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The Peace of Westphalia
German princes became free from Holy Roman Empire.
Dutch Netherlands became officially independent.
France got Alsace.
Swiss Confederation - independent of Switzerland Calvinist got privileges as Lutherans.
Total freedom of religion. -
Charles I beheaded
Charles I from the Stuart family was beheaded in 1649 as a result of his lost in the English Civil War from 1642 to 1649. -
Treaty of Pyrenees
Absolute monarchy in Spain lost parts of Spanish Netherlands after the War of Spanish Succession which lead to the end of Spain as one of the Great Powers in Europe. -
The Royal Society of London
Established to deal with scientific achievement.
Community from scientists to discuss and share ideas.
Women were banned. -
War of Devolution
It is the 1st Dutch war that Louis XIV had as the French king and he gained 12 towns after the war ended. -
Peace of Nijmegen
France took Franche-Comte from Spain under the role of Louis XIV. -
Edict of Fontainebleau
Established by Louis XIV
Kicked out all Huguenots out of France.
Lost many craftsmen and hard workers.
Required Catholic baptism for all French citizens. -
Great Northern War
It took place under the role of Peter the Great of Russia which took Sweden within Russian territory and later on lead to the Treaty of Nystad of 1721. -
Battle of Blenheim
It was the war between Duke of Marlborough and Louis XIV which later lead to the Treaty of Utrecht 1713 (Britain was the biggest winner)and Asiento (biggest slave trade in Spain). -
Frederick II of Prussia (The Great)
1712 - 1786.
Created compulsory elementary education for all citizens.
Continued serfdom.
Promoted reconstruction of the country and lived modestly.
Extended nobility privileges.
Introduced potatoes for agriculture improvement.
Codified laws.
Slacken on censorship.
Ended tortures for prisoners.
Encouraged immigration. -
Pragmatic Sanction
Proclaimed by Charles VI.
Habsburg lands could only be passed intact to single heir (regardless of gender).
Helped consolidate Habsburg territories. -
Catherine II of Russia (The Great)
1729 - 1796
Brought enlightenment to Russia in art and literature.
Westernized architecture, sculpture, and music.
Supported printing of Diderot’ Encyclopedia.
Used better laws to oversaw domestic reform.
Reduced torture.
Improved education.
Gave nobility complete control over serfs, more power, and exempted from taxation.
Partitioned in Poland.
Threatened balance of power with Austria in Eastern Europe.
Expanded Russia through Ottoman lands in Crimea. -
Joseph II
1741 - 1790
Most “enlightened, least effective”.
Most religious toleration (even to the Jews).
Abolished serfdom.
Allowed freedom of press, religion, and civic rights.
Made German as official language. -
7 Years War
Frederick II of Prussia got no support so he allied with Britain during Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 but had little value. It ended in Treaty of Paris 1763 which retained Silesia. -
Napoleon Bonaparte
1769-1821.
Overthrow Directory and became the 1st Counsel.
Declared himself as the emperor.
Napoleonic code - created legal unity, provided 1st clear and complete codification of French law.
Established education reforms.
Established the Bank of France.
Created 1st police state (controlled popularity).
Extended legal toleration.
Napoleonic wars.
Napoleon was forced to get off the throne and sent to Elba.
1st and 2nd Restoration (failed).
Napoleon possibly assassinated by British. -
Charles Fourier
1772-1837.
Planned economy + socialist communities.
Socialist utopia - mathematical details.
A bit extreme.
Believed total emancipation of women.
Marriage = legal prostitution (free love society). -
Pugachev Uprising
Sparked serf uprising.
Abolished taxes.
Military obligation.
Killed landlords.
Ended by Catherine II.
Put down serfs more. -
American Revolution
1775 - 1789
Fought against English authority.
Overthrow English monarchy rule and established the Dutch republic.
Fought for liberal ideals and massive political reverberations in Europe. -
Second French Revolution
Focus move towards bourgeoisie instead of peasants.
Assembly no longer favor the peasants.
Fear of the return of Old regime.
Prussia and Austria try to invade France.
Leading to the Reign of terror.
Revolutionaries fought against each other.
Louis XVI beheaded on January, 1793. -
Reign of Terror
April 1793 - 1794
Ran by Robespierre, Louis Saint-Just, Georges Danton, and the Committee of Public Safety.
Forced people to follow the “law”.
Religious Terror - religion not really involve in politic (considered as superstitious practice).
New calendar created.
Bread price rose.
Louis XVI beheaded on January 21, 1793.
Marie Antoinette died in October, 1793.
Trials limited to liberty or death.
Everyone could be an “enemy of people ”.
300,000 people imprisoned/ guillotined. -
The Directory (France)
1795-1799.
Constitution created for restore order.
Oversee military expansion.
Largely ineffective.
Narrow social base.
Added pressure by the sans-culottes. -
Combination Act
Parliament fearful of radicalism of French Revolution, made unions illegal. It was largely ignored by workers and repealed in 1824.
Proposed limits on child labor hours.
Promoted education for the children and built New Lenar and New Harmony (idealized socialist communities). -
Romanticism
Passion/ emotion.
Focus more on nature over men (landscape).
Often tied with nationalism.
Backward looking.
Middle Ages.
Against Industrial revolution (destroyed nature).
Believed materialistic society destroy humanity. -
Lajos Kossuth
1802-1894
Leader of Hungarian revolutionary.
March laws provided Hungarian independence.
Withdraw due to slavic minorities resisted Magyar invasion.
Defeated by Austrian and Russian armies.
Waited until 1866 for autonomy. -
Treaty of Amiens
French kept conquered European territories.
French defeated in Haiti by diseases and Toussaint LOUverture.
Louisiana territory sold. -
Battle of Austerlitz
Smashed Austrian and Russian armies.
Gained territories.
Russian fled; Austria made peace.
Prussian went against Napoleon alone. -
Peninsular War
1808-1814.
Spain against France for freedom.
1st great revolt against Napoleon. -
Otto von Bismarck
1810-1898.
Minister of William I.
Member of Junker nobility.
Gap theory - collected taxes without Parliament consents.
Granted huge power.
Offered universal male suffrage.
Encouraged liberals to speak out for crushing them.
Established wars to achieve goals.
Prussian-Danish War 1864.
Austro-Prussian War 1866.
Franco-Prussian War 1870.
Bring southern Germany into North German Confederation. -
War of 1812
Between U.S. and U.K.
Britain stopped French goods to U.S.
U.S. thought it violated the national law.
U.S. declared war on Britain. -
Concert of Europe
1815-1850s.
Guarantee enforcement of the status quo.
Congress system (meetings by great powers for solution) and Quadruple alliances.
Britain not included in Congress system (as Britain favored Liberalism and Europe favored Conservatism).
