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Underground Railroad
The network of antislavery activists who helped fugitive slaves escape to the North and Canada. -
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Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement. -
Missouri Compromise
Maine admitted as a free state, Missiouri to be admitted as a slave state. Agreement that let Missouri be admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibit slavery north of latitude 36°30’ in any state except Missouri. -
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Migration of 1.2 million African Americans from Upper to Lower South
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Andrew Jackson Elected President
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Indian Removal Act
Act signed by Andrew Jackson that forced Indians to move west of the Mississippi river to Indian territory which is present day Oklahoma. -
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Black Convention Movement
prominent free African American men organized the National Negro Convention Movement. The convention movement among northern free blacks symbolized the growth of a black activist network by the mid-nineteenth century. Between its first meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1831 and its last in Syracuse, New York in 1864, the conventions charted important shifts in rhetoric and focus and the development of a black nationalist political consciousness. -
Amistad Case
1839 slave insurrection on a Spanish ship in international waters near Cuba. Rebels were freed by the US supreme court in widely publicized case -
Creole Insurrection
1841 slave insurrection on a ship called the Creole that carried 135 slaves from Hampton Roads, Virginia to New Orleans, Louisiana. -
Wilmont Proviso (1846)
A failed proviso introduced by Wilmot that would ban slavery in territory gained in the Mexican-American war. Sparked angry debate between north and south. -
Compromise of 1850
Slavery abolished in DC, California enters the union as a free state, people of New Mexico and Utah to determine if slavery there (popular sovereignty). Territory gained from Mexican-American War. The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). -
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Facilitated recapture and returning of slaves by strengthening federal authority over runaways. Passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. ... Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Law" for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
A novel, written by Harriet Beacher Stowe to increase awareness of slavery and to increase support for abolition. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Law that allowed popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska -
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
The trial in which court ruled that congress can’t regulate slavery in the territories, that slaves are considered property, they don’t have the right to sue in courts, that they aren’t considered free in free territory, and that those of African descent could NOT become citizens. The case went to the Supreme Court, where Chief Justice Roger B. Taney and the majority eventually ruled that Scott was a slave and not a citizen, and thus had no legal rights to sue -
John Brown's Raid
Unsuccessful effort by white abolitionist to incite a slave insurrection and to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia -
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Black Reconstruction
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Civil War
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Abraham Lincoln Elected President
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Port Royal Experiment
An attempt by government officials and civilian volunteers to assist South Carolina sea island slaves who had been abandoned by their owners in their transition to freedom. Could have been a model for the transition from slavery to freedom. -
First National Negro Convention
abolition, ministers, free blacks -
Confederate States Secede from the Union
With the election of President Lincoln. Southern states seceded and formed the confederacy. South Carolina (1860 convention to succeed) Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas -
First Confiscation Act
A congressional act authorizing the confiscation of confederate property including slaves imployed in the rebellion whoare then considered free -
Second Confiscation Act
A congressional act declaring freedom for all slaves that are employed in the rebellion and for refugee slaves that are able to make it to the union controled territory -
Emancipation Proclamation
Frees all slaves in the states of rebellion
employs Lincoln’s strategy of compensation and colonization
DID NOT permanently free any slaves under confederate control but rather reframed the war to associate emancipation of all slaves with a union victory.
The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. -
Andrew Johnson Becomes President
Succeed Lincoln after his assassination. He was a Democrat and Lincoln's Vice President -
13th Amendment
abolished slavery EVERYWHERE in the Union and sent to states for ratification official freed the slaves of border states like Kentucky and Delaware. question of freed blacks’ status in the post–war South remained. As white southerners gradually reestablished civil authority in the former Confederate states in 1865 and 1866, they enacted a series of laws known as the black codes, which were designed to restrict freed blacks’ activity and ensure their availability as a labor force. -
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Passed over Johnson’s veto, defined US citizenship for the first time and affirmed all citizens were equally protected by the law, overturned black codes -
Reconstruction Act of 1867
basically placed the South under martial law. Laid out the process for readmitting Southern states into the Union. Dissolved former state governments in the confederacy, divided confederacy into districts subject to martial law, to enter the union a state must call together a constitutional convention which recognizes universal male suffrage, write a new constitution and ratify the 14th amendment -
14th Amendment
Broadened the definition of citizenship, granting —equal protection” of the Constitution to former slaves. Reversed the Dred Scott decision that Black people could not be citizens. Congress required S states to ratify the 14th Amendment and enact universal male suffrage before they could rejoin the Union, and the state constitutions during those years were the most progressive in the region’s history. -
15th Amendment
The 15th Amendment, adopted in 1870, guaranteed that a citizen’s right to vote would not be denied —on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” -
Civil Rights Act of 1875
sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service. Was overturned by the Civil Rights case in the 1880s -
Civil Rights Cases
The Court decided that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was unconstitutional. Was a lose -
Atlanta Compromise Speech
delivered by Booker T. Washington in 1895 that emphasized black self help, black solidarity, and economic uplift within the confines of segregation -
Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
The U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws mandating racial segregation in public facilities.was a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal". -
Wilmington Insurrection (1898)
A race riot in Wilmington, NC it restored white political power in the city and it also meant the end of biracial politics in the city and the state. A white insurrection that was started due to the Daily Record released an editorial that claimed interracial relationships between white women and black men were consensual. -
NAACP Founded
Among the NAACP’s stated goals were the abolition of all forced segregation, the enforcement of the 14th and 15th Amendments, equal education for blacks and whites and complete enfranchisement of all black men (though proponents of female suffrage were part of the original NAACP, the issue was not mentioned) First established in Chicago, the NAACP had expanded to more than 400 locations by 1921. Helping fuel the spread of the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s. -
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World War I
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Great Migration
The migration of 1.5 million African Americans from the South to the metropolises of the North in the years 1915 to 1940. -
Silent March
a silent march in NYC 5th Ave to protest the race riots of July 2nd in Illinois; the first large African American protest of it's kind. NAACP orchestrated it, -
Silent March
a silent march in NYC 5th Ave to protest the race riots of July 2nd in Illinois; the first large African American protest of it's kind. NAACP orchestrated it, -
Red Summer
The period encompassing a series of more than two dozen race riots, many in northern cities, that occurred in the aftermath of World War I -
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Harlem Renaissance
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Franklin D. Roosevelt Elected President
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Scottsboro Boys Case
case of trials of black youths in Scottsboro Alabama, who were falsely accused of rape and successfully defended by lawyers paid for by the Communist Party case went to the United States Supreme Court, and the lives of the nine were saved, though it was almost twenty years before the last defendant was freed from prison.one of the proudest moments of American radicalism, in which a mass movement of blacks and whites successfully beat the Jim Crow legal system. -
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World War 2
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Four Freedoms Speech
A speech was given by Roosevelt in 1941 that outlined the principles of America. The four essential human rights that Roosevelt proclaimed people everywhere ought to have.
Freedom of religion
Freedom of speech
Freedom from want
Freedom from fear -
Atlantic Charter (1941)
signed by FDR and Churchill; a pledge to "respect the rights of peoples to form their own government" and their "sovereign rights"
declared that ALL people had the right to
To economic advancement
To social security
To chose their own form of government -
Executive Order 8802
1941 FDR bans racial discrimination in defense industries and creates the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) -
March on Washington Movement
A. Philip Randolph's call for 50,000 to 100,000 black Americans to gather in Washington, D.C., on July 1, 1941, to demand equal opportunity for blacks in defense industries and the armed services. -
Zoot Suit Riots
WWII riots in LA pitting white sailors and civilians against AA and Hispanic men. So called because of the blacks’ and Latinos’ broad felt hats, pegged trousers, and gold chains, where were popularly referred to as zoot suits. caused by tension created from increased job competition -
Morgan v. Virginia
The U.S. Supreme Court ruling that declared the practice of making blacks sit in the back of the bus behind whites in interstate bus travel illegal. -
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
A landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) by declaring that segregated public schools were inherently unequal. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
A thirteen-month boycott begun on December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white person on an Alabama bus; the boycott brought significant economic loss to the bus company. -
Little Rock Nine
Nine black student integrate an Arkansas high school -
Greensboro Four (1960)
four young black men sit at a segregated lunch counter as a form of peaceful protest which then sparks similar sit-ins around the countries -
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Black Arts Movement
artists in the 1960/1970s use their art to project the beauty and power of black culture -
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Rise of Black Power
the traditional civil rights movement and its emphasis on nonviolence did not go far enough, and the federal legislation it had achieved failed to address the economic and social disadvantages facing blacks in America. Black Power was a form of self–definition and self–defense for AA; it called on them to stop looking to the institutions of white America and act for themselves, by themselves, to seize the gains they desired, including better jobs, housing, and education. -
John F. Kennedy Elected President
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Black Power Movement
The Black Power movement was a collective, action oriented expression of racial pride, strength, and self-definition that percolated through all strata of Afro-America during the late 1960s and the first half of the 1970s. Malcom X was a key figure -
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963)
A gathering of more than 250,000 Americans to protest discrimination in all facets of American life, during which Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. the largest demonstration in the history of the US capital and the most significant display of the civil rights movement’s growing strength. calling for voting rights, equal employment opportunities for blacks and an end to racial segregation. -
JFK Assassinated
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Lyndon Johnson Appointed President
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Economic Opportunity Act
created job opportunities for the poor, pre-school education for underprivileged children, summer jobs for inner city teens, and a volunteer program for those who were more affluent to help -
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Mississippi Freedom Summer Project:
In the summer of 1964, civil rights organizations including the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) urged white students from the North to travel to Mississippi, where they helped register black voters and build schools for black children. The organizations believed the participation of white students in the so–called “Freedom Summer” would bring increased visibility to their efforts. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
After JFK's assassination, it was left to Lyndon Johnson (not previously known for his support of civil rights) to push the Civil Rights Act–the most far-reaching act of legislation supporting racial equality in American history. It mandated the desegregation of most public accommodations, including lunch counters, bus depots, parks and swimming pools, and established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to ensure equal treatment of minorities in the workplace. -
Bloody Sunday
On March 7, 600 marchers got as far as the Edmund Pettis Bridge outside Selma when they were attacked by state troopers wielding whips, nightsticks and tear gas. The brutal scene was captured on television, enraging many Americans and drawing civil rights and religious leaders of all faiths to Selma in protest. -
Moynihan Report
claimed that the black family was dysfunctional and did not prepare black people to be useful citizens. The controversial 1965 report that labeled the black family dysfunctional and set off a storm of protest within black America. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act sought to overcome the legal barriers that still existed at the state and local level preventing blacks from exercising the right to vote.banned literacy tests, mandated federal oversight of voter registration, and challenge the use of poll taxes for state and local elections. Voting Rights Act greatly reduced the disparity between black and white voters. In Mississippi alone, the percentage of black voters registered to vote increased from 5% in 1960 to nearly 60% in 1968. -
Martin Luther King, Jr. Assasinated
The world was stunned and saddened by the news that the civil rights activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Martin Luther King Jr. had been shot and killed on the balcony of a motel in Memphis, Tennessee, where he had gone to support a sanitation workers’ strike. King’s assassination, along with the killing of Malcolm X three years earlier, radicalized many moderate African American activists, fueling the growth of the Black Power movement and the Black Panther Party. -
Fair Housing Act (1968)
A law prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in the sale or rental of housing, and making the practices of blockbusting, steering, and redlining, illegal. Subsequent amendments prohibited discrimination based on sex, familial status, and disability. President Johnson signed it into law. Over the next years, however, there was little decrease in housing segregation, and violence arose from black efforts to seek housing in white neighborhoods. -
Griggs v. Duke (1971)
employers are not allowed to use tests and other requirements unless they can prove it is directly necessary for the job. -
Congressional Black Congress
An organization of black representatives that became an official presence in Congress in 1971. It supported black candidates, lobbied for social reforms, and attempted to fashion a national strategy to increase black political power. -
War on Drugs Started by Nixon
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Rockefeller Drug Laws
Beginning of mandatory minimums. New York State laws imposing a mandatory prison sentence of 15 years to life for drug possession of 4 oz of a narcotic. -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
The U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that the University's Medical School at David HAD discriminated against Allen Bakke, a white male when it took race into account in determining admissions. The Court ruled unconstitutional a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process but held that affirmative action programs could be constitutional in some circumstances. -
Ronald Reagan Elected President
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George H. W Bush Elected President
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LA Riots
In March 1991, officers with the California Highway Patrol attempted to pull an African–American man named Rodney King over for speeding on a Los Angeles freeway. The King case was eventually tried April 1992 a jury found the officers not guilty. Rage over the verdict sparked the 4 days of the L.A. riots. By the time the riots subsided, some 55 people were dead, more than 2,300 injured, and more than 1,000 buildings had been burned. -
Million Man March
A gathering of mostly AA men on the National Mall in DC. The men gathered to affirm their commitment to black women, children, and communities and to dedicate their lives to improving themselves and their communities. a march to address the criminalization of black men and the need for black men to improve their role in their communities -
Million Woman March
A gathering of mostly AA women on the Benjamin Franklin Pkwy in Philadelphia. The women came together to affirm their commitment to one another and the black family and community. a march for the "Repentance, Restoration, Resurrection" of black women -
Barack Obama Elected President
