AP Euro 1300-1453

Pope Innocent III

1198

height of papal power. He elaborated the Doctrine of Plenitude of Power on its authority, declared the Church's Saints, disposed benefices of the clergy, and created a centralized papal monarchy. The transformation increased secular power but weakened its spirituality

Pope Innocent III & Taxes

1215

He declared that the Clergy were to pay no taxes without papal consent

Ghengis Khan invades Russia

1223

Kiev falls to Batu Khan

1240

Batu Khan is Ghengis Khan's grandson

Mongol Rule

Period: 1243 to 1480

Pope Urban IV

Period: 1261 to 1264

Rota Romata

1262

Under Urban IV. It's the papacy's legal court. It has right to determine appointments, expansion of bureaucracy, and taxes made permanent. It tightened and centralized the Church's legal proceedings.

Council of Lyons

1274

short-lived unity of Eastern and Western Church

King Philip forbade exportation of money

1296

Philip the Fair forbade exportation of money from France to Rome, thereby denying the papacy the revenues it needed to operate. Boniface had no choice but to come to terms with Philip quickly

Boniface issues Clericis Laicos

Feb 5, 1296

Viewing English and french taxation of the clergy as an assault on tradition clerical rights, Boniface issued this bull which forbade law taxation of the clergy without papal approval AND revoked all previous papal dispensations in this regard.

Ausculta fili

1301

"Listen, My Son". Boniface's bull that was sent to Philip the Fair. it informed him that "God has sent popes over kings and kingdoms"

Unam Sanctam

Nov 18, 1302

Boniface's last stand against state control of national churches. It declare royal, temporal authority to be "subject" to the spiritual power of the Church.

Boniface gets beat up

1303

Philip the Fair's chief minister, Guillaume de Nogaret, denounced Boniface to the French Clergy as a heretic and common criminal. His army surprised the pope at his retreat in Anagni, beat him up, and almost executed him before an aroused populace returned him safely to Rome

Boniface dies

1303

The Papal Court is moved to Avignon

1309

Clement V moves papal court to Avignon. It was situated on land that belonged to the pope and it maintained its independence from the French king.

The Avignon Papacy

Period: 1309 to 1377

The papal court in Avignon which was moved from Rome by Clement V. He made it his permanent residence to escape a strife-ridden Rome and further pressure from Philip.

Defender of the Peace

1324

This piece written by Marsilius stressed the independent origins and autonomy of secular government. Clergy were to be subjected to the strictest apostolic ideals and confined to purely spiritual functions, and the pope was denied all power of coercive judgement.

English King Edward III claims French throne

1337

French King Charles IV died without a male heir. English King Edward III, grandson of Phillip the Fair (French King), claimed the throne. French nobles decided to name Philip VI of Valois, Charles IV's cousin, as the king. This starts the Hundred Years' War

Hundred Years' War

Period: 1337 to 1453

Conflict between England and France

Battle of Crecy

1340

English victory led capture of Calais.

Flemish Cities alliance with England

1340

After Endward III embargoed wool to Flanders, which caused a urban revolt with merchants and trade guilds. Inspired by a rich merchant and led by Ghent, the Flemish cities revolted against the French and signed an alliance with England, acknowledging Edward III as king of France

Bay of Sluys

Jun 23, 1340

Edward defeated French fleet, but his effort to invade France by way of Flanders failed

Temporary halt on war

1347

Exhaustion on both sides of the war and the onset of the Black Death forced a truce, as the war entered a brief lull.

Black Death

Period: 1348 to 1352

Plague that spread throughout Europe. It killed 3/5 of the population. Easily spread across Europe because of overpopulation and malnutrition

Battle of Poitiers

1356

English victory. French King John II is taken hostage by the English.

Golden Bull

1356

establish 7 member electoral college of German princes to choose the Holy Roman Emperor

France raise Taille (tax)

1358

The nobility wanted rights similar to those in the Magna Carta. To secure these rights, they imposed this tax on the French peasants. The nobility forced peasants to pay this increasing tax and to repair war-damaged properties without compensation.

Jaquerie

1358

French peasant revolt due to the taille (tax). It was named after peasant revolutionary, Jacques Bon-homme or "simple Jack". it was quickly put down by the nobility

Peace of Bretigny-Calais

May 9, 1360

Agreement declared an end to Edward's vassalage to the King of France and it affirmed Edward's sovereignty over English Territories in France

Renaissance in Italy

Period: 1375 to 1527

Richard II inherits English Throne

1377

Richard II, grandson of Edward III, inherits throne. (r. 1377-1399) England experienced domestic issues under his reign.

Papacy restored in Rome

1377

Pope Gregory XI reestablished papacy in Rome and ended the Babylonian Captivity of the Church in Avignon.

Pope Urban VI is elected

1378

After Gregory XI's death, he announced his intention to reform the Curia. The cardinals, most of whom were French, responded by calling for the return of the papacy to Avignon. The French King, Charles V, wanting to keep the papacy within French influence, lent his support to what became the Great Schism.

The Great Schism

Period: 1378 to 1417

A time where there were 3 rival popes in power

Pope Clement VII is elected

Sep 20, 1378

13 cardinals formed their own conclave and elected Pope Clement VII, a cousin of the French King. They insisted they had voted for Urban in fear of their lives, having been surrounded by a Roman mob demanding the election of an Italian pope

Duke of Dimitri of Moscow defeats Tatar forces

1380

Duke defeats Tatarr forces at Kulikov Meadow, a victory that marked the beginning of the decline of the Mongol Hegemony

English Peasants' Revolt

1381

a revolt led by John Ball (a secular priest) and Wat Tyler (a journeyman) with other oppressed peasants and artisans. It only lasted 1 year and kept the country divided

Council of Pisa/Pope Alexander V elected

1409

Cardinals representing both popes (Urban and Clement) convened this council to dispose both the Roman and Avignon popes, and to elect a singular pope, Alexander V. Neither pope Urban and Clement wanted to step down. 3 popes were now in rule

Council of Constance

1414

Emperor Sigismund prevailed John XXIII (Alexander V's successor) to summon this new council. In the famous declaration "Sarosancta", the council asserted its supremacy and elected a new pope, martin V after the 3 contending popes had either resigned or been deposed.

Agincourt

Oct 25, 1415

The War resumes under Henry V whose army routed the French at Agincourt. *St. Crispin's Day Speech

Duke of Burgundy dies

1419

Burgundians closed ranks with the French, promising to bring victory over England. The dream was shattered when the Duke of Burgundy dies.

Treaty of Troyes

1420

Named English King Henry V successor to French Charles VI, both died soon after. Henry V's son, King Henry VI became both King of France and England. However, French people who ignored the Treaty of Troyes, recognized King Charles VII (Charles VI's son) as King of France. The throne would be restored back to Charles VII with the help of Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc

1429

She sought to restore the French king's claim to the crown of France. French begins to win

Death of Joan of Arc

May 30, 1430

Joan is captured and burned as heretic at English-held Rouen

Council of Basel

Period: 1431 to 1449

Council directly negotiated church doctrine with heretics. The Hussites of Bohemia presened the "Four Article of Prague". Bohemians were given jurisdiction over their Church. Only 3 of the 4 articles were conceded.

The Four Articles of Prague

1432

Hussites of Bohemia presented these 4 articles to the Council of Basel for negotiations. This document contained requests for (1) giving the laity the Eucharist with cup as well as bread; (2) free, itinerant preaching; (3) exclusion of clergy from holding secular offices and owning property; (4) just punishment of clergy who commit moral sins

Hussites gain jurisdiction over their church

1433

an agreement among the emperor, council, and the Hussites gave the Bohemians jurisdiction over their church. 3 of the 4 articles were conceded: communion with cup, free preaching by ordained clergy, and just punishment of clergy and laity for mortal sins

Cosimo de Medici ascends into power

1434

Chiompi Revolt

1434

Conflict from social division in Florence, Italy. Causes: (1) the feud between the Old and New Rich; (2) the social anarchy during the Black Death which cut the population in half; (3) the collapse of the great banking houses - Bardi ad Peruzzi. It left the poor more vulnerable. It established a 4 year reign by lower Florentine Classes. Florentine was not longer stable until the rise of Cosimo de' Medici

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

1438

This agreement recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal interference, prohibited the payment of annates to Rome, and limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome. In Germany and Switzerland local city governments also limited and overturned traditional clerical privileges and immunities.

Church reunites with Eastern Church

1439

It was signed in Florence. Even though it was short-lived, it restored papal prestige and signaled the demise of the conciliar movement

Printing press

1440

End of 100 Yrs. War

1453

English forced back with only having Calais. English lost their claims to France under the weak kingship of Henry VI.

Turks conquer Constantinople

1453

the fall of Constantinople, made Kiev, in Russian eyes, the "third Rome"

Treaty of Lodi

1454

Brought Milan and Naples into alliance with Florence. these three stood together against Venice, which frequently joined the Papal States to maintain balance between powers. A foreign enemy threatened Italy, the 5 states could present a unified fort

War of the Roses

Period: 1455 to 1487

Execrabilis

1460

Issued by Pope Pius II. It condemned appeals to councils as "erroneous and abominable" and "completely null and void"

Assassination of Lorenzo's Brother

1478

Assassination by rival family, the Pazzi, who had long plotted with the pope against the Medici. This made Lorenzo the Magnificent a cautious ruler of Florence

Inquisition

1479

Henry Tudor defeats Richard III

1485

Oration on the Dignity of Man

1486

Pico's work of literature published in Rome. These theses were intended to serve as a basis for public debate on all of life's important topics. It drew on Platonic teaching to depict humans as the only creatures in the world who possess the freedom to do and be whatever they chose, to fly with angels or wallow with pigs

Court of Star Chamber

1487

intended to end perversion of English justice by powerful nobles who swayed verdicts with intimidation and/or bribery

The French Invasions

Period: 1494 to 1527

League of Venice

1495

Ferdinand of Aragon wanted his own possessions in Italy. League consisted of himself, Venice, the Papal States, and Emperor Maximilian together against the French

Savonarola imprisoned and executed

1498

Invasion of Milan

1499

After Pope Alexander VI annuls Louis XI's marriage and leave the League of Venice. Louis invades Milan

Pope Julius II

1503

strong opponent of the Borgia family, "warrior pope"

Pope Julius II drives out Venetians from Romagna

1509

this fully secured the Papal States

Holy League

1511

Pope Julius II, Ferdinand of Aragon, Venice, Emperor Maximilian I, and the Swiss. Pope wanted to get rid of French invader.

French Defeated by Swiss

1513

in Novara

The Prince

1513

satire on the way rulers should behave.

French invasion at Marignano

1515

French armies massacred Swiss soldiers of the Holy League. This is the third French invasion in Italy.

Concordat of Bologna

1516

gave the French king control over the French clergy in exchange for French recognition of the pope's superiority over church councils an his right to collect annates in France. This helped keep French Catholic after Protestant Reformation

Spanish soldiers loot and torch Rome

1527

Expansion was threatened by this attack. Many scholars believe that this was the beginning of the end of the cultured Italian Renaissance

Charles VIII Invades Italy

1949

Crossed the Alps and conquers Florence, Papal States and into Naples