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Pre-Confederation
As the Europeans began settling in the New France, the First Nations people were one line of aid with providing meals and administering remedies.
The settlers and government valued self-reliance, suggesting that one should look after their own family with little government involvement.
The hospitals were seen as for the poor, while the rich hired doctors for home visits. -
Period: to
Pre-Confederation
First nations musicAs the Europeans began settling in the New France, the First Nations people were one line of aid with providing meals and administering remedies.
The settlers and government valued self-reliance, suggesting that one should look after their own family with little government involvement.
The hospitals were seen as for the poor, while the rich hired doctors for home visits. -
Period: to
Confederation
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British North America Act
Provinces were responsible for establishment, maintenance and management of hospitals, asylums, charities and institutions other than the Marine Hospitals
The Provinces had insufficient taxes to support extensive services. -
Introduction of anasethesia/antseptics
The introduction of aneasthesia and aseptic techniques changed the view of hospitals as a good place to be. -
Children's Aid founded
Organization began to provide food and shelter to disadvantaged children withot giving thought for the family unit. -
Period: to
Introduction of Volunteer Organizations
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Red Cross introduced
Trained women to take care of families in need; then for other public health.
- outpost hospitals
- nursing stations -
Victorian Order of Nurses
Identified health care needs of the population (mainly women and children) in remote areas of the country -
Sarnia, Saskatchewan
The small town offered $1500 to a local doctor to practice medicine for their town versus go to war. -
J.W. McInotosh
J.W. McIntosh delivered a paper about the inter-relationship of physician, citizen and public health
- he described Canadian disabilities as hereditary, self-imposed or environmental -
Rural Municipality Act
Saskatchewan allowed municipalities to collect taxes to raise funds for retaining physicians & administering/maintaining hospitals. -
CNIB
CNIB provided support and health care assistance for people with visual impairment and vision loss
-mostly the Veterans of WWI -
Spanish Flu
1918-1920
killed 20-40 million people worldwide (H1N1 virus) -
Period: to
Depression and World War II
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The Great Depression
1929-1939
-families could no longer be self-sufficient
-they looked to the government for providing reasonable standards of living & acceptable access to basic services including Health Care -
Newfoundland Cottage Hospitals
-involved 1500 communities
- the provincial government devleoped Cottage Hospital & Medical Care Plan where small network of hospitals and paid doctors/nurses travelled to port communities
-families would pay $10 to use the cottage hospital, immunizations, pre-natal/infant care and client home follow-up -
Period: to
Tommy Douglas = Premier of Saskatchewan
1962 Doctor's Strike
Tommy Douglas wanted a combined comprehenxive hospital & medical insurance plan that everyone coulc afford
-he thought private insurance discrimiated against lower incomes, disabilities and serious health issues -
Post World War II
Psot WWII
- the Middle Class felt it the worst
- the rich could afford Health Care while the Poor relied on Charities
-shift from home-to-hospital based care - created more need for organized health care -
Hospital Insurance Act - Saskatchewan
Initiated by Tommy Douglas
-guaranteed SK residents hospital care in exchange for a modest insurance premium payment -
National Health Grant Program
the federal govenrment offered $30 million to improve/modernize hospitals
-train health care professionals
-research for public health (TB, cancer) -
Hospital Insurance & Diagnostic Services Act
-any province that implemented a comprehensive health insurance plan would be compensated 50cent/$1
- provided residents with full care in acute-care hospital for as long as the physician felt necessary
-outpatient clincs
- allied health & diagnostic procedures (as long as in hospital undeer a physicians direction)
-This saw a large increase in hospital admissions -
Period: to
The beginning of a National Medicare Program
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Medical Care Insurance Act
established by Douglas' Successor - Woodrow Lloyd
Five Principles
1. Prepayment
2. Universal Coverage
3. High Quality of Service
4. Administered in a Public Body (responsible to the legislature)
5. Accpetable form to those providing & receiving it -
Doctor's Strike
Doctors Strike 1962 Part 2
-began the day the Medical Care Insurance Act was implemented
-lasted 23 days
-givernment revised the Act to allow Doctors the option of practising outside of the plan
-by 1965 most doctors worked within the plan -
The Hall Report
Justice Emmett Hall investigated the state of health care in Canada
- him and his team supported the intorduction of a National Medicare Program
-suggested that Canada construct new medical schools & hospitals and provide scholarships for doctors and dentists
-He stated that free health care was an economic investment, NOT welfare
HEALTHY PEOPLE = HEALTHY ECONOMY
-145 private insurance companies were to be replaced by 10 public health insurance plans
OHIP started in 1966 -
Medical Care Act
each province was able to administer plan in its own way as long as the criteria was met
-reinforced physicians as primary health care providers = Free
-hospitals & thier expenditures grew - showing need for more community-based services -
Lalonde Report
-emphasis on biomedical health care is wrong
-need to look beyond traditinal health care system if want to improve health of the public
Four Element of Health Field
1. Human Biology
2. Environment
3. Lifestyle
4. Health Care Organization
Also discussed the inequities in health and health care -
Beginning of more advanced technologies - MRI & CT scans
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Period: to
Introduction of the Canada Health Act
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Canada Health Act
Raging Grannies - CHA
Five Principles of the Canada Health Act
1. Universality
2. Portability
3. Accessibility
4. Comprehensiveness
5. Pulic Administration -
Period: to
Present Day Health Care
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Hospital Downsizing
-physicians & nurses began leaving Canada due to lay offs and budget cuts
-fewer med school graduates -
Romanow Report
-opposed privatization
-Canada Health Covenant & Health Council of Canada
-need health promotion strategies
-need to extend insured services -
First Ministers Accord
-access to health care (24 hours/day; 7 days/week)
-prompt access to diagnostic services, treatment
- national electronic health records
- financial assistance for those who need meds
- introduce Campassionate Care Benefit
- unique needs of First Nation -
Government Begins Spending on Health Care
Chretian (2004) - $10billion over 10 years
(2004) - $200 million towards First Nations Health Care
2006 - $5 billion ovre 5 years to improve health, housing & education of First Nations people -
Primary Care Reform
