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“Erasmus of Rotterdam (28 October 1466 – 12 July 1536) was a Dutch philosopher and Catholic theologian who is considered one of the greatest scholars of the northern Renaissance…Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament, which raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation” (from Wikipedia). -
Hubmaier was one of the most well-known and respected Anabaptist theologians of the Reformation. Acquainted with Glarean, Erasmus, and Zwingli, he participated in several disputations around infant baptism. Facing severe persecution, Hubmaier recanted twice, once while on the rack. 'This weakness troubled him deeply and brought forth his Short Apology in 1526, which includes the statement: "I may err—I am a man—but a heretic I cannot be … O God, pardon me my weakness'" (from Wikipedia). -
Martin Luther was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, and professor, and Augustinian friar. He is the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation and the namesake of Lutheranism (from Wikipedia). -
Huldrych Zwingli was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland, born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system. He attended the University of Vienna and the University of Basel, a scholarly center of Renaissance humanism. He continued his studies while he served as a pastor in Glarus and later in Einsiedeln, where he was influenced by the writings of Erasmus (from Wikipedia). -
A German preacher and theologian of the early Reformation whose opposition to both Martin Luther and the Roman Catholic Church led to his open defiance of late-feudal authority in central Germany. Müntzer was foremost amongst those reformers who took issue with Luther's compromises with feudal authority. He became a leader of the German peasant and plebeian uprising of 1525 commonly known as the German Peasants' War. He was captured after the Battle of Frankenhausen, tortured and executed. -
Sattler was born around 1490 in Staufen, Germany. He became a Benedictine monk in the abbey of St. Peter, and probably became a prior. He left St. Peter's probably in May 1525, when the monastery had been taken by troops from the Black Forest fighting in the German Peasants' War. He later married a former Beguine named Margaretha. He was particularly influential for his role in developing the Schleitheim Confession. -
Hut was born in Haina near Römhild, South Thuringia, and became a travelling bookseller. He came under the influence of Thomas Müntzer and, refusing to have his child baptized, was driven from the community in 1524. He took part in the decisive battle of Thuringia during the German Peasants' War on 15 May 1525 at Bad Frankenhausen. About a week later at Bibra, Hut preached "subjects should murder all the authorities, for the opportune time has arrived." -
Georg Blaurock, one of the founders of the first Swiss Brethren congregation in Zürich, was born ca. 1492 in Bonaduz, a village in Grisons, Switzerland. Nothing is known about his youth, except that he was matriculated as a student in the University of Leipzig for the summer semester of 1513. From 1516 to 1518 he was vicar in Trins in the diocese of Chur; so he must have received the usual education for the priesthood. -
For his westward voyage to find a shorter route to the Orient, Columbus and his crew took three medium-sized ships, the Santa María, the Pinta ("painted one"), and the Santa Clara, nicknamed the Niña ("girl"). On the morning of 3 August 1492, Columbus departed from Palos de la Frontera, going down the Rio Tinto and into the Atlantic. -
The stated purpose of the second voyage was to convert the indigenous Americans to Christianity. Before Columbus left Spain, he was directed by Ferdinand and Isabella to maintain friendly, even loving, relations with the natives. He set sail from Cádiz, Spain, on 25 September 1493. -
Hoffman's failed prophecy of the return of Christ contributed significantly to the Münster Rebellion (1533–1534), of which he is seen as one of the authors. Two of his followers, Jan van Matthijs and Jan van Leiden, proclaimed that Hoffman was wrong on the questions of the exact time and place, where Christ would return and reign, and named Münster as the correct location. -
Denck was born in 1495 in the Bavarian town of Habach. After a classical education, he became headmaster at the St. Sebaldus school in Nuremberg in 1523. He became involved in the trial of the artist brothers Sebald and Barthel Beham, who were expelled from the city in 1524. In Nuremberg, he met Thomas Müntzer, and so first came in contact with radical theology, which he accepted with modifications. In consequence of his convictions, he was banished from Nuremberg in January 1524.
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Menno Simons was a Roman Catholic priest from the Friesland region of the Low Countries who was excommunicated from the Catholic Church and became an influential Anabaptist religious leader. Simons was a contemporary of the Protestant Reformers and it is from his name that his followers became known as Mennonites. -
His initial voyage to India by way of Cape of Good Hope (1497–1499) was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route, connecting the Atlantic and the Indian oceans. Da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India opened the way for an age of global imperialism and enabled the Portuguese to establish a long-lasting colonial empire along the way from Africa to Asia. -
Conrad Grebel was born, probably in Grüningen in the Canton of Zurich, about 1498 to Junker Jakob and Dorothea (Fries) Grebel, the second of six children. He spent his early life in Grüningen, and then came to Zurich with his family around 1513. He spent several years abroad in study, worked as a proofreader in Basel, married in 1522, and became a Christian minister around 1523. Modern painting of Conrad Grebel by Oliver Wendell Schenk, 1972 Courtesy Eastern Mennonite University -
Manz was born and died in Zürich, in the Old Swiss Confederacy, where his father was a canon of Grossmünster church. Though records of his education are scant, there is evidence that he had a liberal education, with a thorough knowledge of Hebrew, Greek and Latin. Manz became a follower of Huldrych Zwingli after he came to Zürich in 1519. When Conrad Grebel joined the group in 1521, he and Manz became friends. https://gameo.org/index.php?curid=57586 -
By Leonardo da Vinci - Online Taken on 23 July 2013, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50410532 -
"...the objective of the third voyage was to verify the existence of a continent that King John II of Portugal suggested was located to the southwest of the Cape Verde Islands." -
Hutter was a Tyrolean Anabaptist leader and founder of the Hutterites. -
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After much persuasion, the sovereigns agreed to fund Columbus's fourth voyage. It would be his final chance to prove himself and become the first man ever to circumnavigate the world. Columbus's goal was to find the Strait of Malacca to the Indian Ocean. On 14 March 1502, Columbus started his fourth voyage with 147 men and with strict orders from the king and queen not to stop at Hispaniola, but only to search for a westward passage to the Indian Ocean mainland. -
By Jörg Bittner Unna - This file was derived from: 'David' by Michelangelo Fir JBU005.jpg, applied denoise filter by Wilfredor, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=60611291 -
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Calvin was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, including its doctrines of predestination and of God's absolute sovereignty in the salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation. Calvinist doctrines were influenced by and elaborated upon the Augustinian and other Christian traditions. -
Daughter of famous Spanish Queen and King, Isabelle and Ferdinand Aunt of Reformation era HRE Charles V Mother of Queen Mary -
By Raphael - Stitched together from vatican.va, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4406048 -
By Michelangelo - present version is derived from earlier version, with colour cast adjusted, however this version may appear too blue.:, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27931331 -
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By Unknown author - Rudi Palla – Die Kunst Kinder zu kneten, Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn Verlag 1997 S. 35 ISBN 3-8218-4468-X, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8508660 -
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By Leonardo da Vinci - Cropped and relevelled from File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF.jpg. Originally C2RMF: Galerie de tableaux en très haute définition: image page, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15442524 -
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Grandson of Maximillian I
Grandson of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain (Castile and Aragon) from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. -
By Leonardo da Vinci - https://www.latitudinex.com/europa/leonardo-valle-della-loira-rinascimento.htmlWeb Gallery of Art: Image Info about artwork, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15497207 -
Grandson of Maximillian I
Grandson of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain (Castile and Aragon) from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. -
The Magellan expedition, also known as the Magellan–Elcano expedition, was the first voyage around the world in recorded history. It was a 16th century Spanish expedition initially led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan to the Moluccas, which departed from Spain in 1519, and completed in 1522 by Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano, after crossing the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, culminating in the first circumnavigation of the world. -
Set out to do what Columbus could never: Circumnavigate the globe. When Victoria, the one surviving ship and the smallest carrack in the fleet, returned to the harbour of departure after completing the first circumnavigation of the Earth, only 18 men out of the original 270 men were on board.
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Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade and Rhodes as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the siege of Vienna in 1529. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf.
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By Hans Holbein the Younger - Web Gallery of Art: Image Info about artwork, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2319 -
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De libero arbitrio (On Free Will) -
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On 27 May, after torture and confession, he was executed alongside Pfeiffer, outside the walls of Mühlhausen, their heads being displayed prominently for years to come as a warning to others. -
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Upon encountering the lifeless body of King Louis, Suleiman is said to have lamented: "I came indeed in arms against him; but it was not my wish that he should be thus cut off before he scarcely tasted the sweets of life and royalty." -
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By Hans Holbein the Younger - WQEnBYMfBeoSdg — Google Arts & Culture, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13466190 -
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Hut was tortured horribly and accidentally died as a result of a fire that caused his asphyxiation in the Augsburg prison on 6 December 1527. The next day, the authorities sentenced his dead body to death and burned him.
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By Albrecht Dürer - Museo Nacional del Prado, Galería online, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17628367 -
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The siege of Vienna, in 1529, was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire to capture the capital city of Vienna, Austria, Holy Roman Empire. Suleiman the Magnificent, sultan of the Ottomans, attacked the city with over 100,000 men, while the defenders, led by Niklas Graf Salm, numbered no more than 21,000. Nevertheless, Vienna was able to survive the siege, which ultimately lasted just over two weeks, from 27 September to 15 October, 1529. -
The siege of Vienna, in 1529, was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire to capture the capital city of Vienna, Austria, Holy Roman Empire. Suleiman the Magnificent, sultan of the Ottomans, attacked the city with over 100,000 men, while the defenders, led by Niklas Graf Salm, numbered no more than 21,000. Nevertheless, Vienna was able to survive the siege, which ultimately lasted just over two weeks, from 27 September to 15 October, 1529.
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Suleiman's response came in 1532 when he led a massive army of over 120,000 troops to besiege Vienna again. It never truly materialised as his force was stalled by the Croatian Captain Nikola Jurišić during the siege of Güns (Kőszeg). -
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The Treaty of Constantinople (1533) was signed between Ferdinand and Suleiman. John Szapolyai was recognized as King of Hungary as an Ottoman vassal. However, the Ottomans recognized the land under the Habsburgs' rule in Hungary.
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In 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy which defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, thereby severing ecclesiastical links with Rome. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/collections/common-prayer/act-of-supremacy/#:~:text=In%201534%20Parliament%20passed%20the,severing%20ecclesiastical%20links%20with%20Rome. -
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By Hans Holbein the Younger - http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/exhibitions/holbein/images/works/holbein_allegory.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4567266 -
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while on the scaffold he declared "that he died the king's good servant, and God's first." By Hans Holbein the Younger - WQEnBYMfBeoSdg — Google Arts & Culture, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13466190
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On 9 December, Hutter was deported to the Tyrolean capital Innsbruck, where he was interrogated and pressured to recant. Even under severe torture he would not recant or reveal the names of other Anabaptists. Hutter was sentenced to death by fire and burned at the stake on 25 February 1536 in Innsbruck in front of the Golden Roof.[1] According to the Hutterian Chronicle, a total of 360 Anabaptists were executed in Tyrol.
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Erasmus was a Dutch philosopher and Catholic theologian who is considered one of the greatest scholars of the northern Renaissance. As a Catholic priest, he was an important figure in classical scholarship who wrote in a pure Latin style. Among humanists he was given the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists", and has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists".
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By Hans Holbein the Younger - Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=76791967 -
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By Hans Holbein the Younger - Stephanie Buck, Hans Holbein, Cologne: Könemann, 1999, ISBN 3829025831., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5263452 -
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With no fanfare, in 1556 he finalized his abdications. On 16 January 1556, he gave Spain and the Spanish Empire in the Americas to Philip. On 27 August 1556, he abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favour of his brother Ferdinand, elected King of the Romans in 1531. The succession was recognized by the prince-electors assembled at Frankfurt only in 1558, and by the Pope only in 1559. -
A native of Tyrol, Austria. His father, Heinrich, moved from Rosenheim in Bavaria to Rattenberg, Austria, where he served as a city councilman, as a judge (1494–1502), and as mayor (1511). Pilgram attended the Latin school in Rattenberg. Before his days as an Anabaptist, Marpeck enjoyed a good financial status and was a highly respected citizen of Rattenberg on the Inn River. He was a mining engineer, a member of the miners' brotherhood, and served on both Rattenberg's inner and outer councils.
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By Pieter Brueghel the Elder - WwG8mD89xbELbQ — Google Arts & Culture, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13352840 -
The Procession to Calvary, 1564, Bruegel's second largest painting at 124 cm × 170 cm (49 in × 67 in) By Pieter Brueghel the Elder - 1. The Yorck Project (2002) 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei (DVD-ROM), distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. ISBN: 3936122202.2. Christian Vöhringer – Pieter Bruegel. 1525/30–1569, Tandem Verlag 2007 S.70 ISBN 978-3-8331-3852-23. Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Bilddatenbank., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=148430 -
By Attributed to Daniele da Volterra - Metropolitan Museum of Art, online collection (The Met object ID 436771), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=93197995 -
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By Питер Брейгель Старший - Точная репродукция картины 16 века, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28885659 -
Willems was born in Asperen, Gelderland, Netherlands. He was rebaptized as a young man in Rotterdam, thus rejecting the infant baptism practiced at that time by both Catholics and established Protestants in the Netherlands, which he would have received previously. This action, plus his continued devotion to his new faith and the baptism of several other people in his home, led to his condemnation by the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands and subsequent arrest in Asperen in 1569. -
By Pieter Brueghel the Elder - eQHtzz_SGMMZJQ — Google Arts & Culture, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21792367 -
