-
Alexander Kapp formulates the term andragogy.
-
Jean Piaget developed the theory of Cognitive Development, which breaks down a child's intellectual development into four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
-
Skinner argued that through Operant Conditioning, children learn desired behaviors by experiencing consequences from undesired behaviors. By using rewards and punishments, children can be conditioned to perform the desired behavior.
-
Benjamin Bloom created Bloom's Taxonomy to capture the order of cognitive skills, which has helped teachers promote higher-level thinking skills in their classrooms.
-
Erikson's Theory of Psychological Development argues that there are eight predetermined steps of psychological development. These steps are: trust/mistrust, autonomy/shame, initiative/guilt, industry/inferiority, identity/role confusion, intimacy/isolation, generativity/stagnation, and ego integrity/despair. The steps begin at infancy and the last step encompasses ages 65 and older.
-
Malcolm Knowles proposes andragogy, also known as the adult learning theory, to describe the unique learning style of adults.
-
Vygotsky's theories stress the importance of social interactions in a child's development. He believed that social learning came before any type of development.
-
Malcolm Knowles wrote that there are four characteristics of adult learners that are different from child learners: self-concept, experience, readiness to learn, and orientation to learning.
-
Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences argued that IQ tests ignored other areas of a child's intelligence. He then formulated eight abilities: musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.
-
Robert Marzano proposed this to align with new standard-based instruction. It consists of three systems (self-system, metacognition, cognitive) and the knowledge domain. This includes factors that affect how students think, and it helps teachers find ways to improve.
-
This new theory, proposed by George Siemens, explains how the Internet has aided in learning across the world. The theory argues that learning can happen in a purely online setting, with the learner having the ability to search out information independently.
