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Period: to
First Stage: Job Placement Services
Who? Frank Parsons
Parsons stated that there are three broad factors in the choice of an occupation: (1) knowledge of self, (2) knowledge of the requirements for success in different occupations, (3) matching these two groups of facts. This largely intuitive and experiential foundation of career counseling formed the basis for Parsons’s establishing the Vocation Bureau at Civic Service House in Boston in 1908, the first institutionalization of career counseling in the United States. -
Theory: Person-Environment Fit, Trait Factor
Vocational guidance is accomplished first by studying the individual, then by surveying occupations, and finally by matching the individual with the occupation.
Who? Parsons, Williamson, Holland -
Period: to
Second Stage: Educational Guidance in the Schools
Educational counseling, the second stage in the development of career counseling, emerged from the work of humanitarian, progressive social reformers in the schools. Such reformers included Jesse B. Davis, who served as a counselor on educational and career problems at Central High School in Detroit in 1898 and Eli Weaver, who was a New York City school system principal in 1906. Promoting career development in the schools, however, was slow work. -
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Third Stage: Colleges and Universities and the Training of Counselors
Characterized by the focus of societal resources on colleges and the training of professional counselors as response to a new social transition following World War II and USSR space launch.
Rise of professional practice counseling during post-World War II due to: (1) the personal and career problems of veterans, especially those who were disabled during the war; (2) the influx of new types of students to higher education as a result of the GI Bill of Rights. -
Theory: Developmental
Career development is a process that takes place over the life span. Career development activities should be designed to meet the needs of individuals at all stages of life.
Who? Ginzberg & Associates, Tiedman, Super, Gottfredson, Roe -
Theory: Client-Centred
Career development is focused on the nature of the relationship between the helper and client. It encompasses the core conditions of unconditional positive regards, genuineness, congruence and empathy.
Who? Rogers -
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Fourth Stage: Meaningful Work and Organizational Career Development
Career counseling in organizational settings came to the forefront of the career counseling movement. Growth in career counseling in governmental agencies, nonprofit community agencies, and business and industry were the hallmarks of this stage. -
Theory: Social Learning
The individual's unique learning experiences over their lifespan develop primary influences that lead to career choice.
Who? Krumboltz -
Theory: Post-Modern
Truth is discovered subjectively through dialogue rather than through objective testing. This approach emphasises the individual’s experience and decision making through exploring personal constructs and the client’s narrative about their life.
Who? Kelly, Cochran, Jepsen -
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Fifth Stage: Independent Practice Career Counseling and Outplacement Counseling
During this stage, the emergence of the private practice career counselor was the direct result of the beginnings of national acceptance of career counseling as an important service to provide to a citizenry in occupational transition as well as to the proliferation of mental health private practices. -
Theory: Neuro-Linguistic Programming
A way of coding thinking, language and behaviour based on the principle that changing the way one thinks can change behaviour.
Who? Richard Bandler, John Grinder -
Theory: Narrative Therapy
Clients are encouraged to separate themselves from their problems (ie, the problem becomes external). The client makes sense of their experiences by using stories.
Who? Michael White and David Epston, Gregory Bateson -
Theory: Happenstance
Chance events play a role in every career. The goal for clients is to generate beneficial chance events and have the ability to take advantage of them.
Who? John Krumboltz -
Period: to
Sixth Stage: New Directions
An increasing technological sophistication has led to instant communication by telephone, facsimile transmission, and the Internet to anywhere in the world. Personal communication devices such as pagers and cellular-digital telephones have made it possible to contact people wherever they are. Extensions of these changes for the career counselor was the provision of career services over the Internet and by telephone as well as the opening up of career counseling markets in other countries. -
Coaching
A model of practice. All parts of the client’s life are taken into account through regular sessions.