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Treaty of Fort Laramie
Separated Indians into two “colonies” to the north and south of intended white settlement -
Treaty of Fort Atkinson
Separated Indians into two “colonies” to the north and south of intended white settlement -
Invention of Bessemer Process
Invented in the 1850s to make cheap steel because steel was used for railroads, buildings, and other important things.
The process involved blowing cold air on red-hot iron to ignite the carbon and eliminate impurities -
Reservation systems for Native Americans
the federal government herded the Indians into smaller confines by force.
“Great Sioux reservation” in the Dakota Territory, and the Indian Territory in Oklahoma.
For more than a decade after the Civil War, fierce warfare between Indians and the U.S. Army raged in various parts of the West -
Morill Tariff Act, Homestead Act
Morill: passed after the South had seceded, provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education in exchange for military training Homestead: Federal law incentivizing settlement by white Americans (and immigrants) of the Midwest and Great Plains regions by selling land for free if you could improve it -
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Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west -
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Johnson's Presidency
Democrat, defended slavery, created his own plan for reconstruction based on Lincoln's, but offered not role for black people -
Sioux Wars, Wabash Case, National Labor Union
Sioux: Sioux war party attacked and killed Captain William J. Fetterman's command of 81 soldiers and civilians in Wyoming's Bighorn Mountains attempting to block construction of the Bozeman Trail Wabash Case: 1886 supreme court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce National Labor Union: established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers -
The Grange
Organized to assist farmers with purchasing machinery, building grain elevators, lobbying for government regulation of railroad shipping fees and providing a support network for farm families.
Formed as a result of:
Discriminatory railroad rates, monopoly prices charged for farm machinery and fertilizer, an oppressively high tariff, an unfair tax structure, an inflexible banking system, political corruption, corporations that bought up huge tracks of land -
National Prohibition Party
organized in 1869 in response to the increasing amount of liquor intake by Americans due to Civil War and foreigners used to it -
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Grant's Presidency
Republican, supported congressional reconstruction, ratification of the 15th amendment and crushed the Ku Klux Klan, but his administration was corrupt -
Standard Oil Company
Standard Oil Co. was an American oil-producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller -
Indian appropriation act
The Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 declared that Indigenous people were no longer considered members of “sovereign nations” and that the US government could no longer establish treaties with them. -
Credit Mobiler Scandal
Image result for what is the credit mobilier scandal
Crédit Mobilier Scandal, in U.S. history, illegal manipulation of contracts by a construction and finance company associated with the building of the Union Pacific Railroad (1865–69); the incident established Crédit Mobilier of America as a symbol of post-Civil War corruption. -
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Depression of 1873
During the time of the Freedman's Bank. The panic started with a problem in Europe, when the stock market crashed. Investors began to sell off the investments they had in American projects, particularly railroads. -
Women's christian temperance union (WCTU)
The Woman's Christian Temperance Union is an active international temperance organization that was among the first organizations of women devoted to social reform with a program that "linked the religious and the secular through concerted and far-reaching reform strategies based on applied Christianity." -
Telephone invented
It was at this time, 1876–1877, that a new invention called the telephone emerged. It is not easy to determine who the inventor was. Both Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray submitted independent patent applications concerning telephones to the patent office in Washington on February 14 -
Knights of Labor, Farmer alliance, Great railroad strike
Knights: Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership/organization. Failed because workers could be easily replaced
Farmer Alliance: A Farmers' organization; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy
Railroad Strike: railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike (government always sided with employers over workers) -
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Hayes' Presidency
Republican, believed in free markets, brought Reconstruction to an end in withdrawing troops, insisted the federal government had a responsibility to provide aid for education and public improvements, genuinely interested in protecting voting rights of black men -
Light bulb invented
Invented by Thomas Edison, helped to establish social order after sundown, extended the workday well into the night -
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New immigrants (2nd wave) from Southern and Eastern Europe
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Congress passed immigration restrictions, Chinese exclusion act
Immigration Restriction: It forced criminals and convicts back to their home countries Chinese Exclusion: Congress barred the Chinese from immigrating to the United States -
Congress banned the importation of foreign workers under contract
Another immigration restriction act -
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Grover Cleveland
Republican, advocated agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans, proposing substantial civil service reforms -
Hay Market square riot, American federation of labor (AFL)
Hay Market Square Riot: Anarchist bombing during a large protest in Chicago, many Americans began associating unions with radicals and violence, allowing companies to crack down more on union agitation American Federation of Labor (AFL): Unions representing labor in wages, hours, and safety. Their philosophy was "pure and simple unionism, president was Samuel Gompers, was limited because it didn't allow women, African Americans, unskilled workers, and other racial minorities to join -
Dawes-severalty act, interstate commerce act, Hatch act, American protective association
Dawes: aimed to force Native Americans onto individual, rather than communal, disregarding their culture. Commerce: Established the Interstate Commerce Commission - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states Hatch: prohibited federal employees from making political contributions, working for a particular party, or campaigning for a candidate. APA: nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration -
Oklahoma became a state, Hull house
During 1889 people where aloud to settle in Oklahoma bit was politically a state yet. In 1889, Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr opened Hull House as a place to offer accommodation, education and opportunity to the residents of the impoverished Halsted Street area, a densely populated urban neighborhood of Italian, Irish, German, Greek, Bohemian, Russian and Polish Jewish immigrants. -
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Benjamin Harrison
Benjamin Harrison was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 23rd president of the United States from 1889 to 1893. He was a grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison, and a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V, a founding father who signed the United States Declaration of Independence -
Sherman anti-trust act, American tobacco company, National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA), Populist party formed
Sherman: federal action against monopolies,signed into law by Harrison and was used by Teddy Roosevelt for trust-busting. It was misused against labor unions Tobacco Comp.:James Buchanan Duke mass produced “coffin nails” and absorbed his competitors forming the American Tobacco Company NAWSA: An organization founded to demand the vote for women Populist: called for the direct election of senators, economic reforms, coinage of silver, graduated income tax, and numerous labor reforms (Farmers) -
Homestead strike
The Homestead Acts were several laws in the United States by which an applicant could acquire ownership of government land or the public domain, typically called a homestead. -
Panic of 1893, anti-saloon league
Panic of 1893: Large corporations used this downturn by consolidating ⅔ of the industry into 7 trusts. Panic ended in 1897. Panic was set off by the collapse of two of the country's largest employers, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company that led to a stock market crash. Anti-saloon league: Women-led temperance movement saw more support. They hoped to reduce alcohol consumption or outright prohibit it, by enforcing existing laws and implementing new ones. -
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Grover Cleveland
Stephen Grover Cleveland was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897. Cleveland is the only president in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office -
Labor day was made, Immigration restriction league was formed, Pullman strike, International migration society
Immigration restriction league: A Nativist group wanting to limit immigration to certain groups, got congress to require a literacy test at the border Pullman strike: In Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail and sued, strike achieved nothing International migration society: For Colonization, transported three ships of African American migrants to Liberia -
Fourth party system, Plessy vs. Ferguson
Fourth Party System: Republicans had a tight grip on the White House and issues like industrial regulation and labor concerns became paramount, replacing older concerns like civil service reform and monetary policy. Plessy vs. Ferguson: made segregation legal, thus officially relegating blacks to second class status. Jim Crow laws codified this segregation into a system of economic and political oppression, especially in the South -
Library of congress opened, The DIngely tariff bill
The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. Went with Carnegie Gospel of Wealth The Dingley Act of 1897 (ch. 11, 30 Stat. 151, July 24, 1897), introduced by U.S. Representative Nelson Dingley Jr., of Maine, raised tariffs in United States to counteract the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act of 1894, which had lowered rates. -
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William McKinley
William McKinley was the 25th president of the United States, serving from 1897 until his assassination in 1901.