AP European History

Petrarch

Nov 1, 1304

Early Renaissance Italian poet and writer.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Nov 1, 1394

1394-1460. Henry, a Portuguese explorer, sent travelers down West Africa's coast, establishing trade routes, murdering in-the-way Muslims, and spreading Christianity. Also founded a school of navigation in 1418.

Johnannes Gutenberg

Nov 1, 1398

a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe. His invention fostered the printing revolution, a great vehicle for ideas to spread throughout Europe.

The Medici Family

Nov 1, 1400

Banking dynasty that were super wealthy and influenced Italian politics and finances in the 1400's.

Humanism

Nov 1, 1400

demonstrate the benefit of gaining learning from classical, pre-Christian sources, which had previously been frowned upon by the Roman Catholic Church.

Individualism

Nov 1, 1400

Movement rooted in the Renaissance which emphasized the strength and worth of the individual. Michaelangelo's 'David' illustrated this.

Quattrocento

Nov 1, 1400

Term that describes the new artistic styles of Italian artists during the Renaissance.

Secularism

Nov 1, 1400

The belief church and state (politics) should not be mixed. it refers to the view that human activities and decisions, especially political ones, should be unbiased by religious influence.

Christopher Columbus

Nov 1, 1451

The man, the myth, the legend. Getting permission from Queen Isabella, Spaniard Columbus traveled into Caribbean and Haitian islands. Every time he went, he believed he had reached the Asia continent.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Nov 1, 1452

Famous Italian artist during the Renaissance who created many works, such as The Last Supper.

Fall of Constantinople

Apr 6, 1453

The siege of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire and one of the most heavily fortified cities in the world, took place in 1453.

Vasco de Gama

Nov 1, 1460

He traveled along the coast of East Africa and southwestern India. When he reached Calicut, he was looking for "Christians and spices." He returned to Portugal with numerous spices of cinnamon and others, making him a rich man.

Johann Tetzel

Oct 2, 1465

German Dominican Preacher who regularly sold indulgences (proceeds going to St. Peter's Church and to local dioceses), but a lot of it went into their pockets.

Cabral

Nov 1, 1467

Pedro Álvares Cabral was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the discoverer of Brazil. Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal.

Pope Paul III

Feb 29, 1468

A Pope who came to power during many revolutions and reformations, and used nepotism to keep his power.

Machiavelli

Nov 1, 1469

Italian historian, diplomat (ambassador), philosopher, humanist and writer during the Renaissance. A founder of modern political science. The author of The Prince.

Francisco Pizzaro

Nov 1, 1471

Spanish conquistador who visited the Inca empire and devastated the populations, using their civil war and an contagion of smallpox to his advantage.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Nov 1, 1473

First person to formulate a heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe and put the sun in the middle.

Michelangelo

Nov 1, 1475

David, Sistine Chapel, Italian Renaissance Artists

Pope Leo X

Dec 11, 1475

Given the throne by Nepotism (he was Medici's second son), he supported the sale of indulgences and tried to squash out the voices of reformers.

Baldassare Catiglione

Nov 1, 1478

An Italian courtier, (fashion) diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author

Francisco Magellan

Nov 1, 1480

Spanish traveler, the first one who circled the circumference of the world world. He later died at the hand of natives.

Hernan Cortes

Nov 1, 1485

Spanish conquistador who allied with Aztec rebels and pillaged Moctezuma's city, gaining control of northern Mexico.

Ignatius of Loyola

Oct 2, 1491

A spanish knight who created the Order of Jesuits, who were given the job of Inquisitions. Millions died.

open-field system

Nov 1, 1500

The medieval system of farming in England, in which land was divided into strips and available for grazing outside the growing season.

John Calvin

Jul 10, 1509

Protestant Reformer. 1) Since God already knows who will be saved or executed before they're born, common people can't achieve salvation. Only the select few (Elect of Saints) will be saved by mystical conversions or known to be saved by material richness. 2) The Church should have the power of the country = theocracy.

Andreas Vesalius

Dec 31, 1514

Anatomist. He wrote 'On the Fabric of the Human Body' which corrected most of Galen's errors.

Reformation

Oct 2, 1517

Caused by numerous reformers, this movement sought to reform the Catholic Church, ridding of relics, indulgences, and inept clergymen. Once the Catholic Church held on to their power and burned "heretics", the focus changed to overthrowing the Catholic Church.

Indulgences

Oct 2, 1517

Sold Sheets of Paper of which guaranteed remission of sins and knocked off years in Hell, Rejected by the Reformation

The Edict of Worms

Oct 2, 1521

An edict issued by Charles V that declared Martin Luther to recant his beliefs and submit to the church.

The Peasant's War

Oct 2, 1524

The Revolution of German Poor People who revolted against landowners, demanding abolition of manorialism (the economic and social order of medieval feudalism).

The Diet of Speyer

Oct 2, 1529

An edict that refused to recognize the right of German princes to determine the religion of their subjects. This is probably a result of Luther's novel, 'To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation'.

League of Schmalkaden

Feb 27, 1531

Newly Protestant Princes (mostly in Germany) who defended themselves against the emperor (Charles V).

Jesuits

Aug 15, 1534

A holy order in military fashion; blind faith was required. These were the hand of the Catholic Church, suppressing Protestantism, and using Inquisitions. Started by Ignatius Loyola.

Statute of the Six Articles

Oct 2, 1539

Used to support the Catholic Mary Tudor, it supported: (1) transubstantiation: the bread + wine turns into blood and flesh. (2) that communion in both kinds was unnecessary; (3) that priests ought not to marry; (4) that the vows of chastity ought to be observed in both sexes; (5) that private masses were allowable; (6) that auricular confession was necessary.

Tycho Brahe

Dec 14, 1546

Scienticist who accepted the heliocentric view, but he didn't believe the earth moved. In his self-designed Uraniborg Castle, he studied planet positions in the universe.

List of Prohibited Books

Oct 2, 1559

A list of banned books by Catholics that were mostly "heretic" material and Protestant thoughts.

Francis Bacon

Jan 22, 1561

Developed the scientific method, which was the process of experimentation, theories, etc.

Galielo Galilei

Feb 15, 1564

By his self-invented telescope, he could discover more things about the heavens. Wrote 'The Starry Messenger' and 'Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems'. Debased the theory of Aristolinean motion (things only move when pressure in exhorted constantly).
Isaac Newton

Elizabthean Age

Nov 1, 1568

The Golden Age (1558-1603) of which Queen Elizabeth ruled.

Johannes Kepler

Dec 27, 1571

Pushed by his father into theology, but he converted to astrology and astronomy and mathematics. Assistant to Brahe, and he confirmed the Copernican/Heliocentric view.

William Harvey

Apr 1, 1578

William Harvey was an English physician, who described the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart.

Bourbons

Dec 7, 1589

French royal house that had all the power

The Thirty Years War

Oct 2, 1618

Originally a war between Catholics and Protestants, it eventually included all of Europe.

Margaret Cavendish

Nov 1, 1623

Alone as a woman in her field, she wrote 'Observations upon Experimental Philosophy' and 'Grounds of Natural Philosophy.' Astronomer.

Isaac Newton

Dec 25, 1642

Invented calculus, studied light, and gave theory of gravitation. He wrote 'Principia' - his laws of motion.

Mercantilism

Nov 1, 1650

the involvement of state and national government in economic areas; tariffs, taxes, etc.

Baron de Montesquieu

Jan 18, 1689

'Persian Letters': religious tolerance, no slavery, the Catholic church is a monarchy. 'Spirit of the Laws': there are three governments in the world (republics, monarchies, and depotism); the separation of powers is necessary for all three.

Francois Quesnay

Jun 4, 1694

Person who started the belief that wealth=land development.

Voltaire

Nov 21, 1694

England lover; religious toleration lover; deism lover; believed Jesus wasn't divine and God here, but not here.

Madame Geoffrin

Jun 26, 1699

Leading female figure who hosted many philosophes in her salons.

Deism

Nov 1, 1700

God created the world, but he has no investment with his creation. Reason alone will achieve human perfection.

Jean Jacques Rosseau

Jun 28, 1712

Discourse': civil governments (a necessary evil) and the fight over private property combine and ruined people's lives. 'Social Contract': freedom is adherence to laws one has imposed on themselves 'Emile': women are below men; there needs to be a balance between the brain and the heart

Denis Diderot

Oct 5, 1713

loathed Christianity, basically an atheist, wrote Encyclopedia (religious toleration, etc. )

Adam Smith

Jun 5, 1723

Scottish philosopher; believed government should only provide the army and the police (protection) and stay out of business; wealth = labor. Hater of mercantilism.

Jeremy Bentham

Dec 7, 1734

Initiated a public health movement where urban cities where sanitized.

Marat

May 24, 1743

was a physician, political theorist, and scientist best known for his career in France as a radical journalist and politician during the French Revolution.

Commercial Revolution

Dec 7, 1750

When inflation held the country down (too much money, not enough goods), people began to sell more things, increasing production, middle class/bourgeoisie gained wealth and status; nobles went down.

Medieval Common Lands

Dec 7, 1750

Part of the enclosure acts, where it was a common farming area; peasants work together on same land area.

Robespierre

May 6, 1758

Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre was a French lawyer, politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution

Mary Wollstonecraft

Apr 27, 1759

Founder of feminism; showed that men over women is similar to dictatorship - Reason is in everyone, including women. Daughter was Mary Shelley.

Danton

Oct 26, 1759

Georges Jacques Danton was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution and the first President of the Committee of Public Safety.

Comte de Saint-Simon

Dec 7, 1760

Socialist/Public Ownership of factories/Wanted a planned economy.

James Watt

Dec 7, 1765

Invented condensing chamber steam engine.

Adam Smith

Dec 7, 1776

Wealth of Nations/Government shouldn't interfere in economy; laissez-faire economy.

Tennis Court Oath

Jun 20, 1789

The Tennis Court Oath was an assertion that the sovereignty of the people did not reside with King, but in the people themselves, and their representatives. It was the first assertion of revolutionary authority by the Third Estate and it united virtually all its members to common action. Its success can be seen by the fact that a scant one week later, Louis XVI called for a meeting of the Estates General for the purpose of writing a constitution.

Bastille

Jul 15, 1789

Destroyes 1789. The Bastille was a fortress in Paris, known formally as the Bastille Saint-Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Aug 26, 1789

a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights, defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal. Influenced by the doctrine of "natural right", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself.

The Old Regime

Dec 6, 1789

The political and social system that existed in France before the Revolution of 1789.

National Assembly

Dec 6, 1789

A transitional body between the Estates-General and the National Constituent Assembly.

utiliarianism

Dec 7, 1789

The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number/ Began by Bentham in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

Jacobins

Dec 7, 1789

A Jacobin is someone who supports a centralized Republic, with power made at the federal level in contemporary usage. At its inception during the French Revolution, the term was popularly applied to all supporters of revolutionary opinions. Specifically, it was used to describe members of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary, far-left political movement that had been the most famous political club of the French Revolution

National Convention

Sep 20, 1792

During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the constitutional and legislative assembly which sat from 1792 to 1795. It held executive power in France during the first years of the French First Republic.

Girondins

Dec 7, 1792

The Girondists were a political faction in France within the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention during the French Revolution. They campaigned for the end of the monarchy but then resisted the spiraling momentum of the Revolution.

The Thermidorian Reaction

Jul 27, 1794

The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt in the French Revolution against perceived excesses of the Reign of Terror. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just and several other leading members of the Terror. This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution.

Thomas Malthus

Dec 7, 1798

Economist who explained poverty existed because the population increased too fast for food production to keep up. Popularized Rent.

Code Napolean

Dec 7, 1804

The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified.

Battle of Leipzig

Oct 16, 1813

The Battle of Leipzig or Battle of the Nations, on 16-19 October 1813, was fought by the coalition armies of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Sweden against the French army of Napoleon at Leipzig, Saxony. Napoleon's army also contained Polish and Italian troops as well as Germans from the Confederation of the Rhine. The battle marked the culmination of the fall campaign of 1813 during the German campaign and involved over 600,000 soldiers, making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I.

Congress of Vienna

Nov 7, 1814

A conference of ambassadors of European states and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.

David Ricardo

Dec 7, 1817

Iron Law of Wages/ people have "natural wages", but when people need labor, wages increase, size of families increase, population grows, and eventual poverty.

Sadler Commision

Dec 7, 1832

In Great Britain, initiated legislation to improve working conditions in factories.

Capitalism

Dec 7, 1850

Bourgeois invested in different companies (since they had money from commercial revo.) like charters, joint-stock, and limited liability.

Karl Marx

Dec 7, 1867

Communist economist.