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1453
Fall of the Byzantine Empire
3 Effects of the Fall of the Byzantine Empire:
- Constantinople fell to the Turks which hurt trades with Europe.
- Constantinople was part of the Byzantine empire and when the Turks gained control it forced many people out and into Italy. They brought over their language and manuscripts.
- The people who fled resurrected the Renaissance. -
1486
Oration on the Dignity of Man
3 Effects of the Oration on the Dignity of Man:
- Brought back and spread the ideas about humanism.
- He made people believe that they could choose their own path and they could do more than just survive, they could thrive.
- He encouraged men to have an intellect and to be educated -
1492
Christopher Columbus 1st Voyage
3 Effects of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage:
- Found the New World
- European countries expanded to the New World (America)
- Europeans brought over new tools and techniques but also diseases that killed around 90% of American Indians. -
1493
Cortés Conquers the Aztecs
3 Effects of Cortés Conquering the Aztecs:
- Spanish Rule in the area where the Aztecs had been "New Spain"
- More European explorers came in to conquer different native empires and lands.
- Introduction of Christianity and the Spanish language. -
1500
Most Important Event in the 15th Century
The most important event in the 15th century was Christopher Columbus's first Voyage. This was the most important event of the century because it led to the discovery of a whole new continent that affected Europe for many years to come. If the Americas had not been discovered there may have never been the Commercial revolution that modernized Europe or the colonies in the Americas. Christopher Columbus's first voyage changed the course of history and led to where we are right now. -
1517
95 Theses
3 Effects of the 95 Theses:
- 95 theses started the protestant reformation
- Dramatic decline in the sales of indulgences
- 95 theses allowed religions such as Lutheranism and Calvinists to separate from the Catholic church and form their own. -
1534
Act of Supremacy
3 Effects of the Act of Supremacy:
- Henry Vlll became the head of the Church of England.
- Dissolved all monasteries in England claiming the land and wealth than selling it to the upper class.
- The king of England became very wealthy -
1543
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
3 Effects of On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres:
- Heliocentric Theory
- Changed many views of Astronomy
- This encouraged new thoughts about God -
1545
Council of Trent
3 Effects of the Council of Trent:
- Banned the Selling of Indulgences
- Catholics did not stand alone before God, but the community of the faithful could help to salvation.
- The Catholics rejected the Protestants by bringing back what they believed such as all seven sacraments and purgatory. -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
3 Effects of the Peace of Augsburg:
- Lutheranism became a legitimate alternative to Catholicism in Germany
- Allowed the ruler of each principality to choose the religion of their subjects, either Catholic or Lutheran.
- The peace of Augsburg permitted the reformation to fragment Christian Europe. -
Edict of Nantes
3 Effects of the Edict of Nantes:
- Ended the Religious wars and introduced religious toleration in France
- Calvinism, a new religion was tolerated in France
- Catholic was the official religion of France -
Most Important Event of the 16th Century
The most important event of the 16th century was Luther's 95 theses. Luther's 95 theses led to the religious wars of the era. His reforms allowed there to be different branches of Christianity in Europe. Protestantism and Calvinism were some of the main new ones. Luther's demands changed religion in Europe till the present day. -
Defenestration of Prague
3 Effects of the Defenestration of Prague:
- Started the 30 years war
- Holy Roman Emperor went to war to reclaim Bohemia for Catholicism.
- Damaged the economy of Germany, over 1/3 of the population in Germany was killed. -
English Civil War
3 Effects of the English Civil war:
- Parliament shows its authority against the Monarchy.
- New government introduced/led by parliament; The Commonwealth
- Led to the Glorious revolution which in turn ended royal absolutism for a time in England. -
Peace of Westphalia
3 Effects of the Peace of Westphalia:
- A series of agreements that ended the 30 years war
- German princes could choose their own faith, Individuals were not included.
- Calvinism became one of the 3 tolerable faiths. Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism. -
Ottoman Siege of Vienna
3 Effects of the Siege of Vienna:
- Ended the expansion of the Ottoman Empire
- Allowed Europeans to move in and monopolize the lands the Ottoman empire had controlled.
- United the Holy Roman Empire and Poland to defeat the Turks -
Principia
3 Effects of Principia:
- In his book stated the discovery of gravity. Inertia, acceleration, and action/reaction.
- The concept of Atoms
- The idea that the world was held together with unexplainable forces. -
Glorious Revolution
3 Effects of the Glorious Revolution:
- Demonstrated that the power to rule rested with the people through representatives, not absolutely with the king.
- The English Bill of Rights stated that kings had to obey the laws of the land.
- Led to the creation of a constitutional monarchy, therefore, triggering constitutionalism. -
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
3 Effects of an Essay Concerning Human Understanding:
- Said that Everyone was born with a Blank slate
- Questioned if you were born with wisdom and sins
- Nothing could be known for sure -
Most Important Event of the 17th Century
The English Civil war was the most important event in the 17th century. The civil war showed Europe that you can stand up to your leaders who are unfair, in this era Monarchs, and you can earn more liberties/equal rights. This thought influenced many liberation movements in the future, from communist movements to Women's rights movements. -
Peace of Utrecht
3 Effects of the Peace of Utrecht:
- Ended Louis XlV ambitions to partner with the Bourbons.
- Ended Louis XlV wars of aggression against Spain.
- Ended Louis XlV unreasonable and costly wars against other territories for land. -
Seven Years War
3 Effects of the Seven Years' War:
- This showed that wars were no longer driven by religion but by purely political beliefs.
- Having a standing army was necessary, many countries' armies grew tremendously.
- Great Britian became the greatest power after these wars. -
The Social Contract
3 Effects of The Social Contract:
- Rousseau challenged his contemporaries
- The idea of "General Will" stated that an individual gained freedom by being a part of society.
- This influenced Democratic theory -
Steam Engine
3 Effects of the Steam Engine:
- Steam power could be used to replace waterpower.
- Factories did not have to be located near water sources
- Led to the creation of canals to transport coal -
The Wealth of Nations
3 Effects of The Wealth of Nations:
- The bible for the laissez-faire
- Stated that Individuals who were allowed to follow their own economic interests would benefit in society and for themselves.
- For Adam Smith who wrote The Wealth of Nations and physiocrats, Laissez-faire economics held the key to national wealth. -
Tennis Court Oath
3 Effects of the Tennis Court Oath:
- Creation of the National Assembly
- Louis XVl had to accept this new government
- Start of the French Revolution -
Reign of Terror
3 Effects of the Reign of Terror:
- Over 50,000 were killed by guillotine
- The Constitution was suspended during the Reign of Terror
- Reign of Terror helped to save the French Revolution -
Napoleon's Coup
3 Effects of Napoleon's Coup:
- Developed a 3 member consulate
- Defeated Austrian forces cementing his power
- Named himself the first emperor of France. -
Most Important Event of the 18th Century
The most important event in the 18th century was the French Revolution. The French revolution included the Tennis court oath and the Reign on Terror. The French revolution was the most important event of the century because the French people were able to change the way their leader ruled forever. The French got rid of their absolute monarch and replaced him with someone who they believed would help them. The French people showed that they could be more powerful than their rulers. -
Napoleon's Invasion of Russia
3 Effects of Napoleon's Invasion of Russia:
- Introduced the Scorched Earth policy
- France's hegemony over others ended
- Led to Napoleon being forced to abdicate France and no longer be Emperor -
Congress of Vienna
3 Effects of the Congress of Vienna:
- Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria all dominated over the French congress after Napoleon.
- Established a balance of power in Europe.
- French territories were split up among the victors. -
1848 Revolutions
3 Effects of the 1848 Revolutions:
- Conservative victory over liberal and socialist rebellions.
- Many of the Liberal gains remained to keep the people happy
- Mistrust between middle class and socialists. -
Crimean War
3 Effects of the Crimean War:
- Humbled Russian Military
- Many Serf Rebellions
- Russia realized they lacked industrialization -
Austro-Prussian War
3 Effects of the Austro-Prussian War:
- Prussia gained support from Austria and Russia.
- Prussia started a war between itself and Austria.
- Prussia easily defeated Austria and expelled Austria from the German Confederation. -
Franco-Prussian War
3 Effects of the Franco-Prussian War:
- Prussia gained the southern part of the German confederation.
- Prussia's King William l declared emperor of the German empire.
- Constitution was created for the German empire. Known as the Second Reich. -
Second Industrial Revolution
3 Effects of the Industrial Revolution:
- Population increase in more urban areas
- Cities became healthier, Sewer systems and water systems were built allowing people to have fresh water. Antiseptics were introduced during surgery.
- New transportation devices such as steamships and the automobile. -
Berlin Confrence
3 Effects of the Berlin Conference:
- Established guidelines for dividing up Africa, helped to maintain peace among the great powers.
- Political and military presence was now sent to the territory a European power controlled
- Faster rush for territories, this was known as the scramble for Africa. -
Most Important Event of the 19th Century
The most important event of the 19th century was the Second Industrial Revolution. The second industrial revolution allowed better transportation, better health and sanitation, and a population increase. These new developments allowed Europeans to live longer lives and accomplish more. The better transportation and health allowed them to conquer much of Africa and Asia through imperialism. These new advancements allowed Europe to become even more advanced for centuries after. -
Start of WWl
3 Effects of the start of WWl:
- Trench warfare
- The introduction of gas in war.
-The alliance system, the Triple Alliance, and the Triple Entente. -
Bolshevik November Revolution
3 Effects of the Bolshevik November Revolution:
- Power went to the Soviets
- Lenin elected the new head of government
- Communist revolution -
End of WWl
3 Effects of the end of WWl:
- The treaty of Versaille left many countries wanting more.
- Women were allowed to work in what used to be designated male jobs, women were gaining more rights.
- Famine occurred in many countries due to the Alliances blockade system for 6 months after the war. -
Treaty of Versailles
3 Effects of the Treaty of Versailles:
- League of Nations that would guarantee boundaries and control conflict.
- The countries that did sign lost some of their rights unless they were part of the major European powers. (Great Britain, France, and the US)
- Left many countries feeling like they had not been accounted for which led to the causation of further conflict later in the century. -
Great Depression
3 Effects of the Great Depression:
- The Stock market crashed around the world.
- People lost jobs, savings, farms, homes. Masses of people in poverty.
- The people were looking for scapegoats and were pointing fingers and Jews, communists, etc. -
Hitler appointed Chancellor
3 Effects of Hitler being appointed Chancellor:
- Allowed the Nazi party to get a stronger foothold because Hitler could call for elections and confuse people.
- The Reichstag fire supposedly started by communists helped Hitler win the elections.
- The enabling act passed by the Reichstag allowed Hitler to make his own laws for the next 4 years. -
Spanish Civil War
3 Effects of the Spanish Civil War:
- Hitler and Mussolini allied with Francisco Franco who won the Spanish civil war and ruled till his death.
- Loyalists were crushed by communists, anarchists, and liberals.
- The bombing of Guernica displayed some of the worst elements of war, which was painted by Pablo Picasso. -
Nazi Invasion of Poland
3 Effects of the Nazi invasion of Poland:
- Germany carved up Poland
- Russia could take back some of the Polish territories lost in World War l
- Initiated World War ll -
Operation Barbarossa
3 Effects of Operation Barbarossa:
- Germany invaded the Soviet Union
- Russia was caught off guard, 600,00 Russian casualties
- German failure in the Battle of Stalingrad. -
End of WWll
3 Effects of the End of WWll:
- Division of Eastern and Western Europe
- Cold War
- Marshall Plan, the U.S. sending aid to European nations, in turn, made the European nations influenced by American culture. -
Berlin Airlift
3 Effects of the Berlin Airlift:
- Iron Curtain was created from the divide.
- Western Allies merged the 3 zones of west Germany and created a republic.
- Caused the Soviet union to react in an aggressive way by creating a democracy in East Germany, this cemented the divide between East and West Germany. -
Hungarian Rebellion
3 Effects of the Hungarian Rebellion:
- Showed that the Satellite states had to cooperate with USSR or would be severely damaged.
- Thousands of Hungarians were killed or forced to flee.
- Influenced the rise of the Berlin Wall which prevented citizens from fleeing to the West. -
Prague Spring
3 Effects of Prague Spring:
- Alexander Dubcek replaced the Stalinist leader in Czechoslovakia
- The new Czech government introduced economic decentralization, national independence, reform, and they did not censor things.
- This made the Soviet Union uncomfortable, the USSR easily removed the reform -
Fall of Berlin Wall
3 Effects of the Fall of the Berlin Wall:
- Reunification of East/West Germany
- Influenced the Satellite states to grasp at freedom.
- Communist leader Gorbachev of USSR lost control -
End of USSR
3 Effects of the End of USSR:
- Communist popularity disintegrated
- Russia declared itself an independent state under Boris Yeltsin
- The cold war ended with the end of the USSR. -
Maastricht Treaty
3 Effects of the Maastricht Treaty:
- Changed the EC to the European Union (EU)
- Most members of the EU agreed to adopt a common currency (The Euro)
- Wanted to make the European Union a military power. -
Most Important Event of the 20th Century
The most important event of the 20th century was the Treaty of Versailles. This treaty is the most important of the century because it ended the first world war in hopes to ease the tensions between the other countries but in doing so it made tensions stronger by excluding the smaller countries and Germany leading to the rise of Hitler and the Second WW of the century. The Treaty of Versailles took away many of Germany's rights angering them which greatly contributed to the start of WWll. -
Most Important Event Overall
The most important event overall was Hitler being appointed Chancellor. This was the most important because this allowed Hitler to come into power. While Hitler was in power he was able to start a world war and kill and enslave many people who opposed him or were not of the right religion. Hitler influenced years of racism and segregation till the present day. This was the most important event because it showed how cruel people could be to their own people.