AP Euro timeline(Black Death-Congress of Vienna)

Ordinances of Justice

Nov 29, 1293

(could not find exact date)
Italy
laws put in action in 1293 to control aristocratic families from holding office and commiting crimes; allowed for guilds in Florence to have more control and power for themselves

Closing of Great Council

Feb 28, 1297

Italy
removed time limits for amount of time a person could be a member of the council, and only allowed any to be apart of the council if they had been affiliated with it for more than four years

Unum Sanctam

Nov 18, 1302

(could not find where it was enforced)
Pope Boniface VIII enforces papal authority over all kings of Europe
Reinforced power to the church over rulers

Visconti Establish Themselves as Rulers of Milan

Jun 24, 1322

(Do not know if exact date is correct)
Italy
became dukes ruling over Milan; causes tensions within own family and onther ruling families of different city-states

Battle of Crecy

Aug 26, 1346

France
Battle faought between the French and English; English defeated the French; showed that proper tactics and weaponry would win over numbers

Battle of Poitiers

Sep 19, 1356

Poitiers, France
Battle between England and France in the Hundred Years War
Took place ten years after the Battle of Crecy; ended with another victory for England; French King is captured and causes more grief for the French army

Capture at Poitiers

Sep 19, 1356

Poitiers, France
King John II of France is captured by the English
Aftermath of the Battle of Poitiers; showed England's superiority onthe battlefield with their smaller numbers and tactics

Golden Bull

Nov 29, 1356

(Could not find Exact date)
Germany
Decree created the Holy Roman Emporer, Charles IV, that controled important aspects of the constitutional structure in the Holy Roman Empire

Peace of Bretigny

May 25, 1360

Bretigny, France
Treaty signed by King Edward III of England and King John II of France
Ended first phase of Hundred Years War; set standards for Both Kings to follow; Edward did not follow and France declared war again under the rule of Charles V

Pope Gregory XI Returns to Rome

Jan 17, 1377

Avignon, France and Rome
Pope Gregory XI decides that the papal palace shall return to ROme as it was in the traditions
his journey was filled with illnesses which helps him in his death; causes the Great Schism to begin

Death of Edward III

Jun 21, 1377

England
Died after military success in his early ears in the Battles of Crecy and Poitiers
English Rule declines as he was dealing with military and political failure before his death

Great Schism Begins

Mar 27, 1378

Germany
Split between two popes wanting power
there was distress of who the next pope would be caused an early election in Rome of a Roman pope, as he gained power another was elected in Avignon, leaving two papal powers in charge

Giangaleazzo Visconti Purchases Title of Duke

Jun 30, 1395

(cold not find exact date)
Italy
appionted Duke of Milan by the King of Romans for 100,000 florins
ruled before the Renaissance and became great patron in the arts and of the Visconti Castle

Failure of Council of Pisa; Election of Alexander V

Jun 26, 1409

(could not find where event happened)
council that had failed in its attempts to end the Great Schism, resulted in election of Pope Alexander V
Later influenced the start of the Council of Constance which made three existing popes resign for one new one

Burning of John Hus

Jul 6, 1415

Germany
Czech priest burned at the stake for heresy
His studies and reforms influenced Martin Luther 100 years later in his "95 Thesis"

Battle of Agincourt

Oct 25, 1415

France
Majore victory for English against the French in Hundred Years War
results in Henry V marrying the daughter of the French king

Hohenzollerns Established

Dec 4, 1415

couldn't find exact date
Brandenburg
Hohenzollern family splits into 2 branches and the Protestant Franconian branch establishes itself in Brandenburg
Member of this family later becomes Duke of Prussia

End of Schism

Nov 11, 1417

Germany
Council of Constance makes three existing popes resign titles and allows for an election of a new pope
Pope Martin the V is elected to rules as the papal authority

Treaty of Troyes

May 21, 1420

France
Treaty declaring Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the French throne once King Charles VI of France dies
Creates tensions between France and England with who would rule over the French throne

End of hundred Years War

Oct 19, 1453

France
ends with surrender of Bordeaux
tensions continue with War of the Roses over who will inherit the French throne

Peace of Lodi

Apr 9, 1454

Italy
"Treaty of Lodi"; ends war of succession for Milanese duchy between Venice and Milan; balances power between the five states that dominated Italy; begins a 40 year period of peace with the states of Italy

Pius II Issues Papal Bull Execrabilis

Jan 18, 1460

(could not Find where he issued it)
Issued document that condemned conciliarism
Stated that none could disobey any demands or orders of the Holy Council, would be punished , gave way for Luther's "95 Thesis"

Marraige of Ferdinand and Isabella

Oct 19, 1467

Spain
Marraige of Ferdinand and Isabella; Strict catholic rulers who would begin the "Reconquista" or reconquering of Spain from Jews and Muslims; Causes Jews and Muslims to flee Spain or to convert to Cathilicism in fear of death

Introduction of Inquisition

Nov 1, 1478

Spain
Ordered by Ferdinand and Isabella, begins religios intoleration in Spain; will end in the expulsion of the Jews and later of the Muslims.

Bartholomew Dias Sails around Tip of Africa

Jan 3, 1488

couldn't find exact date
Africa (Dias is from Portugal)
Dias sailed around the tip of Africa to the Middle East
Dias sighted the Cape of Good Hope, named because there was hope that a trade route to India would soon be found

Expulsion of the Jews

Mar 31, 1492

Spain
Religious intoleration against Jews ordered by Ferindand and Isabella, thousands flee Spain, convert, or burn at the stake for heresy.

Columbus Begins his Voyage

Dec 3, 1492

couldn't find exact date
Spain
Columbus begins his voyage to find a water route to India
His voyages will result in him finding the Americas

Treaty of Tordesillas

Jun 7, 1494

Tordesillas
Treaty between Spain and Portugal to settle any conflicts over lands discovered by Columbus
Spain gains papal support to claim lands found by Columbus afterward

Beginning of Italian Wars

Oct 18, 1494

(could not find exact day in October )
Italy
France Invades Italy
causes series of Italian wars against the Holy Roman Empire and France

Vasco da Gama Lands in Calicut, India

May 20, 1498

Calicut
da Gama finds a water route from Portugal to Calicut India
Discovered that the inhabitants of the country were not Christian like they originally thought

Expulsion of Muslims

Nov 29, 1502

(could not find exact date)
Spain
Religious intoleration against Muslims later ordered by Ferdinand and Isabella after the expulsion of Jews. Leaves Muslims in same state Jews were in: convert, flee, or burn at the stake.

Portuguese Seize Malacca

Aug 3, 1511

couldn't find exact date
Malacca
Portugal subdues and captures the City of Malacca
Resulted in Portugal buiding a fort on the lands to keep position

Landing of Portuguese Ships in Southern China

Dec 3, 1514

couldn't find exact date
China
Jorge Alvares lands Portuguese ships in Southern China
relations would soon go bad with the Chinese in 1519 as a member of a Portuguese ship disregarded all of Chinese customs and laws

"95 Thesis"

Oct 31, 1517

Germany
Catalyst that sparked the Protestant Reformation; protested the abuse of clerical powers
sparked reformation ideas and lead to Lutheranism

Zwingli made Catholic priest at Zurich

Dec 2, 1518

(could not find exact date)
Zurich
Zwingli became a Priest in Zurich
He would start preaching on ideas of reforming the church

Leipzig Debate

Jul 2, 1519

Leipzig, Germany
Debate Luther joined, discussed matters of purgatory and the sale of indulgences
influenced many protestant reformers over clerical abuses

Magellan Begins His Voyage Around the World

Dec 3, 1519

could not find exact date
Portugal
Magellan leaves Portugal to find an all water route to the East Indies
Becomes the first explorer to circomnavigate the world

Spanish Conquest of Mexico

Dec 3, 1519

couldn't find Exact date
Mexico
Spain sends conquistadors to conquer Mexico
Spanish conquistadors conquer the Aztecs

Diet and Edict of Worms

Jan 28, 1521

Worms, Germany
meeting that called Luther for his affects on the Protestant Reformation
lasted until May 25
excommunicated Luther from the Church

Reform Adopted in Zurich

Dec 2, 1523

Zurich
Zurich becomes a Protestant community
creates a new protestant religion, Zwinglian relirion

Anabaptist Expelled from Zurich

Dec 2, 1523

Zurich
Anabaptists Expelled from Zurich for refusing to baptise their infants
Anabaptists become heavily persecuted by all people

Battle of Mohacs

Aug 29, 1526

Mohacs, Hungary
Battle between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
Hungary's forces were defeated by the Ottoman Empire and led to the Partition of Hungary

Sack of Rome

May 6, 1527

Italy
Ends Italian Renaissance; Humanism, Individualism, Secularism; done by Charles V of Spain and his army; Gives ideas for religious reformers in the Protestant reformation

Defeat of the Turks at Vienna

Sep 11, 1529

(don't know if real date or not)
Vienna
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria took throne of Hungary and wan western Hungary
Divided Hungary into Royal Hungary and Ottoman Hungary

Marburg Colloquy

Oct 1, 1529

Marburg
Meeting at the Marburg Castle to solve Lutheran and Zwinlian differences
both Luther and Zwingli left the meeting without solving their differences over sacramental union

Diet of Augsburg

Dec 2, 1530

Augsburg, Germany
Meetings of Empirial Diet and Holy Roman Empire
Tried to calm the rising tensions of Protestantism
meeting rejected by most German princesas they were mainly Protestant and Catholic church was tryingto crush it

Pizarro's Conquest of the Inca

Dec 3, 1530

couldn't find exact date
Mexico
Spanish conquistador, Pizarro, takes 168 men to conquer the Inca
conquers the Inca in 1535 after they are weakened by diseases brought by the Spanish

Formation of Schmalkadic League

Dec 2, 1531

(couldn't find exact date)
Schmalkadic
Alliance of Lutheran Princes within Holy Roman Empire
Formed to eventually try to take over Holy Roman Empire

Death of Zwingli on the Battlefield

Dec 2, 1531

(couldn't find Exact date)
Kappel
Zwingli dies on the second Battle of Kappel
causes his reforms to spread as far as England

Act of Supremacy

Dec 2, 1534

couldn't find exact date
England
Act that made King Henry VIII of England head of the church
Marked the beginning of the English Reformation; made England a Protestant country

Execution of Thomas More

Jul 6, 1535

England
Thomas More executed for not asscepting King Henry VIII's separation of church and becoming the hed of church
He bacame known as one of the Greatest Britons

Institutes of Christian Religion

Dec 2, 1536

couldn't find exact date
England
book written by John Calvin
Became an important theology for the Protestant religion

Calvin Begins Ministry in Geneva

Dec 2, 1536

Geneva
Calvin Begins a ministry in Geneva for the Protestant religion
planted the seeds in which Calvininsm would be born from his theology

Papal Recognition of the Society of Jesus

Dec 3, 1540

could not find exact date
Rome
Jesuits are recognized by Papal Authority
Given orders by the church to go on Missions to convert people to christianity

Ecclesiastical Ordinances

Dec 2, 1541

Geneva
constitution of the reformed Protestant church in Geneva
Written by John Calvin; became by laws commonly used for Anglican communion

Establishment of Roman Inquisition

Dec 3, 1542

Culdn't find exact date
Spain
prosecuted any accused of religious crimes
revised any views that were against the Catholic religion

Portuguese Traders Land in Japan

Dec 3, 1543

couldn't find exact date
Japan
Portuguese Traders, explorers, and missionaries land in Japan
First europeans to be in Japan

"On the Fabric of the Human Body"

Dec 8, 1543

couldn't find exact date or place
written by Vesalias; described many aspects of the human body in great detail
corrected Galen's theory that great blood vessels started from the liver

"On the Revolutions of Heavenly Shperes"

Dec 8, 1543

couldn't find exact date
Nuremberg
written by Coppernicus; criticized the geocentric theory and came up with the Heliocentic theory
would influence many philosophers and astronomers into researching the universe

Peace of Augsburg

Sep 25, 1555

Augsburg
Treaty between Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, and Lutheran Princes
Ended religious struggle between Holy Roman Empire and Lutheranism

Outbreak of Revolt in the Nethetlands

Dec 3, 1566

couldn't find exact date
Netherlands
Revolt of seven Protestant Provinces, in Netherland, against King Phillip II of Spain, who was Roman Catholic
Began the Dutch War of Independence

Duke of Guise Massacres Huguenot Congregation at Vassy

Mar 1, 1567

Wassy, France
Duke of Guise orders the massacre of Huguenots
Became the first event of the French Wars of Religion, followed by a series of battles

Merger of Poland and Lithuania

Dec 8, 1569

couldn't find exact date or place
Poland and Lithuania merge military forces
helped in evolving the Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Battle of Lepanto

Oct 7, 1571

Lepanto
Battle between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire
Holy League defeats the Ottoman Empire and prevents them from expanding wesst of the Mediteranian Sea

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Aug 23, 1572

France
French King ordered the killing of Huguenots during a celebration
Marked the turning point of the French Religios Wars; Huguenots were politically crippled by the attack

Formation of the Holy League

Dec 3, 1576

couldn't find exact date
France
league formed by Catholics for political defense, and to protect the Catholic religion
would prepare their own heir to the French throne when a Protestant is found to be heir

Spanish Armada

Aug 1, 1588

England
Spanish Fleet attempts to attack England to bring back Catholicism to the county
Spanish fleet decimated by English navy; Spain never fully recovers from loss

Assassination of Henry III

Aug 2, 1589

France
King Henry III of France killed
brought Henry of Navarre as the new king of France

Coronation of Henry III

Feb 27, 1594

France
Henry of Navarre becomes king of France and changes his title to Henry IV
Brought a Protestant Bourban to rule over the once Catholic France

Edict of Nantes

Apr 30, 1598

Nantes
Gave Calvinist Protesants (Huguenots) civil rights in a still predominately Catholic nation
Ended the Religious Wars of France

British East India Company Formed

Dec 31, 1600

Engalnd
East India trading company is formed by merchants
Established trade relations between England and East India

Dutch East India Company Formed

Dec 3, 1602

couldn't find exact date
Middelburg
Merchants f different cities grouped together and formed the Dutch East India Trading Company
Intervened with the British comany

English Settlement at Jamestown

May 14, 1607

Jamestown, Virginia
First English town to become a permanent settlement
was the English capital of the Virginia Colony

Protestant Union

May 14, 1608

Auhausen
German princes form the Protestant Union for 10 years
England, Dutch Republic, and Sweden promised support; union had provoked the Catholic League

Champlain Establishes Settlement at Quebec

Dec 3, 1608

couldn't find exact date
Quebec
Champlain establishes the first French settlement in the Americas
First explorer to describe the Great Lakes and Publish maps of his findings

12 Year Truce ( Spain and Netherlands)

Apr 9, 1609

Antwerp
Gave United Provinces recognition from outside kingdoms
allowed Phillip II of Spain to worry of his own county's matters with the failed Spanish Armada

Catholic League

Jul 10, 1609

Germany
Catholic league formed to retaliateagainst the Protestant Union
Tensions Between Catholic Legue and the Protestant Union would end up leading to the first phase of the Thirty Years War

Hohenzollerns Aquire Lands along the Rhine

Dec 4, 1609

couldn't find exact date
Germany
Hohenzollern family gains land along the Rhine River to gain power
lands were under rule of single family member, John Sigismund

"The Starry Messenger"

Mar 8, 1610

couldn't find Exact date
Italy
Written by Galileo; first scientific book based off observations through a telescope
proved that the moon was imperfect and mountainous; proved there were stars around Jupiter

Election of Hapsburg Archduke Ferdinand

Dec 4, 1617

couldn't find exact date
Bohemia
Ferdinand I is elected by the Bohemian Diet to be King of Bohemia
Spark of the Thirty Years War; Protestant mob attaked a clerk and regents, throwing them out of a window

Bohemian Revolt Against Ferdinand

Dec 4, 1618

couldn't find exact date
Bohemia
Bohemians revolt against the rule of the Hapsburg Dynasty
created several battles, including the Battle of White Mountain

Hohenzollerns Aquire East Prussia

Dec 4, 1618

couldn't find exact date
Prussia
Hohenzollerns gains the land of Prussia
helps in their rise to power

Dutch Fort Established at Batavia

Dec 3, 1619

couldn't find exact date
Batavia
Dutch fort established in Batavia
became headquarters for the Dutch East India Trading Company

Battle of White Mountain

Nov 8, 1620

Bohemia
battle near Prague over religious differences in Bohemia
marked the first success of the Hapsburgs over the Protestant Union

"The Great Instauration"

Dec 8, 1620

couldn't find exact date or place
written by Bacon; written as a version of paradise based off of the 7 days of creation

Spanish Conquest of Palinate

Dec 4, 1622

couldn't find exact date
Palinate
Spanish conquer Protestant Palinate while Ferdinand is occupied with Bohemia
Spanish gained control of western Palinate

Petition of Right

Jun 7, 1628

England
English document that gave specific liberties that the King was prohibited from taking from the people
Made England go from an absolute monarch to a constitutional monarchy

"On the Motion of the Heart and Blood"

Dec 8, 1628

couldn't find exact date
England
written by Harvey; described, in detaial, the circulation of blood, being pumped throughout the body
proved that the Heart was was controlled circulation of blood in the body

Edict of Restitution

Mar 6, 1629

Germany
Ferdinand passes edict to make the "Ecclesiastical Reservation"be enforced
Gave almost all property and power of the Protestants to the Catholics

Battle of Lutzen

Nov 16, 1632

Lutzen
Battle between Catholics and Protestants in which Protestants succeed in defeating the Catholics
Costed Protestants to lose Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden,causing them to have no political and military direction

"Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems"

Dec 8, 1632

couldn't find exact date
Italy
written by Galileo; described both the Geocentric theory of Ptolemy and the Heliocentric theory of Copernicus
Book would end up being banned and placed in the Index of Forbidden Books

Battle of Nordlingen

Aug 27, 1634

Nordlingen
Battle fought during the Thirty Years War
Protestants defeated by Spanish and Italian forces
Sweden loses its role in the German area

"Discourse on Method"

Dec 9, 1637

couldn't find exact date
France
written by Descartes; "I think, therefore I am"
becomes important to modern philosophy by using rationalism

Dutch seize Malacca from Portuguese

Jan 3, 1641

couldn't find exat date
Malacca
Dutch battle the Portuguese in Malacca
Portuguese lose battle along with Malacca itself

First Civil War

Dec 8, 1642

couldn't find exact date
England
Didn't end until 1646, Series of battles in the English Civil War
Battles left England and Scotland Politically weakened

Battle of Rocroi

May 19, 1643

Rocroi
Battle fought during Thirty Years War
Frenchh victory over the Spanish; days after French King Lous XIII dies

Official Recognition of the United Provinces

May 25, 1648

Munster
United Provinces were finally recognized and gained power over their own states
Tension would rise as each state begins to struggle over power

Independence of United Provinces

Dec 3, 1648

couldn't find exact date
Netherlands
United Provinces gain independence from Spain
Ends the religious struggle with Spain over the country

Peace of Westphalia

Dec 4, 1648

couldn't find exact date
Munster
Multiple treaties that ended the Thirty Years War in Germany
allowed rulers to decide what religion they could worship

First Fronde

Dec 4, 1648

Couldn't find exact date
France
First civil war in France that didn't end until 1653
resulted in the Royal authority to become stronger but weaken the economy

Second Civil War

Dec 8, 1648

couldn't find exact date
England
Second half the the English Civil war
led to the overthrow of Charles I of England and later, his death

Execution of Charles I

Jan 30, 1649

England
King Charles I of England is executed
Oliver Cromwell will take over England and rule with an iron fist

Second Fronde

Dec 4, 1650

couldnt find exact date
France
second phase of the French civil war
Made the economy very weak from the battles and brought back absolute authority to the monarch

Beginning of Liberum Veto

Dec 8, 1652

couldn't find exact date or place
Parlaimentary device used in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and allowed any member of the legislature to end a meeting
weakened a monarchy's power and kept the feudal features of Polands polotics

Death of Cromwell

Sep 3, 1658

England
Oliver Cromwell dies
the English take this chance to restore the monarchy

Peace of Pyrenees

Nov 7, 1659

Pyrenees
treaty that ended Franco-Spanish war of 1648-1659
created a marraige between Louis XIV and Maria Theresa and made France one of most powerful countries in Europe

"Bloodless Revolution"

Dec 8, 1660

couldn't find exact date
England
English civil war in which Charles II was placed on the throne as the English monarchy
Restored the monarchy and would eventually lead to the Glorious revolution

Restorations of the Monarchy

Dec 8, 1660

couldn't find exact date
England
English Monarchy is restored by putting Charles II of England on the throne
Charles II would begin to become corrupt and later be replaced

Cavalier Parliament

May 8, 1661

England
longest lasting English Parlaiment, mainly Royalist
would target specific Protestants and persecute them and give power to the monarch

English Seize New Netherlands

Aug 18, 1664

New Netherands
English troops invaded and take over the DUtch settlement of New Netherlands
Dutch could not protect settlement and surrendered land in shame

"Grounds of Natural Philosophy"

Dec 8, 1668

couldn't find exact date or place
written by Margaret Cavendish; book of poetry on the philosophy of women and other topics
helped in influencing women to study philosophy and write works of their studies

"Pensees"

Dec 9, 1669

couldn't find exact date
France
Written by Pascal; tries to convert rationalists into Christianity;appealed to reasonings and emotions
tried to unite both Christianity and science

Declaration of Indulgence

Mar 15, 1672

England
an attempt to Extend religious liberty and suspend the ececution of the penal laws
would be revoked by Cavalier Parlaiment and replaced with the Test Acts

Test Act

Dec 8, 1673

couldn't find exact date
England
English laws that served as religious tests on the public office
would later be repealed by the Catholic relief Act

"Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner"

Dec 9, 1677

couldn't find exact date
Amsterdam
Written by Spinoza;explained that God was the creator of the universe and was the universe
book was thought of as Athiestic,influenced philosophy greatly

Turkish Siege of Vienna

Jul 14, 1683

Vienna
Ottomans Turks attack Vienna
Hapsburgs ofAustralia occupied and controlled southern Hungary and Transylvania

Edict of Fontainebleau

Oct 22, 1685

France
Louis XIV passes the Edict and revokes the Edict of Nantes
Huguenot churches are burned and Protestant schools destroyed as religious persecution is returned to France

Declaration of Indulgence

Feb 12, 1687

England
granted religious freedom by suspending laws against conforming to the Church of England
Anglicans protested the act for religious freedom, act was argued over because KIng could suspend Parlaiment's laws

"Principia"

Jul 5, 1687

England
written by Isaac Newton; gave the three laws of motion
would be used in sciences for years

Glorious Revolution

Dec 8, 1688

couldn't find exact date
England
Invasion of England by William of Orange and overthrowing of King James II
William of Orange would gain the throne and become King of England

Bill of Rights

Dec 16, 1689

England
put down limits of the monarchy and rules of freedom of speech in Parlaiment
would influence political thinkers like that of John Locke

Treaty of Karlowitz

Jan 26, 1699

Serbia
treaty that ended Austo-Ottoman war
Ottoman Empire begins to decline; Hapsburg Monarchy becomes the dominant power in central and southeast Europe

English Establish Trading Post at Canton

Dec 4, 1699

couldn't find exact date
canton
English formed a trading post at Canton
Allowed for more trading with other countries

Construction of St. Petersburg Begins

May 16, 1703

Russia
Tsar Peter I gives orders for a building for a fortress be built
thousands would die in building the great city for this building

Battle of Poltava

Jun 27, 1709

Poltava
Battle between Russia and Sweden, in which Sweden was defeated
Marked the start of Sweden's decline

"Persian Letters"

Dec 9, 1721

couldn't find exact date
France
written by Montesquieu; criticized French monarchy and the Catholic Church
His attack on traditional religion, and reasoning of liberating humans from prejudices helped in spreading the Enlightenment

"Philosophic Letters on the English"

Dec 9, 1733

couldn't find exact date
France
written by Voltaire; admired the English and their religious freedom
criticized the French laws and royal abslutism

War of Austrian Succession

Dec 9, 1740

couldn't find exact date
didn't end until 1748; war that involved most of Europe over whether Maria Theresa would take the throne of the Hapsburg Monarchy
war would end with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle

Oct 18, 1748

France
treaty that ended the Austrian War of Succession
left many resentments still standing

"Spirit of the Laws"

Dec 9, 1748

couldn't find exact date
France
written by Montesquieu; a treatise that compared governments and tried to combine them with scientific method to social and political areas
would bring on the idea of separation of powers

"Age of Louis XIV"

Dec 9, 1751

couldnt find exact date
France
written by Voltaire
one of the works that had caused Voltaire to flee to the eastern border of France

Seven Yars War

Dec 9, 1756

couldn't find exact date or place
didn't end until 1763; war that brokeout throughout Europe, Africa, India and North America
last war that involved all of Europe before the French Revolution took place

Diplomatic Revolution

Dec 9, 1756

couldn't find exact date or place
revolution where all European alliances were ended and reversed
caused many tensions between British and Austria

Battle of Plassey

Jun 23, 1757

Plassey
Battle between East India Company and the Nwab of Bengal
East India COmpany won; the Nawab of Bengal were actually bribed to lose battle

Battle of Rossbach

Nov 5, 1757

Rossbach
Battle during the Seven Years War; Prussia defeated French and Austrian power
Frederick the Great became well known for the victory against two great armies

British Captures Forts Duquesne and Louisburg

Jun 8, 1758

Louisburg
British attack Louisburg and gain control of the Fort
Caused Quebec and New France to lose naval support

Battle of Quebec

Sep 13, 1759

Quebec
battle between the British and the French during the Seven Years War
French abandon the City and the British seige it afterwards

"The Social Contract"

Dec 9, 1762

couldn't find exact date or place
written by Rousseau; tried to bring together individual liberty and government authority
influenced Enlightenment thinkers concerning the rights of men

"Emile"

Dec 9, 1762

couldn't find exact date or place
written by Rousseau; Greatest Enlightenment works on education; belived that education should help children instead of restricting them
his movement on education helped start the movement Romanicism

French Cede Canada to the British

Feb 10, 1763

Paris
French and British sign the Treaty of Paris that gives up all land they ahd taken from each other and give Canada to England
Britain gained almost all of France's possesions of North America

Treaty of Paris

Feb 10, 1763

Paris
treaty that helped end the Seven Years War between England, France, Spain, and Portugal
British did not allow help for Prussia and they would have to find peace from Peace of Hubertusburg

Peace of Hubertusburg

Feb 15, 1763

Hubertusburg
Treaty that helped in ending the Seven Years War
Brought peace between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony

"Treatise on Toleration"

Dec 9, 1763

couldn't find exact date
France
Written by Voltaire;argued for religious toleration and what it has done for English government
"crush the infamous thing"

"On Crimes and Punishment"

Dec 9, 1764

couldn't find exact date
Italy
written by Beccaria; greatly criticized the penal system of most countries and showed his distaste for torture and the death penalty
caused many rulers to change their peanal systems and punishments

"The System of Nature"

Dec 9, 1770

couldn't find exact date
France
written by Holbach; tried to prove that life could continue without any help of a diety
caused many other thinkers to write their own opinions of his ideas

First Partition

Feb 19, 1772

Poland
agreement between Poland, Austria, Prussia, and Russia that split Poland up into three equal territories
was the beginning of Poland's Destruction

Purgachev's Rebellion

Dec 9, 1773

couldn't find exact date
Russia
didn't end until 1775; revolt that took place after Catherine the Great took over
ended with the defeat of the rebellion and new changes to the government and new elected officcials

Louis XV dies

May 10, 1774

France
King Louis XV of France dies
would end up giving throne to his son Louis XVI

"Wealth of Nations"

Mar 9, 1776

Scotland
written by Adam Smith; believed that the government should protect the inalienable rights of the people
influenced colonists in their revolution against the English

Charter of Nobility

Dec 9, 1785

couldn't find exact date
Russia
charter passed by Catherine the Great that granted nobles rights
angered peasants at the restriction that were put upon them

Assembly of Notables

Apr 8, 1787

France
Meeting of important nobles in discussing tax reforms
accomplished nothing

Meeting of the Estates General

May 5, 1789

France
meeting of estates representing France
Third estate would form National assembly and ask the other estates to join against the king

Formation of the National Assembly

Jun 17, 1789

France
Assemly formed by Third Estate and called for tax reductions on the Third Estate and egual rights
Assembly writes the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Tennis Court Oath

Jun 20, 1789

France
oath made by members of the Third Estate that were locked out of a meeting with the Estates general; oath was made in a tennis court

Jaques Necker Dismissed

Jul 11, 1789

France
Necker dismissed by the king
would anger third estate since necker sympathyzed with them

Fall of the Bastille

Jul 14, 1789

France
People of the Third Estate attacked the Batille and stole weapons
was the start of the French Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Aug 26, 1789

France
Declaration written by the National Assembly
motioned for equal rights, fair taxation, and didn't give king as many rights

Heredity Rights Abolished

Jun 19, 1790

France
Heredity rights of the throne of France are abolished
would leave no king or ruler of France

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Jul 20, 1790

France
constitution that had put restrictions on the French church
Pope rejected the constitution and refused to accept any of France's new restrictions

Massacre of Champ-de-Mars

Jul 17, 1791

France
revolt of the French people that leaves 50 dead
people were fighting over whether France should be a republic or a constitutional Monarchy

Declaration of Pillnitz

Aug 27, 1791

France
Declaration written by the Holy Roman Emperor and Prussia staing that they supported Louis XVI against the revolution
Austria threatened to go to war only if all other European Powers decided to go to war with France

French Jews Allowed Citizenship

Sep 27, 1791

France
French Jews are allowed to be Citizens
France becomes tolerant to Jews

France Declares War on Austria

Apr 20, 1792

France
France declares war against Austria
monarchy wanted war so that Louis would regain power; people wanted war to unite France and spread revolutionary ideas

Attack on the Royal Palace

Aug 10, 1792

France
the people attack the palace and demand the king returns to Paris
King is sent back to Paris with Heads of the guards that were killed

Abolition of the Monarchy

Sep 21, 1792

France
legislative Assembly decides to abolish the French Monarchy
decision would cause Louis to try and flee Frrance with his family but get caught and put on trial

"Vindication of the Rights of Woman"

Dec 9, 1792

couldn't find exact date
England
written by Mary Wollstonecraft; respose to educational and political thinkers that believed that woman's duty was to please man
brought about feminism

Execution of the King

Jan 21, 1793

France
King Louis XVI of France is executed by the people
would soon be followed bythe Terror

Second Partition

Jan 23, 1793

Poland
Revoked the Polish reforms and split Poland between Prussa and Russia
would end up starting a revolt in favor of the reformers and starting the thrd partition

France Declares war on Spain

Mar 7, 1793

France
France dlares war against Spain
Catholics and Royalist begin to revolt against the revolution

Jean-Pual Marat Killed

Jul 13, 1793

France
Jean-Paul Marat is assassinated by Charlotte Corday
Marat would be seen as a holy figure for revolutionists

Universal Mobilization of the Nation

Aug 23, 1793

France
Declared all males of France were to serve in the military
took place during the Terror

Marie Antoinette on Trial

Oct 14, 1793

France
Queen of France Marie Antoinette is put on trial
She is found guilty and sent to death

Death of Marie Antoinette

Oct 16, 1793

France
Marie Antoinette is executed by the people of France
the Terror begins by Robespierre killing many others

British Mission to China

Dec 4, 1793

couldn't find exact date
China
British embassy was sent to China to convince the emporer to ease restrictions for trade between Britain and China
Mission fails horribly for both sides had conflicting views of customs

Robespierre arrested

Jul 27, 1794

France
Robespierre and his supporters arrested
Ends the Great Terror

Execution of Robespierre

Jul 28, 1794

France
Robespierre is executed by the people
leaves France leaderless and ends Great Terror

"The Progress of the Human Mind"

Dec 9, 1794

couldn't find exact date
France
written by Condorcet; one of the most influential ideas of progress made in the Enlightenment
made everyone believe that knowledge would bring individual freedom

Third Partition

Mar 24, 1795

Poland
ended the rebellion of Polish reformers
marked the end of Poland

Louis Charles Dies

Jun 8, 1795

France
Prince Louis Charles from harsh treatment of the people
leaves no heir to the French throne

Costitution of 1795 Adopted

Aug 22, 1795

France
constitution of France that was passed by the National Assembly
Officially ended the French Revolution

Napoleon Becomes Leader of France

Mar 2, 1796

France
Napoleon takes over France
Begins the Napoleon Wars

Napoleon Takes over the French Army

Mar 27, 1796

Italy
Napoleon begins to lead the French Army
Invades Italy soon after he gains control

France Ends War with Austria

Oct 17, 1797

France
France and Austria sign a treaty to end war

French Revolution ends

Dec 15, 1799

France
New constitution formed and ends the revolution
Did not have a declaration of rights

Condordat with the Catholic Church

Jul 15, 1801

France
Agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII
stated that the Roman Catholic Church was the ruling religion of France

Peace of Amiens

Mar 25, 1802

Amiens
treaty that ended tensions between France and England during French Revolutionary Wars
tensions would rise and war would break out a year later

Battle of Ulm

Oct 16, 1805

Ulm
skirmishes between austria and France
France, under the rule of Napoleon, would defeat Austria with few losses to their side

Battle of Trafalgar

Oct 21, 1805

Trafalfar
Naval battle between France and England
French naval forces are defeated by England

Battle of Austerlitz

Dec 2, 1805

Austerlitz
Battle between the French and the Third Coalition
French completely defeat the Third Coalition

Battle of Eylau

Feb 8, 1806

Eylau
Battle between Napolean I and hiis army and Prussia
First serious setback on the battle field for Napoleon Bonaparte

Battle of Jena

Oct 14, 1806

Jena
one of two battles being fought at the same time between France and Prussia
Fance would win and defeat Prussian army

Battle of Aurstadt

Oct 14, 1806

Aurstadt
second battle between France and Prussia that was fought during the same time as the Battle of Jenna
Greater victory than that of Jena as there were more Prussian troops in Aurstadt that France defeated

Continental System Established

Dec 11, 1806

couldn't find exact date
France
Napoleon I of France's Foreign policy against the British
Later would bring on a blockade of England by the French

Battle of Friedland

Jun 14, 1807

Friedland
Battle between French army led by Napoleon and the Russian army
France Defeats Russian army

Invasion of Russia

Jun 24, 1812

Russia
Napoleon's French army attempts to invade Russia
Attempt failed completely

War of Liberation

Dec 13, 1813

couldn't find exact date
Germany
campaign in Germany on how to go against Napoleon and his forces; didn't end until 1814
helped in ending the sixth coalition

Exile to Elba

Apr 14, 1814

Elba
Napoleon is exiled to Elba
would come back to Paris and regain supporters

Battle of Waterloo

Jun 18, 1815

Waterloo
final battle of the Napoleon wars
ended the reign of napoleon and France's power of all of europe

Exile to Saint Helena

Dec 13, 1815

couldn't find exact date
Saint Helena
Napoleon is exiled again, to the Island of Saint Helena
dies there and Napoleon's reign ends completely

Catholic Relief Act

Dec 11, 1829

couldn't find exact date
England
act that repealed the Test Act; allowed members of the Catholic church get involved with Parlaiment