nation to be hit.
This crash led to the Great Depression -
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Hoover's Presidency
Republican
Criticized FDR's foreign policy and New Deal domestic agenda, believed that the federal government could not give direct aid to individuals, free market capitalism -
Hawley Smoot Tariff
Passed under President Hoover, it raised tariffs up to sixty percent which became the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime. Hoover & Republicans hoped it would help US economy, but instead it resulted in retaliatory tariff increases against the US by other countries. It deepened depression and increased international financial chaos. -
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Democratic Realignment
Although the New Deal did not end the Depression, it left a legacy of reforms and regulatory agencies and fostered a long-term political realignment in which many ethnic groups, African Americans, and working class communities identified with the Democratic Party -
Reconstruction Fiance Corporation (RFC), Start of New Deal, Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF)
RFC: sent money to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and state and local governments. BEF: converged on the Capitol in the summer of 1932. They demanded that Congress fully pay the deferred bonus that Congress had passed in 1924 (the payment was supposed to be paid in 1945 -
Hundred Day Congress, Banking Relief Act, Glass-Steagel Banking Reform Act
Popular term for the special session of Congress in early 1933 that passed vast quantities of Roosevelt-initiated legislation
Banking Relief Act: allowed the treasury secretary to issue loans to banks in need, limit operations of banks who were failing, and giving the president executive power to investigate and regulate banks during emergencies
Glass- Steagel Banking Reform Act: established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to protect individuals' bank accounts -
Civil Works Administration (CWA), Public Works Administration (PWA), Tennessee Valley Authority Act (TVA)
(CWA)- provide employment and infrastructure improvements in the depths of the Great Depression
(PWA)-built large-scale public works (dams, bridges, hospitals, schools) to provide employment, increase purchasing power, revive economy
Tennessee Valley Authority Act: to generate cheap electric power (dams) improve environment, & increase employment in Tennessee Valley; very successful -
21 Amendment, London Economic Conference, FDR opened up trade with USSR, Hitler takes control of Germany
21: repealed the 18th Amendment for federal revenue during the depression Conference: International economic conference called by League of Nations. When proposals were made to stabilize currencies, Roosevelt withdrew his support. Conference ended without any agreement. -
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC)
CCC: relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc
FERA: distribute 500 million dollars in federal funds to state agencies.
AAA: asked farmers to reduce production and destroy surpluses in return for money (Excluded sharecroppers, tenant farmer : African Americans)
HOLC: to help distressed families avert foreclosures by replacing mortgages that were in or near default with new ones that homeowners could afford -
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FDR's Presidency
Democrat
Practically created modern liberalism, created the New Deal, brought the country out the Depression,
Good Neighbor policy of non-interventionism in Latin American affairs (big change from TR days)
Supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort and led the US through WW2 -
Indian Reorganization Act, Securities Exchange Act (SEC), American Liberty League, Huey Long- "Share Our Wealth"
Indian Reorganization offers federal funding to tribes that replace their governments with city council–style governments, forced assimilation
SEC Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading
American Liberty conservative anti-New Deal organization, criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and attacks on the free enterprise system.
Huey preached "Share Our Wealth" programs Long proposed to give American families a comfortable income -
Dr. Francis Townsend, Senior Citizen plan, Japan joins the war, Johnson Debt Default Act
Townsend: Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month Johnson Debt Default Act: prohibited any loans ( including private ones) to any government that had defaulted on its World War I debts to the United States -
Works Progress Administration (WPA), Schechter v. U.S, Resettlement Administration, the Wagner Act
WPA- provide relief for the unemployed by providing jobs and income for millions of Americans
Schechter v. U.S- decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.
Wagner Act:also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining -
Social Security Act
Social Security Act-guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health -
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Neutrality Act
Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents. -
Court Packing Plan, Quarantine Speech
Quarentine: Roosevelt on October 5, 1937, in Chicago, calling for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and isolationism that was prevalent at the time. Court-Packing: Roosevelt proposed legislation that would allow him to add liberal justices to the Court: a new justice would be added for every member over the age of 70 who would not retire. The plan received much negative feedback -
Fair labor Standard, Anti-New Deal coalition, Munich Conference
Fair labor Standard: established minimum living standards for workers engaged in interstate commerce, including provision of a federal minimum wage Anti-New Deal:Republicans break with FDR over support for New Deal; tried to link communism, radicalism, and socialism with the New Deal Munich: Britain and France met with Hitler, allowing him to take over Czechoslovakia as long as he agreed to expand no further. The agreement was seen as an assurance of peace. -
Non-Aggression Pact, Neutrality Act and repeal
-Germany and Soviet Union greed to take no military action against each other for the next 10 years
-Policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid cash in full and transported goods on their ships. This was known as "Cash and Carry" -
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World War 2
The second world war
Many died
Started by a man with a silly mustache -
France falls, Havana Conference
Havana Conference- provided that the colonies would be controlled and administered by an inter-American force until the war's end, at which time they would become independent or returned to their original status -
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2nd Great Migration
the migration of more than 5 million African Americans from the South to the other three regions of the United States. It took place from 1941, through World War II, and lasted until 1970 -
Attack on Pearl Harbor
-U.S entry into WWII
-The Japanese surprise attack on the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii drew a swift declaration of war by the US. The majority of American military action took place in the Pacific Theater for this reason -
Lean-Lease, Hitler invades USSR, Atlantic Charter, March on Washington
Lean-Lease- law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security
Atlantic Charter- Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement
March on Washington- to protest Black soldier's exclusion from World War II defense jobs and New Deal programs. -
FDR Freedom Speech, Executive Order 8802
FDR Freedom Speech- Roosevelt claimed freedom of speech, religion, want, and fear all over the world. (Didn't mention the segregation in the U.S. for morale reasons)
Executive Order 8802- FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy -
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Bracero Program, Japanese Internment
Bracero: United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico during WWII. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico. Japanese: Due to heightened suspicion of espionage, combined with racist rhetoric, Japanese-Americans were subjected to incarceration in internment camps. Homes and jobs were lost and some families were even separated -
New Deal OVER, Zuit Soot riots
a series of riots during which Mexican Americans were attacked by whites -
Korematsu v. U.S, D-Day
Korematsu: 1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans D-Day: In Europe, the D-Day invasion led to an Allied push into Germany, where American and Soviet forces converged on Berlin -
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons