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Benito Mussolini
began his rise to power by advertising for war veterans to fight the politicians, who, in Mussolini's view, were destroying Italy.
He is the leader of Italy -
Adolf Hitler
He joined a struggling group called the National Socialist German Workers' Party known as the Nazi Party
this party had no ties to socialism in fact they hated it! -
Period: to
World War II
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Benito Mussolini
Mussolini esablished the Fascist Party which then won 35 seats in the Ittalian parliament
Il Duce was his nickname. -
Benito Mussolini
Italian king allowed him to form a new government
he gradually extended Fascist control to every aspect of Italian life. He made Italy an totalitarian state. -
Joseph Stalin
Stalin took control over the country. -
Adolf Hitler
He published his book called Mein Kampf ("My struggle")
based on the basic beliefs of Nazism (Nationalism) -
Joseph Stalin
launched a massive drive to transform the Soviet Union into a truly socialist country, which meant stomping out private enterpise.
Forced Russia's peasants to give up their small plots of land so that they could be combined into large state-owned farms. -
Kellogg- Briand Pact
United States have joined 61 other nations in signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact in which they pledged never to make war agian.
This agreement permitting defensive war in did not provide for using economic or military force against nations that broke the pact. -
Adolf Hitler
6 million Germans were unemployed, many of these people turned to Hitler as their last hope
The Great Depression helped the Nazis come to power
Hitler belived for Germany to thrive it needed more living space -
Adolf Hitler
Hitler was appointed prime minister
He established what he called the 3rd reich or the 3rd German empire
Hitler felt bold enough to pull Germany out of the League -
Holocaust (anti-Semitism)
The systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, more than half were Jews.
Anti-Semitism, or hatred of Jews, had deep roots European history.
When Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany's defeat in WWI and for its economic problems following the war many Germans were more than ready to support him. -
Troops build up in Ethiopia
Mussolini began building his new Roman Empire.
Ethiopia, Africa's only remaining independent counrty.
by fall of 1935 tens of thousands of Italian soldiers stood ready to advance on Ethiopia -
Neutrality Acts
Congress passed a series of Nuetrality Act to keep the U.S. out or future wars.
first two acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war. -
Holocaust
The Nuremberg Laws striped Jews of their civil rights and property if they tried to leave Germany. To make identification easier Jews over the age of 6 wore a bright yellow Star Of David on their clothing. -
Francisco Franco
He was the leader of Spain
The 3rd act was passed in response to fighting that broke out in Spain between the troops of the Fascist general Franco enforces loyal to the country's elected government
Neutrality Act-effort to keep the United States out of future wars -
Troop build up in the Rhineland
A German region bordering France and Belgium which was demilitarized as a result of the Versailles treaty. -
Troops build up in Ethiopia
Ethiopia fell and it went to the League of Nations for assistance -
Neutrality Acts
The thrid act was passed in response to the fighting that broke out in Spain.
This act extended the ban on arms sales and loans to nations undergoing civil war. -
Franklin Roosevelt
President Roosevelt delivers his anti-isolationist "Quarantine Speech"
Rooawvwlt found impossible o remain neutral when Japan launched a new attack on China in july -
Quarantine Speech
Rooselvelt spoke out strongly agianst isolationism in Chicago
He called on peace-loving nations to isolate aggressor nations in order to stop the spread of war -
Winston Churchill- "Appeasement"
Winston Churchill was Chamberlain's political rival for the leadership of Great Britain. In Churchill's view, by signing the Munich Pact, Daladier and Chamberlain had adopted a shameful policy of appeasement, or giving up principles to pacify an agressor. -
German troops march into Austria
German troops marched into Austria unopposed, forcing the Austian chancellor, Kurt von Schuschnigg, to resign.
Two days later Germany announced that its union with Austria was complete. -
Neville Chamberlain- "Peace with honor"
Early in the crisis, both France and Great Britain promised to protect Czechoslovakia. Then, just when war seemed inevitable, Hitler invited French premier Edouard Daladier and Britsh prime minster Neville Chamberlain to meet with him in Munich.
Chamverlain returned from home to the wildly cheering crowds. Waving a copy of the Munich agreement, he proclaimed: "My friends,...there has come back from Germany peace with honor. I believe it is peace in our time." -
Munich Pact
Munich pact 1938
Hitler, Chamberlain, and Daladier signed the Munich Pact, which turned to Sudetenland over to Germany without a shot being fired. -
Kristallnact
The night of broken glass--gangs of the Nazi strom trooper attacked Jewish homes and businesses across Germany.
Afterward the Nazi blamed the Jews for what happened. 20,000 Jews were sent to the concentration camps. -
Joseph Stalin
Stalin established a centralized totalitarian government, one that maintained complete control over its citezens -
Soviets invade Finland
Stalin sent the Soviet army into Finland. After 3 months of feirce winter fighting, the out numbered Finns surrendered. -
Concentration Camps (genocide)
concentration camps
Genocide- the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire people.
German government rounded up individuals and shipped them to concentration Camps where they were "accorded a mercy death". In this process many families were often separated. Life in Camp was miserable. The prisoners worked from dawn to dust, 7 days a week, until they colapsed. -
Francisco Franco
lost 600,000 lives at a cost of more than $15 billion
the resistance to Franco had collapsed
Europe now had yet another totalitarian government -
Nonaggression Pact
As tensions rose over Poland, Stalin, despite his deep dislike and distrust of the Nazis, decided he had more to loose than to gain in a war agianst Germany. Germany and the Soviet Union signed the nonagression pact, in which they agreed not to fight eachother.They also signed another secret pact that agreed to divide Poland between them. -
Blitzkrieg
When the German invasion roared over Poland it was a first test of Germany's newest military strategy, the blitzkrieg, or lightening war. The new tactics enabled the Germans to take the enemy by surprise and then quickly crush all opposition with overwhelming force. This stategy work perfectly and the fighting was over in 3 weeks. -
Germany and Italy invade France
The Allied forces in the norht were cut off. Italy entered the war on the side of Germany and invaded France from the south as the Gernans closed in on Paris from the north. On June 17, Marshal Henri Petain, an aged military commander and WWI hero, told his country that they must stop fighting. Four days later William Shirer and the rest of the world watched Hitler handed French officers his terms of surrender. Germans occupied the north. -
Axis Powers
By 1940, France had fallen in Britain was under siege by the German Luftwaffe. In September, Americans were jolted by the news that Japan, Germany, and Italy had signed a mutual defense treaty, the Tripartite Pact. The three nations came known as the Axi Powers. This pact clearly aimed to keep the United States out of the war.
In June, Roosevelt sent Britian 500,000 riffles and 80,000 machine guns. -
The election of 1940
Roosevelt decided to brake the tradition of a 2-term presidency, begun by Goerge Washington, and to run for reelection. War was the key issue in the 1940 presidential election. He was reelected with 55% of the votes cast. -
Battle of Britain
battle of Britain
The Germans began to assenble an invasion fleet along the French coast. Germany launched an air war, making bombing runs over Britain. Hitler had 2,600 plains at his disposal. The Royal Air Force fought back brilliantly. With the help of a radar it plotted the flight paths of German planes. September 15, the RAF shot down 56 German planes. They lost only 26 aircrafts. -
Franklin Roosevelt
RooseveltElected for his third term
promised to keep war out of our nations
elected president for the third time -
Germans invaded Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg
After the invasion of Denmark and Norway, the German blitzkrieg was turned agianst the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, which were overrun by the end of May. The phony war had suddenly become painfully real. -
Germans invade Denmark and Norway
In 1940 Germany was ready to fight agian so an anouncement came up. 2 days later, the rest of the world stared, unbelieving, as Hitler launched a surprise invation of Denmark and Norway. This action was necessary in order to protect those countries' freedom. -
Lend-Lease
Under this plan, the president would lend or lease arms and other supplies to any country whose defence was vital to the United States. In all, The United States spent $50 billion under the act.
In June 22, Hitler ignored his peace tready with Stalin and invaded the Soviet Union with 3 million troops. -
Atlantic Charter
In this document, Atlantic Charter, Roosevelt and Churchill spelled out the causes for which WWI was fought. The Charter pledged both Great Britian and the United States to:
1. Seek no territorial expansion.
2. Pusue no territorial changes without the consent of the inhabitants.
3. Respect the right of people to choose their own form of government.
4. Promote free trade among nations.
5. Encourage international cooperation to improve peoples lives.
(continue next one) -
Atlantic Charter (cont.)
- Build a secure peace based on freedom from want and fear.
- Work for disarmament of agressors.
- Establish a "permanent system of general security". The Atlantic Charter became the basis of a new document called "A Declaration by the United Nations"
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A. Phillip Randolph
He was president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and the nations leading African American labor leader. Randolf organized a march on Washington to protest such discrimination both in the military and industry. Roosevelt feared that the march might provoke white resentment so he told Randolf to back down. -
Franklin Roosevelt
President signs the Lend-Lease Act, and U.S industry begins mass production of war material -
Leader of Japan-Hideki Tojo
He was the new prime minister of Japan.
He promised the emperor that the government would make peace with the Americans and if it failed they would go to war. But when Tojo went to Washington for talks the prime minister ordered the Japanese navy to prepare for attack in the United States.
He was smart, hardboiled, resourceful, and contemptuous of theories, sentiments, and negtiations. -
Pearl Harbor
Pearl harborJapanese dive bomber was followed by more that 180 Japanese war planes launched from 6 aircraft carriers swooping over the United States naval base in the Pacific. The surprise raid had sunk or badly damaged 18 ships. 2,400 people died in another 1,178 were wounded. The next day president Roosevelt asked for war agianst Japan and Congress quickly approved. Then 3 days later Germany andItaly declared war in the United States. The damage caused isolationism. -
War Plans W/ Churchill and FDR
Churchill and president Roosevelt had a conference to work out plans. The first major decision was to make the defeat of Germany the Allies' top priority because Hitler was the number one enemy of the United States, Joseph Stalin was desperate for help agaist invating Germany forces, and the U.S . can only get help from Britain and the Soviet Union to defeat Japan after they defeated Germany. A 2nd important decision was to accept only the uncondicional surrender of the Axis powers. -
Selective Service (& the G.I.)
After Pearl Harbor, eager young Americans jammed the recruiting offices. The 5 million who volunteered from military service were not enough to face the challenge of an all-out war in 2 global fronts (Europe and the Pacific). G.I. meaning "government issue" issued uniforms, weapons, and supplies. There was more basic training then teaching a recruit how to stand at attention, marching in step, handle a riffle, and follow orders. -
The Battle of the Atlantic
battle of atlanticAfter the attack on Pearl Harbor, HItler ordered submarine raids against ships along America's East Coast. Germans sank a total of 681 ships in seven months. The Allies then decided to organize their gargo ships into groups for mutual protection. These convoys had sonar for detectiong U-boats and airplanes that used radar to spot these boats. By mid-1943 the tide of the Battle of the Atlantic had turned in the Allies' favor. -
Internment of Japanese
Many Japonese Americans were living in Hawaii and on the West Coast after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Americans feared that these Japonese were part of the Japan's master plan for destroying America.
On February 19th, President Roosevelt signed an order requiring the removal of people of Japonese ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona. this was necessary for national security. 110,000 Japonese Americans were shiped to ten hastily constructed internment camps. -
Industrial Response
The nation's plants had been retooled to produce tanks, planes, boats, and comand cars. Across the nation, the factories quickly turned into war production. By the end of 1942 industrialists Henry J. Kaiser had built 7 massive new ship arts that turned out liberty ships, tankers, troop transports, and baby aircrafts. -
The Battle of Starlingrad
The German war machine was running low on oil, so Hitler sent his Sixth Army south to seize the rich Soviet oil fields, and to capture Stalingrad, a major industrial center on the Volga River. Once the Germans controlled Stalingrad, they could cut the movement of military supplies along the Volga River to Moscow. For 3 months the Germans pressed in on Stalingrad, conquering it. In November the Soviets launched a massive counterattack; lost a total of 1.250,000 but had the victory of the Volga. -
The Battle of the Coral Sea
On April 18th 16 B-25 bombers, flew over tokyo destroying everything.
Early in May, a combined American and Australian fleet intercepted a Japanese strike force aimed at Australia. this confrontation established a new type of naval warfare. By the end of the battle, the Japanese fleet was too short on fuel to continue on to Australia. For the 1st time since Pearl Harbor, the Japanese were stopped and turned back. -
Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
Goerge Marshall,Aarmy Chief of Staff General, pushed for the formation of the WAAC. Under this bill, a women volunteering for the army would not recieve the same rank, pay, or benefits as men doing the same jobs. In all, some 250,000 women served in this and other branches doing the war. -
Philippines, Corregidor, Douglas MacArthur
In the Philippines 80,000 American and Filipino troops commanded by General Douglas MacArthur held out against 200,000 invading Japanese troops for four months on the island of Corregidor at the entrance of Manila Bay 6 months after Pearl Harbor. MacArthur had to abandon the Philippines. -
The Battle of Midway
A Japanese invasion force wel over 110 ships was heading toward Midway, a strategic island in the Pacific. From there, the invasion force planned to move on to Hawaii to finish the destruction of American naval power started at Pearl Harbor.
Chester Nimitz-- commander of American naval forces in the Pacific.
By the end of the battle, Japan lost many planes, a cruiser, and 4 irreplaceable aircraft carriers. -
Guadalcanal
The Americans' first land offensive of the war began when 19,000 marines stormed Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. Japonese called it the Island of Death. Guadanacal market Japan's first defeat on land but not its last. -
The North African Front
Stalin pressured Britain and America to open a "second front" in western Europe. They launched Operation Torch, an invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa, commanded by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower. In November 107,000 Allied troops landed in Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers in North Africa and moved eastward chasing the Afrika Korps. The last of the Afrika Korps surrended -
The Italian Campaign
BEfore the battle in North Africa was won, Roosevelt, Churchill, and their commanders met in Casablanca to decide where to strike next. The Allies dedided to push ahead with plans for the cross-channel invasion; meanwhile, Allied troops would invade Italy. Hitler responded by seizing control of Italy, reinstalling Mussolini as its leader. It took 18 months of fighting for the Allies to kick Germans out of Italy soil. The battle lasted till may of 1944. On April, 1945 Mussolini was killed. -
D-Day
United States and Britain invated the English Channel. It was the largest land-sea-air operation in history. Within a month, they had landed a million troops, 570,000 tons of supplies, and 170,000 vehicles in France. French resistence troops and American troops liberated the French capital from four years of German occupation. By September the Allies freed France, Belgium and others. Roosevelt was elected for a 4th term with Truman as senator. -
The Battle of Leyte Gulf & Kamikazes
Some 178,000 Allied troops and 738 ships converged on Leyte Island in the Philippines. The Japanese threw their entire ship into the battle for Leyte Gulf. Kamikaze-- suicide-plane, attack in which Japanese pilots crashed their bomb-laden planes into Allied ships. This battle was a disaster for Japan. -
The Battle of the Bulge
In October, the Americans captured their first German town. Hitler responded it with a surprising counterattack. On December, eight German tank divisions broke through weak American defenses, giving this resulting dent the name of The Battle of the Bulge. Germans captured 120 GIs. They were able to succeed by keeping the Allies off guard. They lost many men and weapons; from that point on, the Nazis could do little but retreat. -
The Battle of Iwo Jima
Iwo Jima-- "ugly, smelly glob of cold laba aquatting in a surly ocean."
Iwo Jima was critical to the United States as a base from which heavily loaded bombers could reach Japan.
Most heavily defended spot on Earth. -
Yalta
Roosevelt met with Churchill and Stalin at the soviet city Of Yalta on the Black Sea. They made a number of important decisions about the future. They agreed on a charter; it created a General Assembly, set up administrative, judicial, and economic governing bodies. Each permanet member had the power to veto any council action. -
Harry Truman becomes President
Truman's First Adress 1945
Roosevelt had a stroke and died while posing for a portrait, so that night Truman became the nation's president. -
The Battle of Okinawa
In the Pacific, a ferocious battle would soon rage onOkinawa, Japan's last defensive outpost. The Japanese unleashed more than 1900 kamikaze attacks on the Allies. Once ashore, Allies faced even fiercer opposition. This Battle was a chilling foretaste of what the Allies imagined the final invasion of Japan's home islands would be like. -
Unconditional Surrender/V-E Day
In Berlin, Hitler prepared for the end. He married Eva Braun, his longtime companion. The same day, he wrote out his last adress to the German people. In it he blamed the Jews for starting the war and his generals for losing it. Hitler shot himself while his wife swallowed poison. the two bodies were carried outside, soaked with gasoline, and burned. On May 8th, the Allies celebrated V-E Day-- Victory in Europe Day.
The first part of the war was finally over. -
Potsdam
President Truman met with Churchill and Stalin at Potsdam in defeated germany. In accordance with decisions made at Potsdam, germany was divided into 4 zones ( United States, Britain, France, and The Soviet Union). -
The Manhattan Project
Most ambitious scientific entreprose in history and the best-kept secret of the war.
The creation of an atomic bomb.
On July 16th, the first atomic bomb was detonated in an empty expanse. The bomb was more powerful than most had dared hope. -
Hiroshima & Nagasaki
A B-29 bomber, Enola gay, released an atomic bomb ( Little boy) over Hiroshima; 3 days later a second bomb (Fat Man) was dropped on Naagasaki. By the end of the year, about 200,000 people had died.Emperor Hirohito told Japan;s leader to end the war. -
Numberg War Trials
Twenty-two Nazi leaders were tried at the first of the Numberg trials. They included Hitler's most trusted party officials, government ministers, military leaders, and powerful industrialists. 12 of the 22 were sentenced to death, and most of the rest to prison. For the first time in history a nation's leaders had been held legally responsible for their actions during wartime.
