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Manifest Destiny
The period of expansion that the United States were destined to stretch from sea to shining sea. This brought the idea and movements of western expansion, Native American removal, and the war with Mexico. -
Bessemer Process
The Bessemer Process was the first method discovered to mass produce steel, and is named after Sir Henry Bessemer. His process led to more environmental friendly and efficient ways to process steel. -
Monroe Doctrine
On December 2, 1823, President James Monroe stated that the Americas were not open to future colonization by the European powers. The Monroe Doctrine stated that any intervention by external powers would be seen as a hostile act to the US. -
Indian Removal
In the early 1830s, the Americans moved the Indians onto reservations to give way to the new world. The land they lived on was valuable, with gold and oil, and this caused the removal of the Indians from the land we promised them. President Andrew Jackson started "Indian Removal" & ignored the law that required the government to negotiate peaceful removal treaties. The Indians were forcefully removed from their land, traveling by foot. Thousands died, which gave it the name "The Trail of Tears." -
Homestead Act
The Homestead Act opened up settlement in the west, allowing any American citizen to put up a claim for up to 160 acres of land. This encouraged people to move west. -
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Social Gospel
Social Gospel was a religious social-reform movement. People involved in the movement believed the Kingdom of God was the social and individual salvation and sought to better the industrial society though Biblical principles such as charity and justice. -
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The Gilded Age
The Gilded Age was the time period of technology innovation, mass immigration to the US, and intense political bias, such as the birth of unions and political corruption. -
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Industrialization
Between 1880 and 1929, the United States grew in Industry and Urban cities. Factories and machines helped allow the increase in goods and population, and allowed the US to expand to the west. -
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Immigration and the American Dream
The American Dream is that all who live in the United States, land of the free and home of the brave, and work hard will be successful. People form other centuries came to American to start again, to escape their countries of dictatorships and poverty, and work to take the opportunity to create a new and better life for themselves. Between 1880 and 1920, nearly 25 million immigrants came to America to start a new life for themselves. Life was not easy for them. -
Urbanization
Urbanization is the process of turning rural areas, such as farms and country towns, into suburban large industrial cities. These rural areas grew due to the amounts of people that moved for employment opportunities. -
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1822 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the US. This act placated Chinese workers demands to remain "racial purity", even though the Chinese population was only .002% of the nations total population. -
Haymarket Riot
A labor protest rally in Chicago turned into a riot when a bomb was thrown at a police. 8 were dead, and 8 rioters were sent to jail for being blamed as apart of the bombing. This riot was a big setback for the labor movement, which not seemed violent and disorganized. -
Dawes Act
The Dawes Act was a huge blow to tribal sovereignty. This act was to integrate the Natives into the agrarian culture, and did more damage than good. Natives were given 160 acres of land to become farmers, and if they could not prove themselves self-sufficient in 25 years, the land was taken back. Native American land holdings decreased, and Native American children were send to federally funded schools to learn about the white society. -
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie was one of the most wealthiest men of the 19th century. He made very wise choices in his investments, and built plants around the country that made manufacturing steel faster and easier. He was the leader of Carnegie Steel Company, and owned everything he needed, from raw materials, coal, and ships and railroads to transport goods. -
Jane Addams
Jane Addams opened the first settlement in the United States and North America. In 1889 she opened the Hull House in Chicago, which was named after the buildings original owner. The settlement provided services for the city, its people, and even the immigrants and poor population. Later the organization grew and had many buildings that offered different trade and educational programs, child care, and kitchen services. -
Political Machines
A political machine is a political group in which a boss commands the supporters and campaigners who receive rewards for their efforts. Political bosses controlled votes, jobs, licenses, and helped immigrants to get neutralization and jobs in turn of votes. Political Machines led to political corruption. William Magear Tweed started Political Machines, and was a democratic politician. -
Susan B. Anthony
Susan B. Anthony was a pioneer for the woman's suffrage movement and President of the National American Women Suffrage Association in 1892. She helped give way to the 19th amendment, which gave women the right to vote in 1920. -
Populisim
The populist party, who celebrated populism, was a national farm and labor party. They wrote the Omaha platform listing the grievances and demands of farmers for better pay and working conditions. -
Susan B. Anthony
Ida B. Wells was born as a slave in Mississippi. She became a journalist and led the anti-lynching crusade in the 1890s. She was also a teacher in a segregated school, and was fired from voicing the conditions of an all-black school. After her friend was lynched, she traveled the South for two months to gather reports of lynchings and wrote articles of the incidents. -
Eugene V. Debs
Eugene Victor Debs was the leader of the Socialist party for the presidential election five times between 1900 and 1920 and was a labour organizer. He became president of the American Railway Union in 1893 and organized the workers by industry into the first industrial union. The union won a strike against the Great Northern Railway in 1894 for higher wages, and served 6 months in jail after leading the Chicago Pullman Palace Car Company Strike. Debs was convicted of sedation in 1918. -
Yellow Journalism
Yellow Journalism was a style of writing newspapers that emphasized feelings and sensationalism over the facts. This method helped pushed the United States and Spain into many wars such as the war with Cuba and the Philippines. -
Robber Barons (Captains of Industry)
People debate if the gilded age should be known as "Robber barons" or "Captains of Industry". People who believe in "Robber barons" believe that men such as Ford were hogs for wealth, and they pressed harsh working conditions on their workers. They accuse succesful men to be robbers from the poor to become more rich. On the other hand, people who believe in "Captains of Industry" believe the industrial leaders to have transformed Americas economy with their business skills and their charity. -
William Jennings Bryan
Jennings was a Democratic Congressman from Nebraska who ran for presidency three times and was the Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson. Bryan tried to gain presidency by speaking to the people himself in the backs of public trains. He was a dominant force to the Democratic party in 1896. -
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Klondike Gold Rush
In 1896, gold was found in Rabbit Creek near Dawson, in the Yukon area of Canada. The creek was renamed Bonanza creek & many locals became rich from all the gold that was found. News took a year to spread from the remote region, & 11 months after the gold discovery, a steamship Portland arrived in Seattle. The shipment brought more than a ton of gold, & fired up 100,000 gold seekers to Yukon. Only 30,000 made the trip. Many died from the cold and gave up. Only few found the sought after gold. -
Muckraker
Muckrakers were writers during the Progressive Era who's goal was to expose the corruption in big business and government. They influences the passage to legislation and worker/consumer rights. -
Recall
Recall is the process that allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of that officials term. The House brings specific charges and the Senate is the jury, and the people have an election to recall the official. -
Theodore Roosvelt
Theodore Roosvelt the 26ths republican president. He was also the youngest, and was the first to win a reelection after gaining office by death of the previous president in 1904. He was known as the "truster buster" from his great efforts to break up the Sherman Antitrust Act. He ended the Russo-Japanese war and started the building of the Panama Canal. In 1902, he passed the National Reclamation Act and set aside 200 million acres of forests for National Parks. -
Pure Food and Drug Act
The Pure Food and Drug Act protects the public against food that doesn't meet the safety and health standards, and from foods that are claimed to be healthy without scientific support. Foods that were not packaged correctly and the increase of drug addiction from medicine was made aware to the public. -
Upton SInclair
Upton Sinclair was an activist writer. He had many works, such as "The Jungle" and "Boston", which pointed out social injustices. He wrote for the socialist newspaper "Reasons to Appeal" which exposed the mistreatment of workers in the meatpacking industry. His exposure of the cruelty to the animals and the unclean conditions changed the way people shopped for food. The Pure Food and Drug Act & the Meat Inspection Act were both passed after president Roosvelt inspected the meat industry(1906). -
Initiative and Referendum
Initiative and Referendum is the process that allows citizens of multiple states to vote directly on certain parts of legislation . Initiative allows citizens to refer a constitutional ammendment or statute. A Referendum allows to refer a statute already passed by the legislation to the ballot to allow the citizens to vote on it. -
Dollar Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy was a foreign policy created by president William Howard Taft to ensure stability of the region while the U.S. expanded its commercial and financial interests there. -
17th Amendment
the 17th Ammendment states that The Senate of the US is made up of two senators per state, appointed by the people, to represent them for six years. -
Progressivism
Progressivism is the belief that government or people that address social problems, discrimination, inequalities, and other problems will benefit by focusing on solving it and allow itself to progress towards a more succesful future. -
16th Amendment
The 16th Amendment allowed the government to initiate a nationwide income tax, which became the governments largest source of revenue. Direct taxes are based off of a states population to the total population of the US, and the indirect tax says that taxes should not vary from state to state, and the same thing should be taxed. It was ratified in 1913. -
Federal Reserve Act
The Federal Reserve Act established the Federal Reserve System as the central bank of the US to provide economic stability. The FRS was granted permission to print money and make the coins for the US, maximizing employment and keeping inflation low by having one power in control of currency. This act was signed by President Woodrow Wilson. -
18th Amendment.
The 18th Amendment prohibited the manufacturing, sale and transportation of intoxicating liqueurs, but not the consumption, possession or self production of it. It was passed in 1919. This Amendment lasted for 13 years before it was repealed by the ratification of the 21st Amendment. -
19th Amendment
The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote. After 70 years, women finally were admitted to have the same rights as men. -
Nativism
Navitism is the favoritism towards American born citizens, which made it harder for immigrants to find jobs and opportunities, and caused them to be discriminated. -
Tea Pot Dome Scandal
The Teapot Dome Scandal was the secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of interior, Albert Bacon Fall. In 1921, Fall secretly granted Harry Sinclair of the Mammoth Oil Company rights to the teapot Dome in Wyoming oil reserves. The U.S. Senate discovered that fall had more than $200,000 in liberty bonds which revealed they came from Sinclair and others apart of the leasing. Falls was imprisoned and convicted of accepting bribe in the Elk Hills negotiations. -
Clarence Darrow
Clarence Darrow was an American "Labor Lawyer" and was a leader in the American Civil Liberties Union. He defended many criminals, and is best know for defending two teenage thrill killers in 1924, who kidnapped and murdered a 14 year old boy for the thrill of it. He got them jail time instead of death. He also defended a teacher in the Scopes Monkeys Trial who was teaching the evolutionary process in a school. He defended several labor unions and was against child labor.
