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1200
Tang and Song Dynasties
The Tang Dynasty rulers extended the empire further and caused China to have economic and political power in Asia. Buddhism spread through monks. Military leader, An Lushan, began a rebellion which weakened the dynasty but the government and bureaucracy increased. The Scholar-gentry government officials, experts in Confucianism, were in charge of military during the Song Dynasty. Nomadic invasions took over northern territory then the Song Dynasty ended when Mongol Empire conquered region. -
1200
Feudalism in Europe
It spread from France to Spain, Italy, and later Germany and Eastern Europe. Feudalism was a combination of legal, economic, military and cultural customs that flourished in medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships that were derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. The Crusades and travel during the Middle Ages opened new trade options to England.which lead to the decline of Feudalism. -
Period: 1206 to 1368
Mongol Empire
They lived on the steppe of Central Asia, north of the Gobi. Genghis Khan formed alliances with neighboring clans. He earned reputation as cruel due to population slaughters and used psychological warfare to advantage. The military was organized and efficient. They used armed messengers (pony express) for communication. He adopted siege warfare from Persia and conquered most of Asia, Russia,and Middle East. By 1241 Golden Horde pushed into eastern Europe and ruled by creating tribute states. -
Period: 1206 to 1555
Delhi Sultanate
It was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years. Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk dynasty, the Khilji dynasty, the Tughlaq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty, and the Lodi dynasty. It started the Muslim Rule in India which brought in great cultural diversity which became an important and invaluable feature of the country. -
Period: 1235 to
Mali Empire
The Mali Empire was an empire in West Africa and was founded by Sundiata Keita. It became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Musa Keita. The Manding languages were spoken in the empire. It was the largest empire in West Africa and profoundly influenced the culture through the spread of its language, laws and customs. After the death of Mansa Musa, no ruler was powerful or influential enough to hold the vast empire together so it fell apart. -
1258
Abbasid Caliphate
Capitals: Kufa-Samarra
Government-Monarchy
It was a country which was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was founded by a dynasty descended from his uncle. The caliph was usually the son (or other closest male relative) of the previous Caliph. As the dynasty increased in wealth, it became too large for the caliphate to control. As its power grip began to fail and as its citizens began to see it weaken, many began to grumble against the dynasty's rather secular ways. -
1271
Yuan Dynasty
Kublai Khan established Yuan Dynasty and was China's first foreign-led dynasty. He finally defeated the Song Dynasty. They welcomed Islamic scholars and religious toleration. White Lotus Society rebelled against them. It fell into internal rebellion after it lost touch with its Mongol roots. -
Period: 1299 to
Ottoman Empire
Osman, a successful ghazi, built a state in Anatolia. Ghazis are warriors who fight for Islam. Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 and later sultans defeated the Safavids, conquering Mecca, Medina, and Cairo. Suleiman the Lawgiver, ruled from 1520-1566 and he ruled the empire at its peak. Suleiman created a law code, reduced government and simplified taxation. The army used the devshirme system-drafted boys. Christians and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion. -
Period: 1300 to
European Renaissance
“Rebirth” or revival of learning and the arts. This was recovery of cities and growth of agriculture. Trade Expanded and the Gutenberg's printing press was invented. It imitated classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. Lots of literature,art, architecture. Recovered manuscripts were studied and they focused on individual achievements. Humanism was a new concept that focused on individuals rather than God. Vernacular language increased, leading to ideas of nationalism. -
1346
Bubonic Plaque
Bubonic Plague spread throughout Asia and Europe after the Mongol Empire. The Black Death was the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, resulting in the deaths of up to 75–200 million people in Eurasia and North Africa, peaking in Europe. It was caused by Yersinia pestis, a bacterium and most likely spread via fleas on black rats that travelled on merchant ships. The symptoms included fevers/chills, weakness, abdominal pain, bleeding from your mouth, nose, or under your skin, and shock. -
Period: 1368 to
Ming Dynasty
This dynasty began with an overthrow of the Mongols. They stabilized East Asia for 300 years. They conquered Mongolia and central Asia with expansion of the Great Wall. European explorers arrived for trade. The civil service exam and bureaucracy was brought back and the scholar-gentry was important for centralization. National school system was established. The issued paper currency had problems so they used hard currency, including rice and silver, for taxes. -
1400
Mesoamerica Empires
Aztec- They founded capital Tenochtitlan which is an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. They created canals for irrigation and transportation of goods and people, Aztecs called themselves Mexica and had one ruler. They predicted that Quetzalcoatl would return in early 1500s.
Inca-The Inca lived in Cuzco Valley located in the Andes Mountains, South America. They were skilled at masonry (working with stone). Instead of paying taxes Inca had to work for mita. There were no merchants or markets. -
1492
Age of Exploration
Was the period in European history in which extensive overseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in European culture and which was the beginning of globalization. Them being for the sake of their economy, religion and glory. They wanted to improve their economy for instance by acquiring more spices, gold, and better and faster trading routes. Also, they really believed in the need to spread their religion, Christianity. -
Period: Apr 17, 1492 to
Spanish Colonial Empire
Known as the Hispanic Monarchy and as the Catholic Monarchy, was one of the largest empires in history. The Spanish exploited resources and labor from their newly colonized territories. Southern America was rich in both timber and precious metals, and harvesting the gold and silver in the area made the empire very rich. Spreading Catholicism to the area was another important goal. -
1498
Portuguese Trading Post Empire
First built by portuguese mariners. Instead of to control territory, Trading Post Empires were meant to control trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to pay duties at fortified trading sites. As to the american portuguese colony (Brazil), french troops invaded Portugal, with the help of their then-allies spanish. This British Ultimatum later caused the fall of the portuguese monarchy and took away the last effort to breath life to the empire. -
1501
Atlantic Slave Trade
It was involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas. The slave trade regularly used the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage. One reason was the demand for labour in the New World, where the indigenous Amerindian population rapidly declined after the arrival of the first European explorers. -
Period: 1517 to
The Reformation
Protest and desire for reform resulted in a permanent division in the Church. It began in 1517 with Martin Luther and his 95 Theses. There was criticized corruption and indulgences. Luther believed a believer only needed faith for salvation and that the Church had put itself between man and God. -
Period: 1526 to
Mughal Empire
The founder Babur was of Turkic descent. Akbar centralized and ruled the empire at its peak. Had a well-organized bureaucracy, strong military, and arts. The merchant caste participated in economic growth and came from trading cotton to Europe. In order to keep peace they gave land grants to Hindu kings and incorporated Rajputs. New faith, sikhism, blended Islam and Hindu elements. -
Period: to
Tokugawa Shogunate
Tokugawa Shogunate was the feudal military government of Japan during the Edo period. (Shoguns-military) Tokugawa Ieyasu ruled from 1600-1616. The Era was known as Period of Great Peace. He reorganized and centralized government at Edo (Tokyo). The Daimyo were required to live in Edo part of the year. He approved all marriages while families stayed at court. There was no travel abroad. Trade with Europeans ended. Japanese Christians persecuted and executed. He took away power of the daimyos. -
Period: to
Qing Dynasty
Started when Manchuria (Manchu) seized power. Kangxi's rule was stable and prosperous. China expanded into Taiwan, Mongolia, and central Asia. They established protectorate over Tibet. Qianlong was a ruler, poet, artist, and excellent administrator. The land of Muslim Uighurs was Annexed Xinjiang. Sold trading privileges to the British which caused corruption, uprisings, and rebellion. They continued the collection of tribute from neighboring people. -
Period: to
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was a shift in thinking and ideas grew from scientific Revolution and Renaissance. Believed in applying reason to natural laws. They also believed in Liberty, equality, happiness, rationality, reason, and progress. The clash of ideas led to revolutions of independence and Nationalism followed. -
Period: to
American Revolution
Was inspired by ideals of the Enlightenment and colonies were increasingly independent. British taxed as an attempt of control caused the division. The Declaration of Independence was signed July 4th, 1776 which gave the rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. The war ended with American's defeating the British with the help from France. -
Period: to
French Revolution
Economic issues was the major cause of conflict. The Estates General was called by the absolutist king in 1789. The Declaration of the Rights of Man was set by France's National Constituent Assembly and is a human civil rights document. King Louis XVI was convicted of conspiracy with foreign powers and sentenced to death. The nobles refused to pay taxes. The First Republic was declared but Reign of Terror destroyed the original content. The revolution ended with the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. -
Period: to
Haitian Revolution
Revolutionary ideas spread and slaves revolted against French masters. Escaped slaves, which were called Maroons, joined the fight. Toussaint L'Ouverture became the leader and the indepence of the nation Haiti was achieved. The Constitution gave equal citizenship. This was the first successful slave revolt in history. -
Tanzimat Reforms
The Ottoman Empire hoped that getting rid of the millet system would lead to direct control of all of its citizens by the creation of a more-centralized government and an increase of the legitimacy of Ottoman rule. They were a wide-ranging series of educational, political and economic reforms. They were an attempt at modernization to stop the decline of Ottoman power. Began in 1839 under the reigns of the sultans Abdülmecid I and Abdülaziz. and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. -
Period: to
Opium Wars
They were two wars which were waged between the Great Qing and the British Government, triggered by the British government's imposition of the opium trade upon China. Opium had been used in traditional Chinese medicine for a long time before the British came, mostly to treat disease. -
Period: to
Taiping Rebellion
It was a massive rebellion or civil war that was waged in China between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Began in the southern province of Guangxi when local officials launched a campaign of religious persecution against the God Worshipping Society. The Qing Dynasty won. -
Period: to
Sepoy Mutiny
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. Begun in Meerut by Indian troops in the service of the British East India Company, it spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow. The Indians refused to accept new munitions cartridges as they had animal fats that they culturally did not ingest. They were shackled, and when their comrades came to rescue them, mutiny and violence broke out. -
Meiji Restoration
It was an event that restored practical imperial rule to the Empire of Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Tokugawa shôgun, who ruled Japan in the feudal period, lost his power and the emperor was restored to the supreme position. The main causes were internal problems in Japan made ruling the country too difficult. The feudal system was decaying, and factions were growing. Reinstating the emperor legitimized the movement by connecting it to an old tradition that encouraged everyone to unify. -
Period: to
Scramble for Africa
It was the invasion, and colonisation of African territory by European powers during a short period known as the New Imperialism. During this time of colonisation, an economic depression was occurring in Europe, and powerful countries such as Germany, France, and Great Britain, were losing money. Is the artificial drawing of African political boundaries among European powers in the end of the 19th century – led to the partitioning of several ethnicities across newly created African states. -
Period: to
Berlin Conference
regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. During the conference the leaders also agreed to allow free trade among the colonies and established a framework for negotiating future European claims in Africa.
