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The Sorrows of the Young Werther by Goethe
This book was written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that later influenced the Romantic movement. This book shows how someone chooses emotion over reason and how the heart is more important than what's going on in the brain. -
Reflections on the Revolutions in France
Reflections on the the Revolutions in France was a book written by Edmund Burke, an irish author. This book is about how the French Revolution changed too fast causing for the revolution to turn violent. He thought that revolutions must change through adaptation, not violent revolutions. Humans act on passion and the revolution took away too many traditions. -
Essay on the Principles of Population by Malthus
Thomas Malthus believed and theorized that population could outgrow food supply. But through checks from nature, the population would be controlled and it would prevent this from happening. He published all of his beliefs and theories on population in Essay on the Principles of Population. -
Robert Owen opened New Lanark
Robert Owen bought large cotton mills in New Lanark, Scotland. There, he set out to make a model community. He raised wages, shortened work hours, improved working conditions, abolished child labor, provided educational and recreational facilities for employees, and established sickness and old-age insurance. Productivity in his mills soared, and his profits rose. -
Prometheus Unbound by Percy Bysshe Shelley
This was a poetry that portrays humans revolting against oppressive laws and customs. -
Britain's Act of Union
This made Great Britain and Ireland create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. -
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Alexander reigned in Russia
After fighting against the French, suffering an invasion and playing a major role in Napoleon's defeat, Russia commanded considerable respect and power in Europe. Unstable tsar of Russia, Alexander I was at first a man opened to reform. But, he fell under the influence of Metternich in international affairs and his own aristocratic magnates at home. -
Lora Tristan published Worker's Union
Flora Tristan began linking socialist demands with calls for emancipation of women. Tristan was influenced by Fourier's ideas when she wrote the Worker's Union. French law discriminated against women in many ways, including automatically awarding custody of children to fathers after a martial separation. When Tristan's abusive husband was awarded their children, she fought back. She turned this dispute into a campaign to end discrimination against women in marriage, the law, and on the job. -
Congress of Vienna
This was a conference led by Austrian Prime Minister, Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, along with the European states to bring Europe back to the "old" Europe, stop nationalism and liberalism, and establish a long lasting peace. This was basically a reaction of the Napoleonic Ages and the French Revolution to make sure that these events never happen again in Europe. -
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Louis XVIII reigned in France
Louis XVIII ruled with an odd mixture of conservatism and moderation. He issued a charter that retained Napoleon's administrative and legal system as well as civil and religious liberties. He also placed lawmaking in the hands of a two-chamber legislature. However, only a small, wealthy elite could vote, and the king kept most of the power. Louis used his authority with moderation, thinking that a mild leadership style would help ensure his hold on the crown and tranquility in France. -
Concert of Europe created
The Concert of Europe was an alliance and partnership made between the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and later France and Italy. This was created in order to keep a balance of power in Europe, maintain their own powers, stop revolutions from happening and aid each other in the cause to do so, and stop the spread of nationalism/liberalism. -
Britain's Corn Laws
The Corn Laws imposed tariffs on grain imports. Liberals mounted a major attack on these laws and anti Corn Law movements spread throughout the country. -
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
Frankenstein embodied romanticism because Mary Shelley shows innovation and imagination, one of the six main ideas of romanticism. It was technology gone wrong. -
"Iron Law of Wages" by Ricardo
The Iron Law of Wages were written by David Ricardo. This was about how there's a natural cycle that occurs with wages. There becomes an increase of population = more workers, then more workers = lower wages, then lower wages = poverty, then poverty = death = lower population, and this cycle continues until it reaches better living = increase in population, making the cycle start over all again. -
Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle
The diplomatic meeting between France, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria to discuss and take common action of European problems following the Napoleonic Wars. -
Peterloo Massacre
When economic depression left thousands of returning veterans jobless, Luddite riots and the specter of of revolutionary activity prompted the government to take strong measures against the restless workers. The climax came when troops charged on a crowd that had assembled in St. Peter's Fields to listen to reform speeches. A number were killed and hundreds injured in this massacre. -
Carlsbad Decrees
The murder of a conservative dramatist by a member of a student organization, Karl Sand, gave Metternich his opportunity to strike. After Sand's trial and public execution, Metternich called the prices of the leading German states to Carlsbad and had them draw up a set of harsh decrees outlawing the organizations. These decrees established strict censorship and supervision of classrooms and libraries. -
Congress of Troppau
The Congress of Troppau was a conference of the Quintuple Alliance which was France, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria to discuss means of suppressing the revolution in Naples. -
Congress of Laibach
This was a meeting of the Holy Alliance (Russia, Prussia, and Austria) at Laibach to discuss and set the conditions for Austrian intervention in and occupation of the Two Sicilies against the Neapolitan revolution. -
Congress of Verona
This was the last of the meetings for the Quadruple Alliance held at Verona. It was held mainly to consider the revolutionary situation in Spain where there were some who wanted to intervene and Great Britain who didn't. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine is a U.S. policy toward the Europe. President James Monroe made this and the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization. This was directed at Europe to revolutions happening in Latin America. It said that they would take them interfering as an act of aggression. It meant for the Western hemisphere to mind their own business over there while the U.S. minds their own over here. -
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Louis-Napoleon comes to power in France
As a result of the June Days revolution, the December presidential elections swept Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) to victory. Promising something for everyone and projecting an image of order and authority, Louis-Napoleon held office for three years and then destroyed the republic in 1851 by taking power for himself in a coup detat. -
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Charles X reigned in France
After Louis XVIII's death, King Charles X was crowned king. He followed more conservative policies that favored the old aristocracy and the Catholic Church. He offered money to indemnify those who had lost land in the Revolution and gave the church greater control over education. Those policies provoked growing opposition to his rule. -
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Nicholas I reigned in Russia
After Alexander I's death, Nicholas I his successor came to throne. He was an austere autocrat whose military career wedded him to the concepts of discipline and authority. -
Decembrist Revolt
After Nicholas I came to throne, a group of his young liberal military officers, hoping to write a constitution to free the serfs, revolted. Nicholas immediately crushed these "Decembrists" and bitterly turned against any hints of liberalism. -
Greek Independence
The Greeks wanted their own government and freedom from the Ottomans. So, they revolted against the Ottomans. Throughout the war, the bigger power of Europe came with aid to the war. Russia was a big influence in this. Europe's aid in the war ultimately got Greece their independence and they were finally free from the Ottomans in 1830. -
Bourbon Restoration
When the victorious armies of the coalition powers entered France and deposed Napoleon, they brought "in their baggage" the members of the Bourbon royal family who had fled the Revolution. The brother of Louis XVI was placed on the throne as Louis XVIII. -
First Belgian Revolution
The union forced on Belgium and the Netherlands at Vienna had never been a happy one. Desires for national liberation combined with tensions over high food prices to fuel a revolt happened. When the halfhearted efforts of the Dutch government failed to suppress the revolt, Austria and Russia threatened to intervene. Britain and France resisted the intervention and secured Belgian independence. They soon adopted a liberal constitution. -
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July Revolution
Since coming to throne, Charles X had tried to reverse the moderate policies of his predecessor and return France to the days before the French Revolution. His efforts to dissolve the Chamber, censor the press, and narrow the electoral laws only stiffened liberal opposition. Liberals in Paris joined with workers outraged by rising food prices. Workers took to the streets of Paris and set up barriers against the king's troops. After 3 days of fighting, Charles X fled to Great Britain. -
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Second French Revolution
Beneath the surface of everything in France, discontent grew. Workers clamored for the right to vote and organize unions, but they got neither. the poor harvests and financial crises heightened frustrations in the regime. When a banquet held to honor George Washington's birthday came (the USA was a symbol of democracy, so hope), the government tried to stop this event from happening. Opposition erupted in the streets and soon a revolution happened. -
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Louis-Philippe reigned in France
After Charles X fled, his cousin Louis-Philippe took the throne. Recognizing that a new, more liberal era had dawned in France, Louis-Philippe assumed the role of "citizen king," casting aside the clothes and ornaments of royalty and dressing in the style of his Parisian upper-middle-class supporters. He reduced property qualifications for voting, thereby doubling the electorate. -
Young Italy
Young Italy was a political movement for the Italian youth founded by Giuseppe Mazzini. The goal of Young Italy was to create a united Italian republic through a general insurrection in the reactionary states of Italy. -
Britain's Reform Bill of 1832
The conservative Tories who controlled Parliament remained unwilling or unable to effect electoral reform. In 1830, elections brought the more liberal Whigs to power. These Whigs believed that moderate reform rather than reactionary intransigence was the best way to preserve elite institutions from revolutionary change. The Reform Bill did not grant universal manhood suffrage called for by radicals, but it lowered property qualifications so that most upper middle-class men could vote. -
The Zollverein created
To better connect its separated territories, Prussia began making commercial treaties with its smaller German neighbors, providing for the free flow of trade among them. By 1834, nearly all the states of the German Confederation except Austria had joined the Prussian sponsored Zollverein, custom unions, which would prove of great importance in the march toward national unity. -
Young Germany Created
Young Germany was a group of German writers who wrote things about youth ideologies. This was a new movement that happened in Germany. -
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The People's Charter
The People's Charter was a document that called for several democratic reforms, including universal male suffrage, election by secret ballot, and the removal of property qualifications for office. This was written by the working class' leaders who took action and drew this document up. -
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Frederick William IV reigned in Prussia
Frederick William IV fell under the influence of his militaristic and reactionary Junker advisers. He spurned the German crown offered him by the Frankfurt Assembly, contemptuously calling it a crown from the gutter. His rejection blasted the Frankfurt Assembly's hope for a united, liberal Germany. -
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Irish Potato Famine
Ireland, mostly populated with rural and impoverished people, riled on the potato for food. Then a new, unknown fungus attacked potato plants, ruining the crop. Famine spread as the crops failed year after year. More than a million died in Ireland and another million fled overseas. -
Second Belgian Revolution
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Revolution in Italy
This was part of the wider Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, where organized revolts in the states of the Italian peninsula and Sicily, led by intellectuals who wanted a liberal government. As Italian nationalists they wanted to get rid of the Austrian's control over them. However they were crushed by the Austrians. -
The Communist Manifesto
The Communist Manifesto was a book written by Karl Marx and co written by Friedrich Engels. The book explains what communism. It talks about all sorts of things that are wrong with the economy at the time like how it argues about how class struggles are caused by the exploitation of one class to another. -
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Third French Revolution
This was caused by triggers from lower class poverty, upper class corruption, and Louis-Philippe's lack of reforms. But ultimately, the direct cause was the "Banquet Campaign." In this revolution, Louis abdicates, provisional government is led by Blanc that sets up national workshops, France creates new republic, and Louis Napoleon is elected president. -
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Frankfurt Assembly
Self appointed liberal leaders called for a popularly elected assembly representing all German states to meet at Frankfurt to construct a liberal German nation. -
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June Days
There were many divisions among those once unified against the monarchy. These divisions reached a boiling point when the Constitutional Assembly abolished the national workshops. The desperate men and women of the Paris working class resorted to arms and barricades. For four days, war raged in the streets of Paris between the working class, armed National Guard, and regular army. -
On Liberty by Mill
John Stuart Mill wrote this book and it applies his ethical systems of utilitarianism to society and state. He argued for freedom of thought and warned against the tyranny of the majority. -
Das Kapital
Das Kapital is a book written by Karl Marx. This was a remarkable book on economy and could be considered by many as one of Karl's greatest works.The book describes capitalist systems and how he believes socialism will soon easily overthrow it.
