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School Museums
The first school museum was opened in St. Louis. These museums "served as the central administrative units for visual instruction by distribution of portable museum exhibits, stereographs, slides, films, study prints, charts, and other instructional materials" (Reiser, 2018, p. 8). Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image: http://historyedutech.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_24.html -
The Visual Instruction Movement and Instructional Films
During this period, the use of media in school was referred to as the "visual education movement". Reiser (2018) states that national organizations, journals and teacher-training institutes began during this time period. (p.9) Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/290411875950377531/ -
The Audiovisual Instruction Movement and Instructional Radio
"Three national professional organizations for visual instruction merged and consolidated within one organization, the Department of Visual Instruction (DVI)" (Reiser, 2018, p. 9). During this period, radio was a medium many thought would change education (Reiser, p. 9). Reiser, R.A. & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image: http://aect.site-ym.com/page/aect_in_the_20th_cen -
Schema Theory and Cognitive Load
"Knowledge is represented in long-term memory as packets of information called schemas. These schemas organize information in categories that are related in systematic and predictable ways" (p. 54) Image: https://prezi.com/ccxygf-nzayj/copy-of-schema-theory/ -
Behavioral Learning Theory
"B. F. Skinner believed that learning can be understood, explained, and predicted entirely on the basis of observable events, namely, the behavior of the learner along with its environmental antecedents and consequences" (Reiser, 2018, p. 53) Image: https://sites.google.com/site/2012ide621disun/behaviorism/1-3-critical-components-of-behaviorism -
World War II
"During the war, training films also played an important role in preparing U.S. civilians to work in industry. The federal government established the Division of Visual Aids for War Training" (Reiser, 2018, p 10). Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image:https://blogs.libraries.indiana.edu/filmarch/2015/04/28/additions-to-wwii-propaganda-films-and-iu-exhibit/ -
Origin of Instructional Design
Psychologists and educators conducted research and developed materials for the military. They assessed the skills of trainees and developed a selection process for entry into training programs. They continued this work through the development of organizations to work on solving instructional problems. (Reiser, p. 13) Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image: -
Theories of Communication
"Focus on communication process, a process involving a sender and a receiver of a message, and a channel, or medium, through which that message is sent not just focused on the medium" (Reiser, 2018, p. 10). Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image: https://tw-heba.wikispaces.com/communication+model -
Instructional Television
"The Federal Communications Commission set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes" (Reiser, 2018, p 10). Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image: https://www.fcc.gov/general/logos-fcc -
The Programmed Instruction Movement
"B.F. Skinner stated the programmed instructional materials, should present instruction in small steps, require active responses to frequent questions, provide immediate feedback, and allow for learner self-pacing" (Reiser, 2018, p. 13). Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image:http://slideplayer.com/slide/4303910/ -
Sputnik
"The launch of Sputnik prompts the United States to invest millions of dollars to improve math and science education, greatly impacting the instructional design process" (Reiser, 2018, p 14). Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image: http://www.coalwoodwestvirginia.com/sputnik.htm -
The Criterion-Referenced Testing Movement
"The Criterion-Referenced test is intended to measure how well an individual can perform a particular behavior or set of behaviors, irrespective of how well others perform" (Reiser, 2018, p. 14). Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image: http://sonnydulfo.weebly.com/chapter-7.html -
Instructional Technology Viewed as a Process: 1963 Definition
"The 1963 definition produced by a commission established by the Department of Audiovisual Instruction focused on the design and use of messages which control the learning process. The definition statement identified a series of steps that individuals should undertake in designing and using messages. This definition also placed an emphasis on learning rather than instruction" (p. 2). Image: http://edu.glogster.com/glog/evolution-of-the-definition-of-educational-technology/19tlfw5vhxg -
Domains of Learning, Events of Instruction, and Hierarchical Analysis
"The publications of Robert Gagne's The Conditions of Learning described the five domains of learning outcomes, nine events of instruction, and instructional events. Gagne's process remains a key feature in many instructional design models" (Reiser, 2018, p. 14). Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image:http://isdgo.com/portfolio/gagne -
Cognitive Information Processing Theory
"Information processing theory regards the environment as playing an important role in learning" (p. 54). Three memory systems in the learner (sensory, short-term, and long-term memory) are assumed to receive information from the environment and transform it for storage and use in memory and performance. Image: https://learningsnippets.wordpress.com/tag/information-processing/ -
Constructivism
"The learner receives information from the environment, transforms it in various ways, and acquires knowledge that is subsequently stored in memory" (Reiser, p. 57) Image: https://www.slideshare.net/mlegan31/the-constructivism-approach-to-learning-reforming-the -
Instructional Technology Viewed as a Process: The 1970 definition
"The media born of the communications revolution which can be used for instructional purposes alongside the teacher, textbook, and blackboard and the pieces that make up instructional technology. A systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives, and employing a combination of human and nonhuman resources to bring about more effective instruction" (p. 2) -
The ADDIE Process
The instructional design model ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate) is a systematic product development concept. Image: http://www.reedintegration.com/ot/custom/reed-integration-training-course-customization.html -
Instructional Technology Viewed As a Process: The 1977 Definition
Educational technology is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and organization for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning (AECT, 1977, p. 1). Image: https://www.slideshare.net/kristhelcchi/educational-technology-1-introduction -
Linear vs. Curvilinear Depictions of the Instructional Design Process
The Dick and Carey Systems Approach Model (Created by Dick, Carey, and Carey) addresses instruction as an entire system, focusing on the interrelationship between context, content, learning and instruction. Image: http://edtc6321teamone.pbworks.com/w/page/58805891/Dick%20and%20Carey%20Model -
Growth and Redirection
Cognitive psychology principles were applied to the instructional design process. "Computers were increasingly being used for instructional purposes in more than 40% of all elementary schools and in more than 75% of secondary schools in the United States" (Reiser, 2018, p. 15). Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image:https://www.slideshare.net/nicoleconner/cognitive-psychology-nicole-conner -
Using Computers for Instructional Purposes
"Computers were being used for instructional purposes in more than 40 percent of all elementary schools and more than 75 percent of all secondary schools in the United States" (Reiser, 2018, p. 11). Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image:http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-hildren-using-computers-these-little-scholars-from-westfield-school-20261019.html -
Gagne's Theory of Instruction
"Gagne was primarily concerned with instruction and how what is known about learning can be systematically related to the design of instruction. He proposed an integrated and comprehensive theory of instruction that is based on two foundations: cognitive information processing theory and his own observations of effective teachers" (p. 56). Image: https://www.slideshare.net/niena17/gagnes-cognitive-theory -
Situated Learning Theory
Students are more inclined to learn by actively participating in the learning experience. Situated learning essentially is a matter of creating meaning from the real activities of daily living where learning occurs relative to the teaching environment. Image: https://www.google.com/search?q=situated+learning+theory&safe=strict&noj=1&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLwp_5-M3UAhUKxoMKHVHKDtgQ_AUICygC&biw=1024&bih=589#imgrc=bXfxAEG0HfzBPM: -
Recognizing the Importance of Performance
"An interest in using electronic performance support tools and systems to support on-the-job performance as well as discussions about the use of computer-based knowledge management systems to support learning and performance" (Reiser, 2018, p. 16) Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image:https://www.army.mil/article/11936/History_of_Military_gaming -
SAM
Successive Approximation Model is the repeated attempts to achieve closer proximity to perfection. Image: http://www.alleninteractions.com/sam-process -
The 1994 Definition: Beyond Viewing Instructional Technology As a Process
"Instructional technology is the theory and practice of the design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning" (p. 3). Image: https://www.slideshare.net/dbwhittier/the-incredibly-boring-yet-important-v2 -
Instructional Design in the Twenty-First Century
"Increase in the use of online learning in higher education, business, and K-12 schools as well as an increasing reliance on informal learning and performance in the workplace" (Reiser, 2018, p 16). Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image:https://www.flickr.com/photos/26878261@N07/7981461774 -
Recent Developments
"One of the largest areas of growth has involved the use of online instruction in business, higher education and K-12 education" (Reiser, 2018, p. 11). Reiser, R. A, & Dempsey, J. V. (2018). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. Image:http://www.doradolearning.com/blog/2014/09/17/top-5-advantages-using-e-learning-for-k12-schools/ -
Connectivism
Learners recognize and interpret patterns and are influenced by the diversity of networks, strength of ties and their context. Transfer occurs by connecting to and adding nodes and growing personal networks. Image: http://education-2020.wikispaces.com/Connectivism -
The Latest AECT Definition
"Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources" (p. 4). Image: https://alakapradhan.wordpress.com/2015/08/09/ed-tech-definition-graphic/ -
Instructional Design and Technology
"The field of instructional technology encompasses the analysis of learning and performance problems, and the design, development, implementation, evaluation and management of instructional processes and resources intended to improve learning and performance in a variety of settings, particularly educational institutions and the workplace" (p. 5). Image: http://edu.glogster.com/glog/evolution-of-the-definition-of-educational-technology/19tlfw5vhxg
