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PRIMER-New England
First reading text designed for the American Colonies. -
Period: to
The Common School
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Less than 82 school days in 1776
In 1776, the average amount of school days was less than 82 days. -
Jefferson drafted 3 yrs of public education
Thomas Jefferson wanted to "bridge a crusade against ignorance" and thought that public education is essential to domacracy. -
Blue Back Speller by Noah Webster
This was "America's Textbook" -
$2.81 avg. expenditure per pupil in 1837
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Horace Mann found a school system built on inequality
Horace Mann was part of Massachusetts State Senate. He found that the poor could not go to school while the wealthier attended and could stay longer. The physical conditions of the school building where in poor shape. Mann made sure that each school house was equipped with a blackboard, seats with a back, and books. -
Massachusetts Average Attendnce is 4 months
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The great school debate
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1/2 NYC pop. is foreign born
They are poor and desperate for education. Public schools are mostly protestants. -
1843 Bible Riots
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Massachusetts Average Attandance was 7 months
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$4.80 avg. expenditure per pupil in 1848
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Roberts v. Boston 1849
Sarah Roberts is denied of attending local school b/c of her race. Her father Benjimen sues the city of Boston. The case reached the supreme court in 1849 and b/c of this case segration was abolished in the state. -
Civil War Ended 1865
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Public School Enrollment 7.6 million
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Catherine Beecher lauds women as teachers.
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Public School Enrollment 12.7 million in 1890
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1890 U.S. is providing more schooling than any other country.
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1899 Progressive Reform
John Dewey known as the "Father of Education" wrote The School and Society -
6% of America's children graduated from high school
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1900's 50% of kids in school & avg schooling is 5 yrs
Thousands attended school part time -
World Fair in Paris brings idea of Progressive Curriculum
Learning by doing. Child Center Education -
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As America as Public School
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1906 Steel Company brings many students to Gary, Indiana
The Gary, Indiana educational plan is attacked. Work/study/play. Many children learn different ways. John Hiland won and said plan must go. -
1910: 2 million children working across America
80% want to work instead of attending cold, dark, drafty, crowded schools -
IQ test was invented
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Instruction was in ENGLISH ONLY.
Theodore Roosevelt insisted that instruction must be taught in English in public schools. German's started their own schools in order to keep their language alive. -
Public school expenditures = $1 Billion
Schools were opening at the rate of one per day. Going to school was a way to get a good job. Career Tracking was started. -
1930's End of child labor
All states require school until the age of 16. -
1945: 51% graduate and 40% go onto college
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1950: Avg. school attendance = 9yrs
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1950's 72% of disabled children NOT enrolled in school
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1950: 13.7 % African American High School Diploma
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1950: .095 % Medical/Law Degrees Awarded to Women
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A Struggle for Educational Equality
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Brown v. Board of Education
It was found unconstitutional to segragate blacks and whites in public schools. -
1958 National Defensive Education Act was signed into law
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Sputnik was launched into space during the Cold War.
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Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act in 1964.
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1970 Gender Bias
Only 1 % of women had medical or law degrees. High school athletics only involved 7.4% of women -
Title IX passed
No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance -
1974 Choice Experience
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1975 Education for ALL Handicapped Children Act passed
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1980: Avg. Attendance is 12.5 years
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1980: 51:4% African Americans had a High School Diploma
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1980: 30% Medical/Law Degrees Awarded to Women
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Period: to
The Bottom Line in Education
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1983: 35 states have higher grade requirements
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Ronald Reagan Administration reports that we have a "Nation at Risk"
Shatters America's confidence in the school system -
1990's 200 Shooting Deaths take place at school
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1990 Miwaukee voucher bill
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E.D. Hirsch founded Core Knowledge
Hirsch thought that everyone should have the same general core knowledge. -
2.5 % Home Schooled
Limited Vocher Plan in Milkwakee, Cleveland, and Flordia. Students Using Publicly Funded Vouchers .03% -
Charter/Public Schools
Charter Schools: 2,100
Public Schools: greater than 90,000 Charter Schools usually had higher Academic Standards & higher test scores. -
2002: 90% of children are enrolled in public schools
Public School Enrollment: 47.8 Million
