2017 Yoseph Yang Dalat World History

Mesopotamia-The first settlement in Mesopotamia

12,000 BCE

The groups of hunter-gatherer settled in Mesopotamia in 12000 BC.

Egypt- The first settlement in Eygpt

10,000 BCE

The groups of hunter-gatherer settled in Eygpt along the Nile River.

Early Fertile Cresent people

Period: 10,000 BCE to 500 BCE

There were Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Hittites, Kassites, Assyrian, Chaldeans, and Phoenician in early Fertile Cresent.

6.1- China- The development of farming

7000 BCE

People in China settled near Huang He and Chang Jiang River and begin to farm. By 7000 BC, they grew rice, millet and wheat.

Mesopotamia-Controlling water

6000 BCE

If great amount of rain fell, the river flooded but if little amount of rain fell, the crops died. So to control the water, Mesopotamian created something call irrigation and canals to balance the amount of water.

Ancient Egypt and Kush

Period: 4500 BCE to 400

The First and Second Dynasty last 3100 BC to 2700 BC. The Old Kingdom last 2700 BC to 2200 BC. Middle Kingdom last 2050 BC to 1750 BC. The New Kingdom last 1550 BC to 1050 BC. Kush last 2000 BC to late 300s.

Mesopotamia-The world's first writing

3100 BCE

Cuneiform, the language created by Sumerian, was world's first development of writing

Egypt- The first pharaoh and dynasty

3100 BCE

The strong farmers took control of regions and created Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Then Menes, the ruler of Upper Egypt united Upper and Lower Egypt, then he became the first pharaoh and started the first dynasty in Egypt.

Egypt- The emphasis on the afterlife and first burial practice

3100 BCE

The Egyptian thought that after life is happy place and the way people were buried affected ka a lot but only elite could afford to have mummies made.

Egypt- Arts of Egypt

3000 BCE

Egyptian's painting was different than other art because it was always drawn side by side and there were other arts too! Like stone working, architecture, etc.

6.5- China- Silk

3000 BCE

During the Han Dynasty, the silk was produced which is the fabric that was highly valued made from the cocoons of the silk worms. Since it was popular in west and expensive, anyone who revealed the secret way to make silk were put to death.

Egypt- The rise of Old Kingdom

2700 BCE

The Old Kingdom began at 2700 BC and its period where the first Egyptian social class and pyramids were created.

India- The arts of India

2500 BCE

The majority of the art of India were related to religion like decoration in temples, paintings, and sculpture. At first, the temple was very simple, but during the Gupta period, the design became more complex. For paintings and sculpture, a lot of them were related to religion, but some weren't related to religion.(The date is when the art in India started) Circa 2500

Mesopotamia-The rise of social hierarchy

2300 BCE

Cause of people that has great strength like king, priest, and scribe, the social hierarchy/ranking system was created.

Mesopotamia-The rise of Akkadian Empire

2300 BCE

Sagon gain his power and conquered all the city-states of Sumer and northern Mesopotamia.Then he established the one of first empire of world, Akkadian Empire.

Ancient India

Period: 2300 BCE to 500

In Ancient India, a lot of religion were created like Hinduism, Buddhism, etc. Also, there were many civilization or empire like Harappan civilization, Mauryan Empire, Gupta Empire, etc.

6.1- China- First dynasty in Ancient Chinaware

2200 BCE

The Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty in China which considers as legend, was founded by Yu the Great. In some stories , it says Yu created the major water of north of China. After Xia Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty rose which consider to be the first dynasty that has clear evidence that it existed.

Mesopotamia- Advances, inventions, and art of Sumer

2100 BCE

Sumerian created wheel, math based on 60, studied science, and architecture.

8.3- Greece- The Greek Mythology

2000 BCE

The Greeks used mythology to explain the world which is a body of stories about gods and heroes that try to explain how the world work. From the mythology, it has many gods and goddess because the Greek were polytheist.

Nubia- The rise of Kush

2000 BCE

The rich farmers became the leaders of the village, but one of the leaders took control of other villages and established Kush.

India- The rise of Harappan civilization

2000 BCE

The Harappan civilization were very advanced and the two big main cities Harappa, and Mohenjo Daro tells us about it. Also, Harappan civilization's government type was monarchy. (The archaeologist thinks that the civilization rose somewhere between 2300 and 1700 BC.)

India- The migration of Aryan

2000 BCE

The Aryans arrived in Indus Valley in 2000s BC but unlike Harappans, Aryans did not built big cities nor have strong central government, but lived in small community and was lead by rajas. Also, Aryans were the one who created Sanskrit, the most important language of ancient India.

India- The scientific advances of India

2000 BCE

The ancient Indian was the master of metallurgy, created Hindu-Arabic numerals, created zero, created vaccine/inoculation , and studied astronomy.(The date is when astronomy was first noticed which is first thing that was achieved among this achievements.) Circa 2000 BC.

8.1- Greece- The terrain of Greece

2000 BCE

The Greece has mountainous terrain so the Greeks were expert in sailing and fishing rather than farming or trading through the land. So one of the earliest civilization in Greece which is Minoans and Mycenaeans didn't really farm.

8.1- Greece- The Early Civilization in Greece

2000 BCE

There were Minoans and Mycenaean in Ancient Greece. Even though Minoans were part of Ancient Greece, they weren't really Greek because they didn't speak Greek but Mycenaeans did so they are considered as Greek.

Chapter 8- Greece- Ancient Greece

Period: 2000 BCE to 500 BCE

During the period of the Ancient Greece, there were Minoans, Mycenaeans, and Athens. They built city-states and Athens had various types of government.

Egypt- Egyptian writing system

1822 BCE

Egyptian created the writing system call hieroglyphics.

Chapter 6- Ancient China

Period: 1600 BCE to 1 CE

There were Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han dynasty in Ancient China. It last about 1600BC to AD 1.

Egypt- The middle of Middle and New Kingdom

1550 BCE

The Middle Kingdom came after the Old Kingdom, but it last for only two century because the pharaoh couldn't keep the kingdom together. After Middle Kingdom, the New Kingdom rose and it was time period were Egypt reached it highest power.

Egypt- The jobs in Egypt

1550 BCE

Even though the Kingdoms rose and fall, the jobs in Egypt stayed constant. Ex. Scribe, artist, soldier, farmer, and slave. (The date is between Middle and New Kingdom.

8.3- Greece- The Ancient Greek Literature

1500 BCE

Since the Greek loved writing literature, poem, etc, there were many Greek writers. For example, there was Homer who wrote Iliad and Odyssey, Aesop who wrote fables like the Ant and the grasshoper, the Boy Who Cried Wolf, etc.

India- The rise of caste system

1500 BCE

The rules of Aryan society became stricter and formed caste system/ class struct in India that depends upon person's birth, or wealth.

India- The origin of Hinduism

1500 BCE

The religion of Brahmins/ Aryan priests' were call Brahmanism, but later the ideas of the sacred texts began to mix other cultures' ideas and formed Hinduism. But there were people that was unsatisfied with the Hinduism, so they created new religions like Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.

Mesopotamia- The middle age of Phoenician

1410 BCE

Phoenician did not have great military power but it is well known for its trade. Also, Phoenician is well known for developing world's first alphabets.

Mesopotamia-The middle of invasion of Mesopotamia

1200 BCE

The region controll passed form one to another. Ex. Babylon, Hittites, Kassites, Assyrians, And Chaldeans.

6.2- China- The rise of Zhou Dynasty

1100 BCE

The Zhou Dynasty conquered Shang Dynasty and it was longest lasting Dynasty in China. The king was at the top of the Zhou society, then lords and warriors, and the lowest were peasants.

Nubia- Beginning of trade in Kush

1070 BCE

The Kush became prosperous and powerful once again from the trade during Later Kush.

9.4- Greece- The Advanced Arts in Greece

1000 BCE

The Greek was very advanced in art like painting, sculpting, and architecture and it was beautiful. For example, There are Parthenon Temple, statue of gods, etc.

9.2- Greece- Sparta and Athens

900 BCE

Sparta valued might, military power, and Athens had the strong army too but unlike Sparta, Athens valued education clear thinking and arts. ( The date is when Sparta originated.)

Lesson 13.2- Ghana- Ghana gets rich through trade

800 BCE

The trade impacted Ghana greatly, by trade method call silent bartering gold and salt. Because of the increased trade Ghana was able to make money from taxes and expanded its borders.

8.2- Greece- The Government in Athens

800 BCE

In Athens, there were many governments like oligarchy, tyranny, and democracy.Oligarchy was ruled by few aristocrats, tyranny was ruled by a single leader, and democracy was ruled by citizens.

10.1- Rome- Rome's Legendary Origin

753 BCE

Some people think that Aeneas built the Rome, but the legend says about something else. According to the legend, two boys were put in a basket and thrown into the Tiber River. But they didn't die because a female wolf rescued them and took care of them for many years. But eventually, a shepherd found two boys and adopted them. When the boys were finally grown up, they planned to build a city, but Romulus ends up killing his brother Remus and build the city of Rome

10.1- Rome- Rome's Early Government

753 BCE

When Rome was established, the government was tyranny, but the Kings' power wasn't balanced so the commoners and the nobles overthrew the tyranny and created a new government which is the republic. But even though the Rome was a republic, when there were wars, they choose a dictator that led them. Also, the Rome's society was divided into two which were Plebians and Patricians. The commoners were called plebians and nobles were called patricians.

Chapter 10- The Roman Republic

Period: 753 BCE to 27 BCE

The Rome’s government was monarchy which started at 753 BC, but the monarchy ended when the people overthrew their last king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. From that point on, the Rome’ s government was republic until 27 BC.

9.4- Greece- The philosophy and the Study of Greek

600 BCE

During the period of Greek, there were many philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who was the teacher of the Alexander the Great. But the science, math, medicine, and eingineering were greatly advanced too.

9.1- Persia- Cyrus the Great

585 BCE

The Cyrus the Great led the revolt against the Medes and it was successful. From that point on, the Persian Empire began and the Cyrus the Great conquered some parts of Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Israel.

6.2- China- Belief during Zhou period

551 BCE

During the late Zhou period, there was much philosophy about how to restore China such as Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. (The date is when the Confucianism started.)

Chapter 9- The Greek World

Period: 550 BCE to 30 BCE

In the Greek World, there were Athens and Sparta which were part of the Greek, Persia who had conflict with Greek, and Macedonia who gain controll on the massive area of land by Alexander the Great.

10.2- Rome- Government of Rome

509 BCE

There was a big conflict between plebians and patrician so patrician came with the idea of tripartite government. The tripartite is divided into three parts which were Magistrates, Senate, Assemblies, and Tribunes. Magistrates served for one year, had power over all citizens including other officials and the two strongest were called Consuls.The Senate advised the consuls and served for life. The assemblies and tribunes could veto the decision of Consuls, represented commoner.

Lesson 13.1-Africa- The iron tools

500 BCE

Around 500 BC, African found out that if they melt some kind of rocks, they can get harder material than any other material that they used to use and that metal was iron. Using iron greatly helped the people because its durability is high and it was easy to use.

Lesson 13.4- West Africa- The Griots

500 BCE

A griots is a story teller that preserved West African History. They did this by telling other griots about the story. This action was called an oral history. There was a risk of details changing over time when sharing an oral history, but unfortunately West Africans never developed a written language.

India- Origin of Buddhism

500 BCE

Siddhartha Gautama searched the answer for the meaning of life, and at last he found the answer. After that, he was call the Buddha, or the Enlighten one. Then, he traveled across northern India and teaches his ideas which, later, was call Buddhism.

8.2- Greece- The Democracy in Athens

500 BCE

Unlike the US, the Athens had the direct democracy which is having everyone vote, but the US has the representative democracy which is voting for a person that represents them. Also, in Athens demcracy, everyone had to attend in order to continue the votings.

Lesson 13.4- Africa- Art, music, and dance

500 BCE

The West Africans valued art, music, and dance so these things played big roles in the West African culture

Chapter 13- Africa- Early African Civilization

Period: 500 BCE to 1600

During the period of early African Civilization, there were many empires in Africa like Ghana Empire which lasted 300 AD to 1200 AD, Mali Empire, Songhai, and Great Zimbabwe which lasted 1000 AD to 1500.

Lesson 16- North and South Americas- The Early Americas

Period: 500 BCE to 1537

During the period of the early Americas, there were Mayan that lasted 250 to 900s, Aztecs that last 1325 to 1521, and the Incas that lasted about 1450 to 1537.

9.1- Greece- The Persian Wars

449 BCE

During the reign of Darius, Darius started the Persian Wars but Athens won the first Persian War at the Battle of Marathon. But Xerxes, the Darius's son invaded the Greece again and started the second invasion. The second invasion of Greece lasted about 19 years but the Greek alliance won over the Persian army and ended the Persian War.

9.2- Greece- Peloponnesian War

431 BCE

The Athens formed an alliance which it was called Delian League and Sparta was part of Peloponnesian League. But Sparta was afraid that Athens would be stronger so they started a war call "Peloponnesian War". The war lasted for 27 years and finally, the Peloponnesian League won.

11.2- Rome- Christianity being legalized

400 BCE

Even during the in the persecution, Christianity spread throughout the world. But Christianity was legalized by the Roman Emperor Constantine who became Christian eventually. And that decision changed the world.

9.3- Greece- Philip the second conquers Greece

382 BCE

Philip the Second adopted the way the Greek fights and improved it like the phalanx, a tactic that a group of the soldier standing together. By the military strength, Philip the Second conquered Greece and tried to attack Persian Empire but he was assassinated on October 336 BC at the capital of the kingdom of the Macedon Aegae by one of the 7 bodyguards call Pausanias of Orestis at the court for the celebration between Alexander I of Epirus and Cleopatra of Macedon, the daughter of Philip.

9.3- Macedon- Alexander the Great

356 BCE

The parents of the Alexander the Great was Philip the Second of Macedon and Olympias. He became the king of Macedon at the age of 20 after the death of his father Philip the Second. Even though he was young, he conquered most of the Asian Minor and the Hindu Kush and Egypt, Syria, Persian Empire. He also spread Hellenistic culture to the land he had conquered but he let them keep there custom which made his name Alexander the Great.

India- The rise of Mauryan Empire

320 BCE

The Mauryan empire rose around 320 BC and had network of spies, 600000 soldiers, thousands of elephants, and chariots. The Mauryan Empire had strong king call Asoka and he was born circa 270 BC.(Not from Star Wars!!!) He conquered other kingdoms, and made Mauryan Empire richer and more powerful. But later, he turned into Buddhist monk and never launched anymore attack to other kingdoms.

10.3- Growth beyond Italy

300 BCE

Rome started to grow wealth by trading and Rome’s neighbors attacked Rome so they will get paid for living them alone. But Rome striked back and defeated them all and took over the Italian Peninsula except for nothern parts of Italy. After conquering most parts of the Italian Peninsula, they started to launch series of attack to others. By attacking other countries, Rome became more wealthy than last time.

11.1- Rome- Roman's Accomplishment

300 BCE

During the period of Rome, there were many achievements in science, engineering, architecture, art, and the literature.

11.3- Rome- The Division of the Empire

284 BCE

Because of the external and internal threats in Rome, Roman Empire started to fall apart so Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into two parts. The Western Roman Empire collapsed eventually in late 400s but the Eastern Empire lasted until 1453 AD.

6.3- China- Shi Huangdi

221 BCE

The first emperor of Qin Dynasty, Shi Huangdi was also known as Ying Zheng, unified China and ruled Qin with legalism. Shi Huangdi standardized language and money, and he also built "The Great Wall."

6.3- China- The Qin achievement

213 BCE

During the reign of Shi Huangdi, Qin built roads that made travel faster, canals, The Great Wall, and created irrigation system. (The date is when Qin built "The Great Wall.")

6.5- China- The diffusion of Buddhism

213 BCE

When Han Dynasty was weakening, instead of Confucianism and Taoism, the Buddhism gave hope to the to people. The Buddhism started to spread through China and it caught on with both the poor and elites.

6.4- China- The Han Dynasty

206 BCE

After Qin Dynasty collapsed, Han Dynasty rose and gained control of China

India- A split with Buddhism

200 BCE

The Buddhism split into two major branches which is Theravada and Mahayana. Theravada tells you to follow the teaching exactly but Mahayana believes that you can interpret the teachings. Both branches has massive amount of believers, but Mahayana is bigger.

10.3- Rome- Crises in Late Republic

133 BCE

As Romans expanded the Roman Republic, a lot of crises strikes Rome. Gracchus brothers tries to help the poor Romans and solve the problems between riches and poors but they were murdered. There was a consul named Marius and he was good gerneral and everyone loved him but Sulla starts a civil war and defeated Marius and named himself dictator. After Sulla dies, their was slave revolt led by Spartacus but they ends up felling apart.

11.2- Rome- Christianity and Rome

100 BCE

There was conflict between Romans and Jews because the Romans prohibit the Judaism because they thought it was a problem. But a new religion, which was Christianity, was a threat to Rome because it opposed Rome's Idea. So the Christians were persecuted by Romans and especially during the reign of Emperor Naro.

6.4- China- The achievement of Han

60 BCE

Many arts and literature that has the distinct style of China were produced in Han period. Also, the gunpowder, paper, sundial, seismograph, and acupuncture were invented in Han period too. (The date is when the art in Han was first created.)

Chapter 11-Rome-Roman Empire and Christianity

Period: 50 BCE to 1453

The Roman Empire starts after the fall of the Roman Republic. During the period of the Roman Empire, it reaches to the highest power and Christianity starts.

10.2- Rome- The Roman Forum

29 BCE

The Roman Forum was the heart of the Rome. It was where the Law of the Twelve Tables were, and many were many shops too. The Roman Forum was located between two hills where a lot of rich people lived and across the Forum, there was Capitoline Hill where where the Rome’s greatest temple stood.

11.1-Rome- The Start of the Roman Empire

27 BCE

During the time of crises, Julius Caesar rises to power and become the dictator of Roman Republic. But after Julius Caesar was murdered by senates, his adopted son Octavian, turns Roman republic to empire and becomes the emperor. During his reign, there was a peace which is called "Pax Romana" which lasted until180 AD.

India- The rise of Gupta Empire

320

India remained divided for 500 years but Candra Gupta I established Gupta Empire in 320 AD and India was once again united. Gupta Empire were Hindu Empire that used caste system to strengthen the the government's power.

11.3-Rome- The Byzantium Empire

330

The Eastern Roman Empire turned into New Eastern Empire, also known as Byzantium Empire lasted for 1000 years. The emperor called Justinian and his wife Theodora ruled the empire effectively but after they died, the empire started to decline and Ottoman Turks conquers the empire.

Lesson 17.4- Europe- Knights and Samurai

400

The knights and the samurai had many similarities. They were the warriors who promised their loyalty for land in return, and they both had the code of honor. Europeans called theirs' chivalry and Japanese called theirs' bushido. They were greatly honored and admired by the people in the society because of their loyalty, bravery, and dedication.

Lesson 17.1- Europe- Northern and Southern Europe

400

The Europe is divided into two parts which are Southern and Northern and Southern Europe. The Northern Europe is far from the sea but they had access over sea because they had many rivers. Since river was a easy way to move around, the people settled near the rivers and built towns. The people in Southern Europe settled on coastal plains or in river so that the land was flat enough to farm. They grew crops that can survive in dry summer like graphs and olives.

Lesson 17.1- Europe- Eurasia

400

Many people think Europe is an individual continent, but actually, Europe is part of Eurasia that is built by Asia and Europe. The Ural mountains are the boundary between Europe and Asia that separates each other.

Chapter 17- Europe- The Early Middle Ages

Period: 400 to 1200

The early middle ages happened in Europe during AD 400 to AD 1200 and it tells what happened after the fall of Rome, feudalism, manor life, and feudalism society

Chapter 17- Europe- The Early Middle Ages

Period: 400 to 1200

After the fall of Rome, the Europe turned into a dangerous place. So in order to protect themselves, they created a system called feudalism and it turned out to be feudal society.

Lesson 17.2- Europe- The Monks

500

The monks were the people who stayed out of society so they have more on their prayer, work, and meditation. They lived in monasteries where it was built for monks. Most of the monasteries in Europe followed the code that Benedict created, which is Benedictine Rule and the monks who followed it was called Benedictine monks. But there were other laws too except for Benedictine Law.

16.1- Mesoamerica- The Achievements of Mayan

500

The Mayans built the observatory where you observe the sky and study it. So they watch the stars and found out about the time. With the knowledges that was colected from the observatory, they developed two calendars. One had 365 days that had informations about the farming activities and the other one was 260-day calendar that was used to keep track of religious events.

Lesson 17.2- Europe- The Spread of Christianity

500

After the fall of Rome, Christianity began to spread throughout Europe gradually. This was the result of efforts of missionaries and monks.

Lesson 15.1- Japan- The Early Japan

550

During the period of Early Japan, the people lived in clan or extended family. Since they were living in the island, they were able to develop their own cultures. But later, they get influence by Korea and China and it changed my things.

Chapter 12- Arabia- The Islamic World

Period: 550 to 1650

The root of Islam originated in Arabia, and its beliefs and practice were from sacred books called Qur'an and Sunnah which guided Muslim to do what is right. Later, after the spread of Islam, three Islamic Empire emerged which were Ottoman Empire from c. 1299–1922, Safavid Empire from 1501-1722, and Mughal Empire from 1555–1857

Chapter 15- Japan- Ancient Japan

Period: 550 to 1868

During Ancient Japan, it showed used us interesting geographical features,the history of Early Japanese, and the growth of the military society.

Ch. 14.1- China- Sui reunify China

589

After the collapse of the Han Dynasty, there was a Period of Disunion. But Sui Dynasty reunified China and built the Grand Canal which links the northern and the southern parts of China.

Chapter 14- China- China

Period: 589 to 1644

After the period of disunion, Sui Dynasty reunify China, then many more dynasties comes after Sui Dynasty like Tang, Sone, Yaun, and Ming Dynasty.

14.1-China- The Tang Dynasty

618

The former Sui official overthrew the Sui Dynasty and established Tang Dynasty that lasts for almost 300 years. The historian said that the Tang Dynasty was the golden age of Chinese Civilization.

Lesson 15.1- Japan- Prince Shōtoku

621

Prince Shōtoku served as regent from 593 to 621 and he was one of the most influential leaders in Japan. He was very wise and brought many ideas from different countries such as Korea and China.

Lesson 14.2- China- New Art and Inventions

680

During the period of Tang and Song Dynasty, there were great advances in arts and inventions. There were many great poets, they created woodblock printing, gunpowder, paper, porcelain, etc.

Lesson 14.3- China- The Government of Song Dynasty

680

The Song Dynasty's government was led by the scholar-officials and improved the government in help of the bureaucracy who had to pass civil service.

Lesson 14.2- China- Advance in Agriculture

690

During the period of Song Dynasty, they reached the greatest height in farming by new irrigation techniques like dragon backbone pump, digging underground wells, etc. The new farming system made the farming easier.

12.1- Arabia- The Start of Islam

700

Islam was started by Muhammad who received a message from God that was about the idea of Islam and these messages were collected which form Qur'an. Muhammad spread this message from God to others and after his death, it spread farther beyond Arabia.

Lesson 18.5- Europe- Reconquista

722

The Christian Kingdoms gathered force to drive away the moors from Europe. They called themselves Reconquista or reconquest. They gradually drove the moors away from Europe, and by 1250, they drove the moors completely from Europe.

Lesson 15.2- Japan- The Japanese Nobles makes great Contribution to Arts

794

The nobles in Japan loved arts because it was a sign of beauty and elegance. So they tried to improve it and they did. They made advances in fashion, literature, visual arts, architecture, and performing art.

Lesson 17.3- Europe- The Feudalism

800

The nobles had to hire the knights to protect their land and this cost a lot so the only a very little amount of people could hire the knights. So nobles gave knights fiefs and the knights promised the nobles for their military service and other works. The nobles became lords after hiring the knights and the knights were then considered to be vassal. This promise system that controlled the relationship between the lord and the vassal is known as feudalism.

Lesson 17.4- Europe- Comparison and Contrast between Japan and Europe

800

Europe and Japan both had feudalism government, royal bloodline, nobles, warriors, code of honor for warriors, and peasant. But they also shared many differences in their religion and arts. Christianity was the main religion for Europe but Buddhism, Shintoism, and Confucianism were the main religions in Japan. Since they had different religions, it ended up having completely different art style. Religion was the theme in Europe's art but Japan had theme in nature.

16.1- Mesoamerica- The Decline of Maya Civilization

900

In the AD 900, the Maya Civilization started to collapse. The Mayans left the cities and went to the countryside and we still don’t know what happened. There are many theories about it like commoners rebelling against the king, increased Warfare made them decline, drastic climate change, and the shortage of food.

Lesson 18.1- Europe- The Holy Roman Empire

900

The King Charlemagne built his empire with the approval of the pope in the 700. Then another emperor in the mid 900s took the throne with the pope’s approval. Since the empire was approve by pope and people saw this as rebirth of the Roman Empire, it became Holy Roman Empire.

12.2- Arabia- The Qur'an and the Sunnah

900

The Qur'an is a book that tells us about the teaching of the Muhammad and it tells us about the belief, guidelines, and behavior of Islam too. The Sunnah tells us the way that Muhammad lived and provides the model for Muslim how to live.

12.2- Arabia- The Five Pillars of Islam

900

The five pillars of Islam are declaration of belief, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and prilgrimage.

Lesson 14.3- China- The Neo Confucianism

1000

The Neo Confucianism was made by the scholars and historians who wanted to make the government and society better. I was almost same as Confucianism except that they emphasized the spiritual matter too.

Chapter 18- Europe- The Later Middle Europe

Period: 1000 to 1500

In the later middle age, the Christianity had the major influence to the people. This also afffected the political system and society in Europe and caused a series of wars between Muslims and Christian which is known as the Crusades.

Lesson 18.1- Europe- Popes Fights for Power

1050

People of Western Europe thought the popes as the highest of the church but the people in Eastern Europe disagreed. When Pope Leo IX tried to expand their authority, the bishops in Eastern Europe didn't agree with it. So this made the Christianity split into two parts which are Roman Catholic and Orthodox Church. Roman Catholic was supported by the people in Western Europe, and Orthodox Church was supported by the people in Eastern Europe.

Lesson 18.2- Europe- The Crusades

1095

The Crusades were started by the Pope Urban II who agrees with a request from Byzantine emperor to help them. So the Pope Urban II gathers a gigantic army to attack the Jerusalem, which is called Crusades, marked with a cross. On the first attempt, people conquered the Jerusalem. But the Turks retrieve Jerusalem and they fail all the other Crusades.

Lesson 17.3- Europe- The Manor System

1100

The knights couldn't make any use of their land because they hardly had any time. The peasants couldn't farm because they didn't have any land. So the knights let the peasants work on their land and the peasants had to give some of what they farmed. The manor contains a big house or a castle, pastures, fields, forest, and the village where the peasants who work in the manor lived.

Lesson 15.3- Japan- The Rise of Samurai

1100

The Samurai worked as the servants of Daimyo the large landowners or Shoguns the generals who ruled the Empire with the Emperor's name. The Samurai were usually paid by food but sometimes land, and they were honored because they protected Daimyos and Shoguns while risking their lives.

12.4- Arabia- Science and Philosophy

1100

Muslims made a great advances in astronomy, geography, math, medicine, and Philosophy. They updated the Indian numerals called Arabic numerals, made accurate maps, and they started Sufism.

Lesson 15.2 Buddhism Change

1100

When Japan learned about Buddism, they didn't money or enough time for the ritual so they made it different. This new form of Buddhism became popular which didn't require any rituals. Also, another popular new form of Buddhism arrived from China called Zen which practice self- disciple and meditation.

Lesson 18.3- The Establishment of Universities

1159

The people in the medieval ages pursued and searched for knowledge which resulted in the establishment of universities. The main point of the university was to teach people about religion.

Lesson 13.2- Africa- The decline of Ghana

1200

Ghana Empire was once strong but by early 1200s, the empire collapses because of three factors. The first reason was the invasion of Almoravids, the second reason is overgrazing caused by herds of animal that Almoravids brought, and the third was the internal rebellion.

Lesson 14.4- China- The Yuan Dynasty

1206

The Yuan Dynasty was established by the Mongol Empire who's leader was Genghis Khan. They extended their empire and during the reign of Kublai Khan, they had the biggest empire in history.

Lesson 18.4- Europe- Magna Karta

1215

The king of England had too much authority, so the nobles decide to make the king sign a document also known as Magna Carta. So signing the document made king vulnerable to the law.

Lesson 18.3- Europe- Monks and Friars

1223

The Monks stayed out of society and lived in monasteries to focus on God more. So they lived on a strict schedule of prayers and religious services every day. But unlike monks, the friars work among the society so they can spread Christianity. Although monks and friars share many differences, they had a similarity. Both religious orders forbid people from owning properties.

Lesson 19.1- Trade with Asia

1270

After the Black Death, the population decreased Europe but did not do any harm toward farmland, buildings, ships, machines, or gold. So remaining people used these resources to make more food and make new products. The worker demanded for higher celery and increase the economy. The price went down as more goods became available. But it also increased trade between Asia since the reopening of Silk Road.

Lesson 19.1- Europe- Italian Writers and Artists

1270

As new ideas emerged, the people started to emphasize in the past and this inspired the writers and the artists in Italy. The Italian writers and artists were inspired by humanism, a way of thinking that claims the importance of humans' act. The people like Dante Alighieri; the author of the "Divine Comedy", Niccolo Machiavelli; the author of "Prince", Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, etc were inspired by humanism.

Chapter 19- Europe- The Renaissance and Reformation

Period: 1270 to 1650

The Renaissance began in Italy’s cites, then it started to spread gradually throughout Europe. This change the thinking in Europe and led to the Reformation in Christianity.

Lesson 18.2- Europe- The Benefits of Crusades

1291

Even though the Crusades weren't the complete success, it brought many changes to Europe. The Crusades made the trades between Asia and Europe increased, and brought many foreign ideas which leads to Renaissance.

Lesson 19.2- Europe- Advances in Science and Eduation

1300

During the period of Renaissance, the scholars made advances in science after discovering and learning text that dealt with science. They created square root and positive, and negative numbers. Also, they studied astronomy, and made changes in education.

13.3- Africa- Mansa Musa

1312

Mansa Musa was the most famous Mali leader and he was super rich. He caused inflation where ever he went. He also took a pilgrimage to Mecca. He built schools and believed in the value of the education. After his death his son really dropped the ball and his empire fell apart.

16.2- Mesoamerica- The Religion of Aztecs

1327

The Aztecs believed in Polytheism so they had many gods that they worshipped. They thought that their gods control both nature and human activity and in order to please them, they thought that the gods needed the human sacrifice. During the ritual ceremony, the priests slashed the victim's chest open and took out the heart. This ritual happened so regularly that about 10,000 died per year and most of them were slaves or captives.

Lesson 18.4- Europe- The Black Death

1347

The Black Death was caused by the rats that spread the disease to the Mediterranean Port. The Flea consumed the blood of the rats then spread it to the human. It killed about 1/3 of Europe's population so feudalism fall apart.

Lesson 14.4- China- The Ming Dynasty

1368

The Ming Dynasty overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and established a dynasty that was one of the most prosperous dynasties. They built many magnificent buildings, and keep the government stable. But they entered the period of isolationism that blocks foreign contact and it represents the decline of the Ming Dynasty.

Lesson 19.1- Europe- The Beginning of the Renaissance

1400

The word Renaissance refers to the period after Middle Ages and it means "rebirth". The ideas during Renaissance was completely different from the ideas of the Middle Ages. So the new ways of thinking emerged and learned the ancient times so it made Europe completely different from Middle Ages which is considered rebirth.

12.3- Arabia- Trade Helps Islam Spread

1400

The merchants spread the Islam by trade. Along with their good, they brought the Islamic belief to other parts of the world like Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.

12.3- Arabia- The Three Islam Empire

1400

The Non-Arab Muslim built Empires which are Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and Mughal Empire. They conquered a large area of land in Africa, Asia, and little parts, of Europe.

Chapter 20- Europe- Science and Exploration

Period: 1400 to 1700

During the Age of Exploration in Europe, there were many changes and discoveries and inventions. The European developed new of thinking, which led them to Scientific Revolution that affected the perspectives and thinking of people about the world. Also, the people discovered new places through voyages and brought wealth and new ideas.

Lesson 13.3- Africa- Askia the Great

1443

Askia the Grea's real name was Muhamad Ture. After the success of overthrowing Sunni Baru, he took the title of high military rank askia and he was known Askia the Great ever after. He supported education and learning, built many useful buildings, spread Islam, an appointed governors that were loyal to him instead of the local leaders.

16.3- Mesoamerica- The Economy of Inca

1450

The Inca government stabilized its government by using a system called mita which was very similar to Marxism. The people work for the government instead of paying the taxes. The people had to spend time working for the government. So the government officials distributed goods collected through mita and they stored leftovers for emergencies.

Lesson 20.1- Europe- Nicolaus Copernicus

1473

There was a person who was studying Ptolemy's theory about the movements of the planets, and he was Nicolaus Copernicus. While he learned the theory, he founded out that it made little sense. So, he came up with a idea which talked about the sun being the center of the universe and all the other planets going around it. Even though he couldn't explain his theory, his idea inspired other astronomers and fresh thinking of science.

Lesson 18.5- Europe- The Spanish Inqusition

Nov 1, 1478

The Spanish Inquisition was organized by priests who tortured and killed those who don't believe Christianity but other religion. But Portugal gets involved in inquisition later on too.

Lesson 19.2- Europe- Literature beyond Italy

1500

Outside Italy, there were famous writers too. For example, there was Miguel de Cervantes, the author of "Don Quixote"; William Shakespeare, the famous English writer and playwright.

Lesson 19.3- Europe- Martin Luther

1500

Martin Luther, who started a spark in reformation, wrote the lists of complaint toward the Catholic Church which is called "95 Theses". And some people who agreed with this statements and protested against the Catholic Church is called Protestants .

Lesson 20.3- Columbian Exchange

1500

The Columbian exchange is a trade between the old world Europe and new world America. Europeans were introduced to many varieties of plants and animals by the Americans. The Americans were introduced to new technologies and religion.

Lesson 20.3- Europe- The Beginning of Capitalism

1500

As the population of the Europe increase, the demands for better goods increased too. So more individual businesses were established to make and sell more goods they manufacture. This process is considered Capitalism's beginning.

Lesson 20.2- Europe- Ferdinand Magellan

1519

Ferdinand Magellan, who was a Spanish sailor, sailed around South America’s Southern tip. Unfortunately, Magellan was killed during the voyage, but his crew survived and circumnavigated.

16.2- Mesoamerica- The End of Azetc

1521

During the late 1400s, the Spanish came to America and they were called conquistadors or soldiers. The Aztec emperor Moctezuma the second welcomed them because he thought Hernan Cortez, the leader of the conquistadors was god Quetzalcoatl. Moctezuma the second gave Hernan Cortez gold and many other gifts, but it didn't satisfy Hernan Cortez. So he attacked the Aztecs and ended the Aztec Empire.

16.3- Mesoamerica- The End of Inca Empire

1532

Before the conquistadors came to Incas, there was a civil war between two sons of the ruler for the throne. Atahualpa won and took the throne, but the side-effect of civil war was severe that it had such a great effect on Inca's army. So when Francisco Pizarro came for the meeting, he caught unarmed Incas by surprise and took over the incas.

Lesson 19.3- Europe- The Political Impact of Reformation

1562

Since the Christianity divided into two groups, there was a huge tension between those two. This conflicts ended up in a war called "30 Years' War". After 30 years of war, people agreed on the Treaty of Westphalia. This change made people think that they shouldn't only rely of clergy but themselves.

Lesson 20.2- Europe- Spanish Armada

1588

After few assaults to Spain transport ships from Sir Francis Drake, Spain launched an attack toward England and they sent Spanish Armada, Spain's large navy consist of 130 battleships. But Spanish Armada was too big to fight against England's navy and England had a better firearm. So England gained victory over the battle with Spanish Armada.

Lesson 21.2- Europe- John Locke

1632

John Locke was an English Philosopher who influenced the Enlightenment mostly on the politics. He thought that government is a contract between the people and the one in power. To prevent the government from having too much power, he said the government's power should be limited. Also, he said that everyone has rights to live, be free, and own property which is called natural rights.

Lesson 20.1- Europe- Sir Issac Newton

1642

Issac Newton, who is considered one of the greatest scientists who have ever lived, made theories about gravity and motion which is now the law of gravity and laws of motion. He wrote his theories and published it in 1687 which is Principia Mathematica.

Chapter 21- Europe- Enlightenment and Revolution

Period: 1642 to 1800

This period was called Enlightenment, or The Age of Reason because the thinkers from this period emphasized reason’s importance, and asked question on many things. Later, this idea impacts how people view the government and led into many revolution.

Lesson 21.3- Europe- Civil War in England

1649

In England, the English monarchy and the English Parliament had a bad relationship because the monarchy didn't want to give up its power while English Parliament demanded to respect the rights. This conflict ended up in a civil war and the parliament won the battle, but it didn't result positively. Oliver Cromwell who was the representative took over England and became a dictator.

Lesson 21- Europe- Voltaire

1694

Voltaire was one of the French Philosopher who made many Enlightenment ideas popular, and he insulted the government and the religion. Instead, he putted importance on people improving their own existence and removing censorship.

Lesson 21.2- Europe- Jean Jacques Rousseau

1712

Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that the government should act in people's will or Popular Sovereignty. He thought people gives the government to make laws and rule.

Lesson 21.3- Europe- The Independent of America

1756

The colonists who settled in America were unsatisfied with the actions of England government. They collected high taxes, made harsh laws, and didn't allow colonists to rule themselves. So those angry colonists met together to resolve these problems and plan for revolution. After a huge battle against England, America was independent from England.

Lesson 21- Europe- Mary Wollstonecraft

1759

Mary Wollstonecraft was a British writer who wrote about the inequality between men and women. She argued that women too must have same rights as men.

Lesson 15.3- Japan- The Fall of Japan

1800

Due to the many foreign invasions, internal rebellion, there were many struggles. But there were many strong who unified Japan and keep Japan under their control. But the shoguns were afraid that they will lose their power, and they locked themselves away from the world.

Ch. 9, Modern Day, The Mathetics of the Greek

2017

Today, we use the studies from the Greek period like the rules of the geometry of the Euclid for math, Archimedes calculated the pi and discovered and mathematically proved the formulas for the volume and surface area of a sphere.

Modern day, Babylon Hammurabi's code

2017

Hammurabi created the first law in the world which is Hammurabi's code which turn out to be the foundation of modern day laws.

Modern day, Indian mathematics

2017

Indian developed complex mathematics, and Hindu-Arabic numerals including zero which we still uses today.(The date is when the math emerged in India.

Chapter.8 ,Modern day, The Greek Literatures

2017

Today, we still read the Greek literatures that has been made a four millenniums ago which are Iliad, Odyssey, Tale of the Ants and the Grasshoper, The Boy Who Cried Wolf, ect

Chapter 10- Modern Day- Rome’s Government

2017

Today America uses the system of the Tripartite which was created by Romans to prevent people from getting too much power.

Lesson 12 Modern Day, Islam

2017

Like in ancient times, there are a lot of people who believes in Islam which orginated in Arabia and there are so many people that believe in Islam that it is one of the biggest religion in the world

Modern day, Egyptian papyrus

2017

We uses paper to write something on it like how Egyptian used papyrus in ancient time.

Chapter 6 Modern day connection

2017

In these days, we uses clock/watch like how people in Han Dynasty used sundial to know the time but it last only until the dusk.

Chapter 11- Modern day- Christianity

2017

There are many people who believe in Christianity which started during the reign of Augustus by Jesus, the son of God, which spread quickly throughout the world

Chapter 18 Modern Day, Universities

2018

The universities that were built during the middle ages still affect our modern day by recruiting people with talents. There are Oxford University, Cambridge Unversity, Heidelberg University, Paris Unversity, etc.

Modern Day, The Effect of Reformation

2018

After the Reformation of Christianity, there were constant conflicts between Catholic Church and Protestant. Today, there are still conflicts between Catholic and Protestant too.

20- Modern Day, The Birth of the Capitalism

2018

The capitalism that was created during the 16th century is now the basic foundation of some modern society. The people earn money by working on making goods for people's demand.

21 Modern Day, The Philosophers During Enlightenment

2018

The philosophers during Enlightenment gives us the basic clue about how the government should act and how people should act. John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and Charles Louis Montesquieu taught us how government should treat people and how they must work. Voltaire taught us that human can improve themselves and how there shouldn't be any limitation to accessing knowledge.

Chapter 14 Modern Day Event

2018

LIke in Tang and Song Dynasty, we still use compass to see the direction and gunpowder to fire guns in military.

Lesson 15- Japan- Modern day Connection

2018

Like in Ancient Japan, many people still have interests and learn Japanese Martial Arts like Judo, Aikido, Kendo, etc.

Chapter 16- Modern Day Connection

2018

Like the Mayans who used the 365-day calendar to know when to farm, we also use 365 calendars that were created by Maya.

Chapter 17- Modern Day- Arts in the Middle Age

2018

Many artworks and artifacts that was created during the middle age are exhibited in many museum and sometimes, it is sold in auction for its beauty.

Leson 13- Modern day, the mineral salt production in Ghana

2018

LIke the period of Ghana Empire, Ghana still produces mineral salt and sell it. Ghana stil produces between 250,000 and 300,000 tonnes of salt annually.