Absolutism and World Exploration

By eguzan14
  • Period: Jan 1, 1500 to

    Absolutism and World Exploration

  • Jan 1, 1516

    Greek New Testament Published

    Published by Erasmus - the printing press helped to spread his books across Europe. The Greek New Testament also had a translation in Latin.
  • Jan 1, 1516

    Utopia

    Written by Thomas More. It describes an ideal imaginary land that stands in start contrast to his own society. It means "no place" and "best place" in Greek. Written to critique his own society.
  • Jan 1, 1517

    Protestant Reformation

    Religious reformers, led by Martin Luther, shattered the unity of Western Christendom that was supplied by the Roman Catholic Church since the 4th Century. The invention of the printing press with movable type proved crucial to the rapid spread of the Protestant message.The popular piety that swept Europe in the closing decades of the 1400's along with Christian Humanism also helped to pave the way for the reformers by focusing attention on the corrupt practices and clerical abuses(indulgences)
  • Jan 1, 1517

    95 Theses

    Composed by Martin Luther. The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences. The indulgences cleared all sins for the current life and the afterlife (they move beyond the physical world). Luther sends it to the bishop and arguments for reform were within
  • Jan 1, 1520

    Luther publishes three treatises

    1. Freedom of a Christian - Addressed to Pope Leo X: Luther agrued that faith, not good works, saved sinners from damnation. He set apart the true Gospel teachings and invented church doctrines
    2. To the Nobility of the German Nation - Luther denounced the Italians in Rome who were exploiting his compatriots and called on the German princes to defend their nations and reform the Church
    3. On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church - Luther condemned the papacy as the embodiment of the Antichrist
  • Feb 1, 1520

    Huldrych Zwingli

    Huldrych Zwingli breaks with Rome. He declared himself a reformer as separate reform movements sprang up in Swiss cities. This break occurred just three years after Luther's initial break with Rome. Zwingli attacked corruption in the Catholic Church hierarchy and also questioned fasting and clerical celibacy.
  • Period: Jan 1, 1524 to Dec 31, 1525

    German Peasants' War

    A widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe. Inspired by changes brought by the Reformation, peasants in western and southern Germany invoked divine law to demand rights and freedom from oppression by nobles and landlords. As the uprising spread, some peasant groups organized armies. (pg. 435)
  • Jan 1, 1527

    Charles V's imperial troops sack Rome

    It marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between Charles V and the League of Cognac (1526–1529) = the alliance of France, Milan, Venice, Florence and the Papacy. Churches and monasteries, as well as the palaces of prelates and cardinals, were looted and destroyed. The army of the Holy Roman Emperor defeated the French army in Italy, but funds were not available to pay the soldiers.
  • Jan 1, 1529

    Colloquy of Marburg

    The meeting between Ulrich Zwingli and Martin Luther. The desired outcome for the meeting was unity within the Protestant world so that it presented a united front to the Catholic Church. Philip of Hesse wanted to unify all the leading Protestants because he believed that as a divided entity they were vulnerable to Charles V. As a unified force, they would appear to be more powerful. Philip’s theory was sound but it failed to take into account one major issue – beliefs.
  • Jan 1, 1534

    Henry VIII breaks with Rome

    Having broken the back of the Church in England and Wales, Henry VIII turned on the Pope and Papal power. Breaking away from Rome meant that the King would be as superior as the Pope and all taxes formerly paid to Rome would now be paid to the King.
  • Oct 17, 1534

    Affair of the Placards in France

    Anti-Catholic posters appeared in public places in Paris and in four major provincial cities: Blois, Rouen, Tours and Orléans. This event brought an end to the conciliatory policies of Francis, who had formerly attempted to protect the Protestants from the more extreme measures of the Parlement de Paris
  • Jan 1, 1536

    Institutes of the Christian Religion was written

    Written by John Calvin. The model set in this gave Geneva the chance to become a Christian republic. No reformer prior to Calvin had expounded on the doctrines, history, organization and practices of Christianity in such a systematic, logical and coherent manner.
  • Jan 1, 1540

    Society of Jesus (Jesuits) established

    Established by a Spanish nobleman, Ignatius of Loyola(1491-1556). It was inspired by tales of chivalric romances and the national glory of the "reconquista". Ignatius wanted to prove himself a soldier. But after he was seriously injured in a fight against the French, he read lives of the saints in his convalenscence. Once he recovered, he abandoned his quest for military glory in favor of serving the church.
  • Period: Jan 1, 1545 to Jan 1, 1563

    Catholic Council of Trent

    It effectively set the course of Catholicism until the 1960's. Catholic leaders sought a renewal of religious devotion and spirituality as well as a clarification of church doctrine. New religious orders set out to win converts overseas or to reconvert Catholics who had turned to Protestantism. CONDEMNS PROTESTANT BELIEFS AND CONFIRMS CHURCH DOCTRINE AND SACRAMENTS.
  • Apr 24, 1547

    Charles V defeats Protestants at Mühlberg

    This victory marked a high-point for the Habsburg emperor in his life-long attempt to maintain his authority in Germany as a loyal Catholic ruler in the face of the divisions and challenges that the Reformation posed to his authority. Charles took the initiative in July 1546 by outlawing two of the leading members of the Schmalkaldic League of German Protestant princes, Philip of Hesse and the Elector of Saxony, John Frederick, and placing them under the Ban of the Empire.
  • Sep 25, 1555

    Peace of Augsburg Established

    Lasted into the early 1600's. It was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, at the imperial city of Augsburg. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire. ENDS RELIGIOUS WARS AND RECOGNIZES LUTHERAN CHURCH IN GERMAN STATES.
  • Jan 1, 1556

    Calvinist revolt against Spain

    The successful revolt of the northern, largely Protestant Seven Provinces of the Low Countries against the rule of the Roman Catholic King Philip II of Spain. The religious 'clash of cultures' built up gradually but inexorably into outbursts of violence against the perceived repression of the Habsburg Crown. These tensions led to the formation of the independent Dutch Republic.
  • Apr 3, 1559

    Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis

    An agreement marking the end of the 65-year (1494–1559) struggle between France and Spain for the control of Italy. These defeats led to peace for both powers involved. ENDED WARS BETWEEN HABSBURG AND VALOIS RULERS.
  • Period: Jan 1, 1562 to

    French Wars of Religion

    Calvinism spread in France after 1555, when the Genevan Company of Pastors sent missionaries supplied with false passports and often disguised as merchants. There was a religious division in the Nobility(the French kings could not keep a lid on religious conflict which brought up an armed struggle).
  • Jan 1, 1569

    Poland-Lithuania Formed

    A dualistic state of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch. It was one of the largest[3][4] and one of the most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. It was established at the Union of Lublin in July 1569, but the actual personal union between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania began when Lithuania's Grand Duke Jogaila became the king of Poland (1386).
  • Oct 7, 1571

    Battle of Lepanto

    A fleet of the Holy League decisively defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire in five hours of fighting on the northern edge of the Gulf of Corinth, off western Greece. The Ottoman forces sailing westwards from their naval station in Lepanto met the Holy League forces, which had come from Messina.
  • Jan 1, 1572

    St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

    A targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots, during the French Wars of Religion. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre took place four days after the wedding of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France).

  • England defeats Spanish Armada

    King Phillip II of Spain attempt to invade England was not successful. Queen Elizabeth I of England held the defeat of the armada as one of her greatest achievements, assisting the decline of the Spanish Empire. The armada had a mission of both political and religious aims. King Phillip was not able to stop a revolt in of his Protestant subjects in the Netherlands, a revolt which began in 1566, aided by Protestant England.

  • Edict of Nantes

    The Edict separated civil from religious unity and opened a path for secularism and tolerance. In offering general freedom of conscience to individuals, the Edict offered many specific concessions to the Protestants, such as the right to work in any field or for the State and to bring grievances directly to the king. It marked the end of the religious that had afflicted France during the second half of the 16th century.

  • Shakespeare's "Hamlet"

    Hamlet shows the uncertainty and even chaos that result when power is misappropriated or misused.

  • The Defenestration of Prague

    A copper-plate engraving of Czech Protestants attacking the Catholic deputies sent to disband their meeting by Swiss artist Matthäus Merian (1593-1650)
  • Period: to

    Thirty Years' War

    This was a series of wars principally fought in Central Europe, involving most of the countries of Europe.[10] It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest continuous wars in modern history.

  • The Laws of War and Peace: Grotius

    Hugo Grotius wrote this book in Latin and published it in Paris. Its content owed much to Spanish theologians of the previous century, particularly Francisco de Vitoria and Francisco Suarez, working in the Catholic tradition of natural law.

  • Galileo forced to recant

    The chuch officials accused him of heresy for insisting that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. Catholic officials forced him to recant or duffer the death penalty(his support of heliocentrism).
  • Period: to

    French declare war on Spain

    A military conflict that resulted from the French involvement in the Thirty Years' War. After the German allies of Sweden were forced to seek terms with the Holy Roman Empire, the first French minister, Cardinal Richelieu, declared war on Spain. The Franco-Spanish War ended in 1659 with the Treaty of the Pyrenees.
  • Period: to

    English Civil War

    A series of armed conflicts and political problems between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers). The first and second civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament. The English Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, and the exile of his son, Charles II.

  • Fronde Revolt in France

    A coalition of his opponents oresented him with a charter of demands that, if granted, would have given the parlements a form of contritutional power with the right to approve new taxes. He soon faced a series of revolts that at one time or another involved nearly every social group in France. With the tax increases, conflicts began to erupt throughout the kingdom as the nobles, parlements and city councils all raised their own armies to fight either the crown or eachother.

  • Dutch Republic recognized as independent

    When they gained formal independence from Spain, it already had established a decentralized, constitutional state. Rich merchants effectively controlled the internal affairs of each province. The decentralized state encouraged and protected trade, and the Dutch Republic soon became Europe's financial capital. They rapidly became the most prosperous and best-educated people in Europe. Middle-class people supported the visual arts, especially painting.
  • Period: to

    Peace of Westphalia

    A series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic

  • Ukrainian Cossacks rebel

    The Ukrainian Cossack Warriors revolted against the king of Poland-Lithuania, inaugurating two decades of tumult known as the Deluge. Cossacks were runaway serfs and pppr nobles who formed outlaw bands in the no-man'sland of southern Russia and Ukraine.

  • The Code of 1649

    Formally known as the 'sobornoye ulozhenie" was one of the great legal monuments of all time. This was a collaboratively created code of law that utilized real world legal cases as precedent for the basis of law.

  • Charles I Beheaded

    Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared. In 1660, the English Interregnum ended when the monarchy was restored to Charles's son, Charles II.

  • Leviathan was written

    Written by Thomas Hobbes. In it, he argued for unlimited authority in a ruler. Hobbes insisted , in order to overcome the defects of human nature, that absolute authority could be vested in either a king or a parliament.

  • Monarchy Restored in England

    It began when the English, Scottish Welsh and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Interregnum that followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The term Restoration is used to describe both the actual event by which the monarchy was restored, and the period of several years afterwards in which a new political settlement was established.

  • Barbados institutes slave code

    After the Spanish and Portuguese had shown that African slaves could be transported and force to labor in South and Central America, the English and French endeavored to set up similar labor systems in their new Caribbean island colonies.
  • Period: to

    War of Devolution

    Enemies: Spain, Dutch Republic, England and Sweden Ended by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668, with France gaining towns in Spanish Netherlands(Flanders)
  • Period: to

    Dutch War

    Enemies: Dutch Republic, Spain, Holy Roman Empire Ended by the Treaty of Nijmegen, which gave several towns in Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté to France.

  • The Princess of Clèves

    Written by Madame de Lafayette. She described the court as "The court gravitated around ambition. Nobody was tranquil or indifferent -- everybody was busily trying to better his or her position by pleasing, by helping, or by hindering somebody else."

  • Austrian Habsburgs break Turkish siege of Vienna

    The battle broke the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe, and marked the political hegemony of the Habsburg dynasty in central Europe.

  • Austrian Habsburgs break Turkish siege of Vienna

    The battle broke the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe, and marked the political hegemony of the Habsburg dynasty in central Europe.

  • Austrian Habsburgs break Turkish siege of Vienna

    The battle broke the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe, and marked the political hegemony of the Habsburg dynasty in central Europe.

  • Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes

    The revication of the Edict of Nantes drove an exodus of Protestants, and increased the hostility of Protestant nations bordering France
  • Period: to

    War of the League of Augsburg

    Enemies: Holy Roman Empire, Sweden, Spain, and England Ended by Peace of Rijswijk with Louis returning all his conquests made since 1678 except Strasbourg

  • William and Mary Crowned

    Their joint reign began in February 1689 after they were offered the throne by the Parliament of England following William's successful invasion of England in 1688, the so-called Glorious Revolution. They replaced James II & VII, Mary's father and William's uncle/father-in-law, who was "deemed to have fled" the country.