2017 David Kim Dalat/World History

Fertile Crescent-Early Fertile Crescent People

Period: 10,000 BCE to 7000 BCE

The Fertile Crescent is a large arc of rich, or fertile, farmland. Hunter-gatherer groups first settled in Mesopotamia which was part of the Fertile Crescent. These people learned how to grow crops. They soon developed various types of grains. (pg.55)

Egypt-Early Egyptians

Period: 10,000 BCE to 3100 BCE

Hunter-gatherer groups that moved into the Nile valley benefited from the Nile river. It provided early Egyptians farmers lots of food and had natural barriers that made Egypt hard to invade. Because of this protection, villages of Egypt grew. Wealthy farmers emerged as leaders and gained control of several villages and by 3200 BC, the villages that had banned together formed two kingdoms: Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. (pg.88)

Mesopotamia-Development of Agriculture

7000 BCE

Although Mesopotamians developed various crops, the region received little rain. However the Mesopotamians used irrigation to supply water to land. Eventually they had foodsurplus which led to the division of labor. (pg.56)

6.1-China-Civilization begins in China

7000 BCE

The early China settlements developed various ways of farming along the Huang He and the Chang Jiang river. Like other River valley civilizations, their population grew as their source of food increased. They soon developed villages which included animals, storage pits, and cemetery

Nubia-The Rise of Kush

3500 BCE

Early people that lived in Nubia were benefited by its geographical features which suited farming. This allowed rich farmers to become village leaders and eventually be united as one kingdom. This kingdom was called Kush.

Nubia-Kush

Period: 3500 BCE to 300

Like Egypt, Kush had natural barriers that made it difficult for other kingdoms to invade. Kush and Egypt traded and lived peacefully. This influenced Kush's society to have priests and artisans. However, in 1500 BC, Egypt attacked Kush in fear of Kush's growing power. They conqured Kush and influenced Kush's culture tremendously until Kush became independent along by the fall of the New Kingdom in 1050 BC Later in 850 BC, Kush conquered Egypt but was destroyed by the Aksums in AD 300. (pg.109)

Egypt-Egyptian Writing

3300 BCE

Egyptians developed a writing system called hieroglyphics that mostly used pictures and symbols. Hieroglyphics were written on papyrus: paper-like material made out of reeds. They were durable while also easily being rolled into scrolls. However, they couldn't read it until they discovered the Rosetta Stone: a stone that had hieroglyphics and Greek inscribed on it. They recorded historical events, science text, etc. using hieroglyphics. (pg.102-103)

Egypt-Egypt becomes unified

Period: 3100 BCE to 2700 BCE

Around, 3100 BC, a leader of the Upper Egypt wanted to unify Egypt. His armies invaded the Lower Egypt and took control of it. Then he unified the Upper Egypt and the Lower Egypt and became the first pharaoh: the title used by the rulers of Egypt which also means "great house". Menes also founded Egypt's first dynasty: a series of rulers from the same family. After that, he built a new capital city at Nile Delta which was later named Memphis. (pg.89)

Mesopotamia-The Sumerians

Period: 3000 BCE to 2300 BCE

By 3000 BC, people called Sumerians settled in Mesopotamia and developed the world's first civilization. Most of them lived in rural areas but some also lived in city states. City states fought each other to control larger areas. (pg.60)

Egypt-Religion

2700 BCE

The Egyptians practiced polytheism and thought that it was important to focus their religious beliefs on the afterlife. They believed that there was a ka in each person and when he/she died the person's ka becomes a spirit. This belief caused Egyptians to develop complex burial practices. They preserved elites as mummies and peasants buried their dead at the edge of the desert. They also built pyramids for dead pharaohs which were huge stone tomb which required engineering. (pg.92-94)

Egypt-The Old Kingdom

Period: 2700 BCE to 2200 BCE

The Old Kingdom is a period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC. The Old Kingdom was ruled by the pharaohs and worshiped many gods. The Egyptians had a social hierarchy where the Pharaoh ruled Egypt as a god, and Nobles that were often priests who helped run their government, then Scribes and Craftspeople that wrote and produced gods, and Farmers, Servants, and Slaves which were at the bottom of the social hierarchy of Egypt. Most Egyptians were farmers. (pg.90-91)

Mesopotamia-The Akkadians

Period: 2300 BCE to 2000 BCE

While the city states fought each other, a society created by the Akkadians developed along the Tigris and the Euphrates river. Then Sargon extended the Akkadian territory by conquering from the Persian gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. He also established the world's first empire. However after Sargon died, their power began to decline. Soon the Ur (a Sumerian city-state) rebuilt it's strength and conquered the rest of Mesopotamia. (pg.61-62)

India-The Harapan Civilization

Period: 2300 BCE to 1700 BCE

The Harapan Civilization was a civilization that grew up in the Indus River Valley. Like other civilizations they developed agriculture and were very advanced. They had bathrooms with indoor pluming and artisans made high-quality tools to make jewelry, ivory objects, and cotton clothing. (126-128)

Egypt-The Middle Kingdom

Period: 2050 BCE to 1750 BCE

In 2200 BC, the Old Kingdom fell. For the next 160 years, nobles fought each other for power until a pharaoh named Mentuhotep II united Egypt again from it's chaos.

Mesopotamia-Sumerian Advances and Inventions

2000 BCE

Sumerians developed skills in art and architecture. One of the buildings they built was the ziggurat which was a priamid shaped temple tower. While arichitects made temples, sculptors produced many artistic works including jewelry and cylinder seals which left imprints on clay when they were rolled over. They also made technical advances. They created the wheel, developed a math system based on the number 60 while they also studied science by making lists. (pg.67-68)

India-Arrival and Spread of the Aryan Migration

2000 BCE

Soon after the fall of the Harappan civilization, the Aryans arrived in India. Their society came from collections of poems, hymns, myths, and rituals written in Sanskrit called Vedas. They lived in small communities, mostly based on family ties and each group had their own leader: raja. (pg.128-129)

Mesopotamia-Cuneiform

2000 BCE

The sumerians developed lots of cultural advances including the cuneiform. Cuneiform is the world's first system of writing. Before the invention of cuneiform, Sumerians used pictographs(picture symbols). Normally a scribe would be hired to keep track of the items people traded using cuneiform. Sumerians also wrote epics: long peons that tell the stories of heroes using cuneiform. (pg.65-66)

Mesopotamia-Sumerian Society

2000 BCE

Religion was one of the most important part of Sumerian society. Sumerians practiced polytheism which was worshiping many gods. Priests who performed religious ceremonies had a high rank in the Sumer's social hierarchy. The kings were on the top, the priests were the second, craftspeople, merchant, and traders were the third, large working class were the fourth, and slaves were the last. (pg.62-63)

India-Indian Society

2000 BCE

The Aryan society was based on the caste system: a division of society into groups based on a person's birth, wealth, or occupation. There were four main varnas: Brahmins of priests, Kshatriyas who were warriors, Vaisyas who were farmers, craftspeople, and traders, and Sudras who worked as servants. (pg.131-135)

Chapter 8 Ancient Greece

Period: 2000 BCE to 1200 BCE

Minoans: 2000 BC-1600 BC
Mycenaeans: 2000 BC-1200 BC
Athenians: 900 BC-404 BC

Mesopotamia-Ur's Defeat

1800 BCE

As time passed on Ur's power declined by repeated foreign attacks by several groups of people. These people were the Babylonians, Hittites and Kassites, Assyrians, Chaldeans. They have their own achievements where one of them actually impacted our lives today. (pg.72)

Mesopotamia-The Babylonians

Period: 1800 BCE to 1590 BCE

The Babylonians were the first people to gain control of Mesopotamia after Ur's defeat. It was most famous for the Hammurabi code which was a set of 282 laws that one of their greatest monarch (king) developed. These laws were also written down for all the people over the empire could read and know what was against the code. (pg.72-73)

Mesopotamia-The Hittites and Kassites

Period: 1590 BCE to 1200 BCE

The Hittites and Kassites first built a strong kingdom in Asia Minor then conquered Babylon. The reason for it's victory against the Babylonians were its military advantages. First they made their weapons out of iron which made their weapons strong and sturdy. They also used chariots which were wheeled, horse-drawn cart used in battle to move quicker than their enemies. (pg.74)

Egypt-The Rise of the New Kingdom

1550 BCE

Around 1750 BC, a group from Southwest Asia invaded Egypt. These people were called the Hyksos and they used horses, chariots, and advanced weapons and took over Lower Egypt. The Egyptians fought back and in 1550 BC, Ahmose drove the Hyksos out of Egypt and established the New Kingdom. (pg.97)

Egypt-Daily Life/Jobs

1550 BCE

Egypt's complex society developed lots of jobs. There were scribes that copied religious and literary texts which allowed them to not pay taxes. There were also artisans who had advance skills and artists and architects who were highly admired in Egypt. Soldiers received land and kept treasures they captured in war. Some were promoted to officer positions. Most Egyptians were farmers and had to pay crops as taxes and were often called to fight in a war. Slaves worked on farms. (pg.99-100)

Egypt-Egyptian Temples and Art

1550 BCE

The Egyptians built massive temples to honor their gods. Their temples shared similar features one of which being sphinxes: imaginary creatures with the bodies of lions and the heads of animals or humans. Another similarity is that it's gate featured obelisks and that it was also decorated, often featuring statue of gods and pharaohs. Egyptians were also skilled in art. They had a distinctive way of painting people and its subject varied widely. (pg.104-106)

Egypt-The New Kingdom

Period: 1550 BCE to 1050 BCE

During the New Kingdom, Egypt's territory extended from the Euphrates River to southern Nubia. Their conquest allowed Egyptian traders travel to more distant lands uising trade routes. One of the pharaoh: Queen Hatshepsut, send Egyptian traders south to trade with the kingdom of Punt to increase Egyptian trade which made Egypt rich. When Ramses the Great became the pharaoh, he fought with the Hittites. Egypt achieve many things until they were defeated by the "Sea People. (pg.97-98)

Western end of the Fertile Crescent-The Phoenicians

Period: 1550 BCE to 300 BCE

Unlike other people groups, the Phoenicians weren't famous for it's military power. Instead they developed a wealthy trading society. They became expert sailors and Phoenicians traveled to Egypt, Greece, Italy, Sicily, and Spain. They grew wealthy from it's trade and also developed one of the first alphabets. The alphabet we use now is actually based on the Phoenician's alphabet.

6.1-China-The Establishment of the Shang Dynasty

1500 BCE

Overtime, Chinese society grew more complex. They learned how to dig water wells and use pottery wheels. Villages started to spread out and eventually formed the Shang dynasty in 1500 BC. The Shang Dynasty developed the China's first writing system which were found in cattle bones and turtle shells. They also had a social order where the king was at the top, then nobles who served him as advisors, then warriors, then artisans, then farmers, and slaves filled the lowest rank.

Chapter 6-Ancient China

Period: 1500 BCE to 220

Shang Dynasty: 1500 BC-1050 BC
Zhou Dynasty: 1050 BC-400 BC
Qin Dynasty: 221 BC-206 BC
Han Dynasty: 206 BC-AD 220

8.1-Greece-Development of Trade

1400 BCE

In Ancient Greece, two of the earliest settlements: the Minoans and the Mycenaeans traded with each other. However, when the Minoan society declined, the Mycenaeans took over crete and shipped goods around the Mediterranean and the Black seas.

Mesopotamia-The Assyrians

Period: 1200 BCE to 612 BCE

The Assyrians were from northern Mesopotamia and briefly gained control of Babylon they were defeated by invaders. Later, they regained their strength and conquered all of the Fertile Crescent and even some parts of Asia Minor and Egypt by 900 BC. Like the Hittites they used iron weapons and chariots and their army was well organized. They also had local leaders that governed a small area, collected taxes, enforced laws and raised troops. (pg.74-75)

6.2-China-The Rule of The Zhou Dynasty

1100 BCE

In the 1100s BC, a people group called the Zhou attacked and overthrew the Shang dynasty and ruled over China. The Zhou believed that their kings possessed the mandate from heaven and that no one was allowed to rule without heaven's permission. They also established a new political order where the king ruled, lords and warriors paid taxes to the king and received lands, and peasants that farmed the nobles' land.

10.1-Rome-Romulus Establishes Rome

753 BCE

In 753 BC, a man named Romulus established Rome and became the king. Seven kings came after him until the nobles overthrew the last king and created the Republic.

Chapter 10 The Roman Republic

Period: 753 BCE to 100 BCE

Roman Republic: 753 BC-27 BC
Gauls: 387 BC-270 BC
Carthage: 264 BC-218 BC

8.1-Greece-Decline of The Mycenaeans and the Beginning of the Classical Age

750 BCE

After the Mycenaean society declined, a period called the Dark Age followed. It lasted for about 300 years and has no written records. After the Dark Age, small groups of people started to join together to form a polis this event started the classical age. During the classical age, Greeks became rich enough to trade and set up a new political system.

Nubia-Later Kush

750 BCE

After becoming free from Egypt, Kush became powerful once again by iron industry and their expansion of trade. Like Egypt they sent out exports and received imports from Egypt, Asia, etc. Their trading allowed them to combine customs and had their own unique culture. They also worshiped Egyptian gods and women were allowed to become queens. (pg.111)

Mesopotamia-The Chaldeans

Period: 612 BCE to 539 BCE

Chaldeans was a group from the Syrian Desert that destroyed the Assyrian Empire which was weakened by the wars over who should rule. After they defeated the Assyrians, one of their kings, Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon into a beautiful city. The Chaldeans admired Sumerian culture and studied it. They also studied astronomy by charting positions of the stars and created the calendar. They eventually became able to solve complicated problems regarding geometry. (pg.75)

8.2-Greece-Aristocrats and Tyrants Rule

600 BCE

Before 500 BC, Greece developed Oligarchy where only a few people that have power ruled the country. Later when a leader named Draco made very strict laws with harsh punishments the Athenians wanted a new government. In 546 BC a noble named Peisistratus overthrew oligarchy and became a tyrant (a leader who held power through the use of force.

9.2-Greece-Sparta and Athens develop its society

600 BCE

Sparta's society was dominated by it's army. When a boy was born the government officials came to look at him. If he was not healthy, he was left to die and if he was healthy, he was trained from an early age to become a soldier. Women in Sparta also received physical training and had more rights than other Greek women. Boys in Athens received physical training too but didn't have to devote their whole lives to the army. They also received education. However, girls received almost no education.

India-Aryan Religions

600 BCE

The Aryan religion was based on the Vedas that contained sacred hymns and poems. However, Vedic texts began to blend in with other cultures which created a religion called Hinduism. Hindus believed in many gods and reincarnation: the process of rebirth. Then the Aryans created Jainism to react against Hinduism. Jainism emphasizes to injure no life, tall the truth, do not steal, and own no property. There was also Sikhism that were founded centuries later in AD 1400s. (pg.132-135)

12.1-Arabia-Muhammad Introduces a New Religion to Arabia

570 BCE

Around 570 BC, a man named Muhammad was born in the city of Mecca. As a child, he traveled with his uncle's caravans and managed a caravan business once he became an adult. He often went to the hills to pray and meditate. According to religious writings, he received messages from God. Muhammad talked about his messages and stated that there was only one God. At first Muhammad had few followers until it grew bigger and the people of Mecca accepted Islam as their religion.

9.1-Greece-Cyrus Establishes the Persian Empire

550 BCE

Until 550 BC, the Persians were ruled by a people Called the Medes. However, when Cyrus II led a revolt against the Medes, he was able to conquer them and free Persia and established the Persian Empire. Later, he conquered many regions but let the people he conquered keep their own customs.

Chapter 9 The Greek World

Period: 550 BCE to 323 BCE

The Persian Empire:550 BC-332 BC
Athens: 900 BC-404 BC
Spartans:
Macedonian Empire:332 BC-323 BC

8.2-Greece-Athens Develop Democracy

500 BCE

Around 500 BC, a leader named Cleisthenes overthrew aristocracy and established democracy: a type of government in which people rule themselves. All citizens in Athens had right to vote and speak in assembly.

13.1-West Africa-Landforms

500 BCE

Savannah: grassy plain with few trees.
Sahara: super huge desert.
Niger River: an essential part of early west African development.
Sahel: a mostly dry area found just south of the sahara

India-The Foundation of Buddhism

500 BCE

Around late 500s BC a young man called Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) wondered why there was suffering and left his home to look for answers when he was 30 years old. He found a tree and meditated under it for seven weeks until he found enlightenment. He realized that human suffering comes from wanting what we do not have, wanting to keep what we already have, and not wanting what you have and that you can overcome suffering by believing in Buddhism and following the eight fold path. (pg.136-139)

6.2-China-The Zhou's ideas

500 BCE

The Zhou also developed Confucianism which was ideas that focused on respect, loyalty, leading by examples, and education. These teachings were highly valued throughout China and was later compiled into a book called The Analects. The Zhou also followed Daoism and Legalism. Daoism focuses on living in harmony and let things flow in a natural way. However, legalism states that people are bad and only strict laws will be able to control them. It also believes in unity and efficiency through war.

8.3-Greece-Greeks Develop Mythology

500 BCE

Because the ancient Greeks weren't able to explain how events like thunder, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc., they created Greek mythology. They believed that gods caused natural events and built temples to honor them.

8.3-Greece-Greeks Develop Literature

500 BCE

In Greece, there was a famous poet named Homer who wrote two famous epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad tells us about the Trojan War and the Odyssey tells us about the Greek hero Odysseus journey on his way home after the Trojan War. The Greeks told fables: short stories that teach the reader lessons about life or give advice on how to live. Aesop made lots of famous fables.

13.4-Africa-Griots

500 BCE

A griot is a story teller that preserved west African history. They did this by telling other griots about the story. This action was called oral history. There was a risk of details changing over time when sharing an oral history, but unfortunately, West African never developed a written language.

9.1-Greece-Invasions of Greece

490 BCE

In 499 BC, several Greek cities in Asia Minor rebelled against the Persian Empire. Although the Persians were able tom put down the revolt, Darius the king of Persia got enrage and invaded Greece. Although the Persians had more soldiers, they lost the war because the Athenian army had better weapons and clever leaders. Later Darius's son Xerxes I invaded Greece again in 480 BC. The Persians lost again as this time the Athens formed an alliance with Sparta, a powerful city-state in Greece.

10.1-Rome-Challenges to Rome

450 BCE

After the creation of the Republic they fourth against other peoples of the region. During difficult battles they elected dictators: rulers with almost absolute power to defend them. There were also challenges within Rome as the plebeians formed their own council and elected their own officials. This frightened many patricians.

10.2-Rome-Laws Written down to Keep Order

450 BCE

When Rome's officials made laws, they didn't record it. This caused problems because some people broke their laws without knowing it even existed. So laws were soon written on 12 bronze tablets and were displayed in Rome's public meeting place, the Forum. These 12 bronze tables, are called the Law of the Twelve Tables.

9.2-Greece-The Peloponnesian War

431 BCE

After the Persian Wars, the Athens formed the Delian League with other city-states while Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League. As Athens grew stronger, it became a threat to the Spartans which made them start the Peloponnesian War. Sparta won this war and became the most powerful city-state in Greece.

9.4-Greece-Greeks Develop Philosophy

400 BCE

One of the greatest philosophers was Socrates. He asked questions about human qualities and wanted people to think and question their own beliefs. He was accused of questioning the authority of the gods and was condemned to death. His student Plato created a school and taught students and also wrote many works and thought that society should be run by philosophers. Plato's student Aristotle, taught that people should live in moderation and balance. He also made advances in the field of logic.

10.2-Rome-Development of the Tripartite

400 BCE

When the plebeians started to complain about Rome's government, the patricians made a new government and developed the tripartite: a government divided into three parts. The first part was made up of elected officials called magistrates. The second part was the Senate. It was made up of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised city's leader. The third part was the assemblies and tribunes which protected common people. Both patricians and plebeians were able to take part of it.

10.3-Rome-Growth of Territory and Trade

387 BCE

In 387 BC, people called Gauls attacked Rome and left after receiving a huge amount of money from Rome. Later, other people groups started to invade Rome. The Rome managed to defeat them and started to take over their lands instead. They were able to accomplish this through legions: groups up to 6000 soldiers. As they conquered Italy, the Roman farmers weren't able to grow enough food for everyone so they started to trade around the Mediterranean.

9.3-Macedonia Conquers Greece

359 BCE

In 359 BC, Philip II, the king of Macedonia invaded Greece and succeeded. Philip was able to accomplish this through phalanx: a group of warriors who stood close together in a square.

9.3-Greece-Alexander the Great Conquers Almost Everyone

323 BCE

After Philip died, his son, Alexander became the king of Macedonia. He was a great military leader like his father and began to conquer almost everyone. IN 334 BC he attacked Persia and succeeded. Later he conquered Egypt, all of Asia Minor and crossed the Indus River, planning to invade India. However his soldiers were exhausted so he had to march home.

India-The Rise of The Gupta Empire

320 BCE

Despite it's strength and wealth, The Mauryan Empire collapsed after Asoka died and the Gupta dynasty was established in AD 320. Their main religion was Hinduism but they still supported Buddhism and Jainism by building temples. They also considered the caste system as an important part of Indian society. (pg.144-145)

India-The Mauryan Empire

Period: 320 BCE to 185 BCE

in 320 BC Candragupta Maurya conquered the northern part of India and established the Mauryan Empire. He had a huge army and thousands of war elephants which helped him conquer the northern part of India. When his grand son Asoka became the king, he conquered the rest of India. However, when he converted into Buddhism, he stopped fighting and spent resources to improve the lives of his people and also sent missionaries to spread Buddhism.
(pg.142-143)

9.4-Greece-Greek Advances In Science, Math, Architecture, etc.

300 BCE

Ancient statues made by Greeks are still admired today as the sculptors who made them tried to make them look perfect. They also made paintings which is also admired for its realism and detail. They also built temples using columns and also developed new forms of writings such as drama and plays. Also Euclid, a famous Greek mathematician, made geometry rules and Hippocrates, a famous Greek doctor found out that knowing what caused the diseases would help doctors treat the patient better.

10.3-Rome-The Punic Wars

264 BCE

As Rome expanded their territory, they became a threat to other countries and fought the Punic Wars: a series of wars against Carthage, a city in northern Africa. The Romans almost lost as an army led by a brilliant general Hannibal used elephants and almost conquered all of Rome, except for Rome itself. Then Rome sent an army to attack Carthage and defeated them. They later conquered most of the Mediterranean region.

6.3-China-The Rule of Shi Huangdi

221 BCE

In 221 BC the Qin king Ying Zheng unified China and gave himself the name Shi Huangdi which directly translate to "first emperor". He was a Legalist and made strict laws and harsh punishments for anyone that didn't obey him.

6.3-China-Qin Achievements

221 BCE

Although the Qin dynasty only lasted until 206 BC, it made a lot of achievements. Their political system changed as Shi Huangdi claimed all the power and standardized money and measures. They also completed the great wall, built a network of roads and canals,
and also built a giant tomb of emperor Shi Huangdi after he died.

6.4-China-The Establishment of the Han Dynasty

206 BCE

After the Qin dynasty fell, Liu Bang, a peasant became the emperor because he was believed to have the mandate from heaven. Unlike Shi Huangdi, Liu Bang lowered taxes for farmers and made punishments less severe. Later emperor Wudi raised taxes and made Confucianism to create a strong central government.

6.4-China-Han Achievements

206 BCE

The Han dynasty produced many great achievements. They were experts at painting portraits of people and developed various types of verses used in poets. They also invented paper and made other scientific innovations such as sundial or seismograph

6.5-China-Han Contacts with Other Cultures

206 BCE

During the Han period, people traded iron weapons, silk, and other goods with other cultures using the silk road. As they traded they exchanged ideas and Buddhism started to spread along China (diffusion)

India-Religious Art and Literature

200 BCE

Indians developed their temples from stone structures to magnificent temples with beautiful paintings and sculpture worshiping their gods. They also wrote religious epics, plays, poetry, etc. using Sanskrit which is very popular even now in India. (pg.147-149)

11.1-Rome-Pax Romana

180 BCE

Pax Romana means Roman peace. It lasted until 180 BC. During that time, Romans made lots of achievements in fields of science, engineering, art. Their use of science can be seen in their engineering as they built aqueducts to carry water from mountains into cities.

11.1-Rome-Caesar’s Rise to Power and the End of the Republic

30 BCE

Around, 70 BC, political order started to break down as the plebeians saw violence as a political weapon. In 45 BC, a Roman general called Julius Caesar, also an excellent speaker, and was able to make himself dictator for life as he won many supporters. However, the senators, angry with Caesar killed him. After that, A leader named Octavian became the ruler of Rome and became the Emperor. The srenators gave him the name Augustus which means “revered one.”

Chapter 11 Rome and Christianity

Period: 27 BCE to 1453

Roman Empire: 27 BC-200 AD
Western Empire: 200 AD-476 AD
Eastern Empire: 200 AD-1453 AD

11.2-Rome-The Birth of Jesus

1 CE

When Jesus was born, a new religion was born. This new religion is called Christianity and it was based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Christianity spreaded rapidly and within 100 AD, thousands of Christians lived in the Roman Empire. However, a few Roman emperors persecuted and banned Jews until Emperor Constantine became a Christian.

11.2-Rome-Clashes with the Jews

66

The Roman Empire allowed people to keep their own religion unless it became a political threat. However, when the Jews rebelled against Rome in 66-70 AD, Emperor Hadrian banned certain Jewish rituals. The Jews revolted again and the Roman army destroyed Jerusalem and forced the remaining Jews to leave the city.

India-Scientific Advances

100

Indians also excelled in metallurgy: the study of metals, mathematics, astronomy, etc. They created high-quality tools using alloys: mixtures of two or more metals. They also developed the Hindu-Arabic numerals which are the very numbers we use today. Indians also studied medical sciences. Doctors wrote down their knowledge and they were capable of inoculation and surgery. Astronomy was also part of Indian advances where they could predict eclipses of the sun and the moon. (pg.150-151)

11.3-Rome-Division of the Roman Empire

200

In 200 AD the Roman Empire had to fight off fierce Germanic warriors along with the Persian army. At the same time, a disease swept through the empire, killing many people. Then emperor Diocletian decided that the Roman empire was too big for one person to rule and divided the empire, naming a co-emperor to rule the western half, while he ruled the east. More foreign tribes began attacking Rome and the western empire soon fell.

Chapter 16 The Early Americas

Period: 200 to 1537

Maya: 200-900
Aztecs: 1300-1521
Incas: 1400-1537

16.1-America-The Mayans

250

Around 200 AD, a civilization called Maya developed and formed large cities. During the classical age, which started around 250 and lasted until the 900s, the Mayans developed their own culture. They had a king who was believed to be related to the Mayan gods, priests, merchants, and noble warriors who were part of the upper class of the Mayan social structure. The Mayans were polytheistic and they believed that their gods needed blood to prevent disasters which led to lots of sacrifices.

Chapter 13 Early African Civilization

Period: 300 to 1500

Soninke(Ghana): 300-1230
Mali: 1230-1500
Songhai: 1400-1590

Chapter 17 Renewal in Europe

Period: 480 to 1500

Franks: 480-1500
Other Europeans kingdoms: 500-1500

15.1-Japan-Japan’s Early Society

500

The early Japanese lived by clans. However, the clans weren’t equal. Some clans were larger and more powerful while others were weak. Over time, a clan in the Yamato region gained power and

17.1-Europe-Geography of Europe

500

Although we call Europe a continent, it is technically part of Eurasia which is the large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia. The physical features of Europe vary widely from region to region. This allowed people to become farmers, seafarers, traders, etc.

17.2-Europe-The Middle Ages

500

After the Roman Empire fell, many groups of people moved into Rome’s former lands and created their own states. The creation of these kingdoms marked the beginning of the Middle Ages which began in 500 and lasted until about 1500. During the Middle Ages, European kingdoms spread Christianity by sending missionaries.

15.1-Japan-Early Japanese Society

500

The early Japanese lived in villages ruled by powerful clans. Each clan had a chief who were believed to have descended from nature spirits called kami by the Japanese. Clan chiefs preformed rituals which eventually became a traditional religion of Japan called Shinto. They also had one of the first Emperors from the Yamato rulers.

16.1-America-Mayan Achievements

500

Mayans made many advances in science. They built observatories to study the sky while they also developed a calendar which was more accurate than the calendar used in Europe at that time. They were also very skilled mathematicians and created a symbol for zero. They also created amazing art and architecture and decorated their buildings with paintings.

Chapter 15 Japan

Period: 500 to 1800

Ainu: ?-500
Japan: 500-1800

11.3-Rome-Emperor Justinian's Conquest

550

Although the western empire fell, the eastern empire survived and grew powerful. They were able to conquer Italy and most of the lands around the Mediterranean under emperor Justinian. However, after Justinian died, the eastern empire began to decline until they fell in 1453.

14.1-China- The Sui, Tang, and the Song

589

After the Han dynasty collapsed, there was a Period of the Disunion.Then a ruler named Yang Jian unified China and established the Sui dynasty. It began construction of the Grand Canal. Then a Sui official overthrew the Sui government and established the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty conquered many lands and was considered the golden age of Chinese civilization. Then there was a brief period of disunion until China was reunited by the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty also made great achievements.

Chapter 14 China

589

Sui dynasty: 589-618
Tang Dynasty: 618-907
Song Dynasty: 960-1279
Yuan dynasty:1279-1368
Ming dynasty:1368-1644

Chapter 14 China

Period: 589 to 1644

Sui dynasty: 589-618
Tang Dynasty: 618-907
Song Dynasty: 960-1279
Yuan dynasty:1279-1368
Ming dynasty:1368-1644

14.1-China-Age of Buddhism

600

Buddhism first came to China during the Han dynasty but only had follwers in China. However, after the Period of Disunion, and China had many Buddhists. It influenced many aspects of Chinese culture and Chinese missionaries spread their religion to Japan, Korea, and other Asian lands. The age of Buddhism ended when a Tang emperor launched a campaign against the religion.

14.3-China-Neo Confucianism

600

During the Tang Dynasty, a new philosophy called Neo Confucianism developed. It means “new Confucianism” so the philosophy was similar to Confucianism except it also emphasized in spiritual matters.

15.1-Japan-Influences From China and Korea

600

From the mid-500s, Japan started trading with China and Korea because they wanted to gather information about their cultures. The emperors hoped that it would help teach the Japanese new ways of working and thinking. The Japanese learned many things from China and Korea including language, religion, philosophy, and government.

12.2-Arabia-The Five Pillars

630

The Five Pillars of Islam are five acts of worship required to all Muslims. First, the Muslims must state their faith by saying, "There is no god but God and Muhammad is his prophet. The second pillars requires Muslims to pray five times a day and try to pray together at a mosque. The third pillar is a yearly donation to charity. The forth pillar is fasting and the fifth pillar is the hajj a pilgrimage to Mecca.

12.2-Arabia-Islam Beliefs

632

Islam emphasizes that there is only one God and that Muhammad is his prophet. It also teaches that the world had a definite beginning and will end one day and one that final day, God will judge all people. The Qur'an: the holy book of Islam describes acts of worship, guidelines for moral behavior and rules for social life. The Sunnah which is a written record of Muhammad's words and actions.

12-3-Arabia-Adu Bakr Establishes an Empire

634

In 634, a man named Adu Bakr made Arabia into a unified Muslim state. He began to conquer lands in Central Asia and in northern India. Islam was able to spread through areas the Muslims conquered along with trade.

Chapter 12 The Islamic World

Period: 634 to 1800

Arabian Empire:634-1100
Ottoman Empire:1200-1800
Safavid Empire:1501-1700
Mughal Empire:1526-1600

14.2-China Tang Achievements

700

During the Tang Dynasty, China began to trade with other countries. One of their main exports were silk which was so valuable at that time that the Chinese tried to keep the method of making it secret. They also began trade within China itself using the Grand Canal, which began construction during the Song Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty also produced great artists and writers such as Wu Daozi, Li Bao, and Du Fu. They also made gundpowder and the compass and developed woodblock printing.

17.2-Europe-The Franks

700

Around 480s, a powerful group of people called the Franks conquered Gaul and became one of the strongest kingdoms in Europe. It was later expanded by a leader named Charlemagne and became a huge empire. However, new threats like Muslim armies, Magyars, Vikings, etc. appeared an the Franks had to develop a new political system.

13.2-Ghana-Trade

800

Trade impacted Ghana greatly, through silent barthering of gold and salt. Because of the increased trade Ghana was able to make money from taxes and expand its borders.

15.2-Japan-Art and Culture in Heian

800

Many of the Japanese culture came from Heian(Kyoto) developed by the nobles who were great supporters of Japanese art. They also developed literature. One of the greatest writers in early Japanese history was Lady Murasaki Shikibu who wrote the Tale of Genji which many historians consider the first full-length novel. They also copied Chinese building styles and applied to their architecture. They also developed a new form of Buddhism called Zen which emphasized on self-discipline and meditation.

17.4-Europe/Japan-Feudal Societies

1000

In Japan, there was a system where lords called daimyo employed warriors called Samurai who promised to serve and fight for their lords. This system was very similar to the feudal system in Europe. However, Japan and Europe was also different in terms of religion, art, literature, etc.

18.1-Europe-England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire

1000

During the Middle Ages, England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire were the most powerful kingdoms in Europe. In England and France, the king inherited their throne from their fathers while in the Holy Roman Empire, emperors were elected with the pope’s approval. Because the Empire was approved by the pope, who was the leader of the Christian Church, people viewed it as a rebirth of the Roman Empire and it became known as the Holy Roman Empire.

17.3-Europe-Feudalism

1000

As new threats like Magyars, Muslims, and Vikings began raiding the Franks, the nobles had to defend their lands as they couldn't depend on their king to protect them. To defend their lands, the nobles hired knights to protect their lands. If the knight agrees, they became a vassal(a knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land). Feudalism soon spread into other kingdoms such as Italy, Spain, and Germany. However, feudalism decreased as population and trade grew in Europe.

18.5-Europe-Reconquista

1000

Around the 1000s, Christian kingdoms took away lands from the Muslim Moors. This effort was called the reconquista. Because of their victories, Spain began to grow. They created the Spanish Inquisition to make sure there were only Christians in the kingdom. Because of this many Jews and Muslims faced discrimination in Europe.

Chapter 18 The Later Middle Ages

Period: 1000 to 1492

-Holy Roman Empire: 1000-1800
-England: 400-(today)
-France: 500-(today)
-Spain: 1400-(today)

18.1-Europe-The Power of the Popes

1073

Popes were the head of the Christian Church in Western Europe. They had great power because most Europeans at that time were Christians and the pope were seen as God’s representative on Earth. They could also excommunicate(cast people out of the church) people, even the kings which was why they had greater power than even the king. This was proven by Pope Gregory VII when he excommunicated Emperor Henry VI in 1073, and forced him to ask for forgiveness in order to stay in power.

18.2-Europe-The Crusades

1096

The Crusades were long series of wars between Christians and Muslims. It started when the Turkish Muslims took over the Holy Land which was where Jesus lived, preached, and died. The Turks began raiding the Byzantine Empire who asked Pope Urban II for help who agreed and called in Christians from all over Europe to retake the Holy Land from the Muslims. However, they weren’t successful but the crusades did change Europe as trade between Asia and Europe increased and kings became more powerful.

18.3-Europe-Universities and Gothic Architecture

1100

During the Middle Ages, churches started building universities in order to teach people about religion. Most teachers in these universities were members of the clergy: church officials and spoke Latin. Thomas Aquinas became one of the most famous teacher by stating the natural law which was a law that governed how the world operated. In addition to politics and education, European churches produced great works of art and built more churches using a style called Gothic architecture.

14.4-China-The Yuan Dynasty

1200

During the Song Dynasty, a group of people call the Mongols were united by a powerful leader named Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful army and began to conquer lands. His grandson, Kublai Khan took over China and began the Yuan dynasty. When the Mongols weakened eventually, many Chinese groups rebelled under a leader named Zhu Yuanzhang. After the Mongols were defeated, he declared himself and began the Ming dynasty.

15.3-Japan-Japans Military Society

1200

By the late 1100s, daimyos(Japan's large landowners)decieded to protect their own lands and hired samurais(trained professional warriors). Later the Minamoto clan took over Japan and and their leader took the title called shogun which was a general who ruled Japan in the emperors name.

12.4-Arabia-The Development of Science and Philosophy

1200

Muslims empire made many advances in terms of science and philosophy. They had observatories where people could study the sun, moon and stars. They were also able to figure out their location on Earth. They also made accurate maps and mathematicians laid the foundation for modern algebra. Doctors also started the first pharmacy school. In terms of philosophy, they focused on Sufism, which states that they can find God's love by having personal relationship with God.

12.4-Arabia-Advances in Literature and Arts

1200

Poetry was popular in the Muslim world. Most of them were influenced by Sufism. Muslim also enjoyed reading short stories. The also built beautiful Mosques and also wrote calligraphy or decorative writing.

18.3-Europe-Religious Orders

1200

During the Middle ages, local churches had lots of political power and was one of the largest landholders in Europe. However, some people were unhappy with the political nature of the church. Among those people were the Monks. They started a monastery and followed strict schedules of prayers and religious services. Some people wanted to spread Christian teachings and became friars: people who belonged to religious orders but lived and worked among the public.

18.4-Europe-Magna Carta

1215

In 1215, a group of nobles forced an evil king of England, King John to approve a document that even the king could not ignore they had written called Magna Carta. One of the effects of the Magna Carta was the formation of the Parliament: the law-making body that governs England today since the Magna Carta stated that event the king had to obey the law. This set up the foundation of modern day democracy.

Chapter 19 The Renaissance and Reformation

Period: 1300 to 1648

Italy: 753 BE-(today)
France: 500-(today)

13.3-Africa-Mansa Musa

1324

Mansa Musa was the most famous Mali leader. He was really rich. He caused inflation wherever he went. He also took a pilgrimage to Mecca. He built schools and believed in the value of education. After his death, his son really dropped the ball and his empire fell. Lesson: always be a good parent

18.4-Europe-The Hundred Years’ War and the Black Death

1328

In 1328 the king of France died with no sons.This resulted in an invasion by England which started the Hundred Years’ War. During the war, a plague called the Black Death swept through Europe, killing one third of its population. After the war, the Parliament's power grew in England while the king's power grew in France. After the Black Death, the manor system ended as there weren't enough people to work in the fields.

16.2-America-The Aztecs

1400

Around 900 AD, the Mayan civilization disappeared for unknown reasons. Then around the 1300s, a people group called the Aztecs built and Empire. The had an emperor, nobles, and warriors and priest in the upper class of their social structure. The Aztecs were polytheistic like the Mayans and made about 10000 human sacrifices per year. They also made cultural achievements such as pyramids and jewelry and masks. They were later conquered by Spanish conquerors called conquistadors in 1521.

16.3-America-The Incas

1400

The Inca Empire rose in South America while the Aztecs were ruling Mexico. It was expanded by a ruler named Pachacuti. The Incas had their official language called Quechua. Their economy was organized and the upper class of the social structure consisted of an emperor, priests, and government while the lower class were farmers and servants. The Incas were known for their masonry(stonework) and other works of art. They were later conquered by a conquistador named Francisco Pizarro.

19.1-Italy-The Italian Renaissance

1400

During the Renaissance, Italian artists created beautiful paintings and sculptures. They used a technique called perspective-a way of showing depth and distance on a flat surface. There were also two people who can do practically anything well. The first one is Michelangelo, who designed buildings, wrote poetry, carved sculptures, and painted magnificent. The second was Leonardo da Vinci. He was a sculptor, architect, Inventor, engineer, town planner, and a mapmaker.

19.2-Renaissance Ideas Spread Beyond Italy

1400

After Renaissance ideas spread throughout Europe, scientists studied ancient math text and built on the ideas in them. This allowed them to create modern day math symbols such as the symbol for the square root and for positive and negative integers. Also, around the mid-1400s, Johann Gutenberg developed a printing press, allowing more people to learn how to read.

Chapter 20 Science and Exploration

Period: 1416 to 1687

Portugal: ?-(today)
Spain: 1400-(today)
France: 500-(today)
England: 400-(today)

20.2-Europe-Age of Exploratio

1500

During the 1400s, people wanted to find the sea route to Asia in order to get rich from spice trading. They sailed using ships called caravels. Among them were Christopher Columbus who “discovered” America instead of reaching Asia, Ferdinand Magellan who was the first to circumnavigate the world, Vasco da Gama who was the first one to find the sea route to Asia.

12.3-Arabia-Three Muslim Empire

1500

The Arab Muslim empire lasted until around 1100 AD. Afterward, three non-Arab Muslim groups built large, powerful empires. They were the Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal Empire.

15.3-Japan-Later Japan

1500

In the 1300s, the emperor got tired of not having power and began to fight the shogun. By 1400s, the shogun lost most of its power while the emperor was still largely powerless. Most of Japan were ruled by daimyos. Japan was unified by Tokugawa Ieyasu, who became the ruler of Japan as a shogun. However, the later shoguns feared that Japan would become too much like Europe, and the shoguns would lose their power. In order to prevent this a shogun isolated Japan in the 1630s.

19.3-Europe-The Reformation

1500

By the late Renaissance people begun to notice flaws and called on its leaders to end corruption. This movement was called the Reformation. Among them were Martin Luther, who wrote the 95 thesis. The reformation eventually led to the Thirty Years' War. As a result, European countries made an agreement to allow the rulers to determine whether their countries would be Catholic of Protestant.

20.1-Europe-Advances in Astronomy

1543

In 1543, Nicklaus Copernicus published a book which stated that the earth orbited around the sun for the first time. Many historians consider this event the beginning of the Scientific revolution because originally, people thought that the Earth was the center of the universe. Johannes Kepler added to Copernicus’ theory by saying the plants moved in elliptical orbits around the sun. Galileo Galileo proved this by studying the sky using a telescope. Newton explained it by understanding gravity.

20.3-Europe-The Columbian Exchange

1600

The Colombian Exchange was the exchange of plants, animals, and ideas between Europe and America. As trade increased, people started buying more manufactured goods which eventually led to Capitalism-an economic system in which individuals and private businesses run most industries.

Chapter 21 Enlightenment and Revolution

Period: 1689 to 1794

England: 400-(today)
France: 500-(today)
U.S.A.: July.4.1776-(today)

21.1-Europe-The Age of Reason

1700

Discoveries made during the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Exploration caused change in Europe as people began to rely on logic and reason. This period was called the Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason. Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire, who spoke out against censorship and Denis Diderot, who edited the Encyclopedia believed the use of reason could improve society.

21.2-Europe-Democratic Ideas

1700

Some Enlightenment thinkers developed new ideas about how governments should work. John Locke stated that the government was a contract between the ruler and the people and that all people had certain natural rights. Charles-Louis Montesquieu built on Locke's ideas in his book, The Spirit of the Laws and claimed that the government should be divided into separate branches. Another thinker was Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who stated that the government should express the will of its people.

21.2-America-Enlightenment in America

1750

The ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau spread throughout Europe and eventually reached colonist leaders in America. Among them were Benjamin Franklin, who argued against "taxation without representation" and Thomas Jefferson, who later became the president of the United States supported the idea of independence for the colonies and the separation of religious and political power.

21.3-Europe/America-The Age of Revolution

1750

In England, France, and America, Enlightenment ideas caused their government to change. In England, William of Orange had to accept the English Bill of Right which drew upon the principles of Magna Carta. England also accepted the Declaration of Independence declaring the colonies' independence from British rule. After this America formed a constitutional government. In France, violence broke out and King Louis XVI was force to sign the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

Korea December.12.25

Dec 25, 2004

Modern Day Event-Mesopotamia-The Alphabet

2017

The Phoenicians, known for developing the trading society, also developed one of the world's first alphabets to record their activities. This greatly impacted us today because alphabet that is used for English is based off of the Phoenician's alphabet. Also later civilization benefited from the Phoenician's alphabet. (pg.77)

Modern Day Event-Egypt-King Tutankhamen's Tomb

2017

Many of the pharaohs' tombs were emptied by treasure hunt. However, in 1922, archaeologists found King Tutankhamen's tomb which wasn't disturbed. Archaeologists and Historians were able to learn a lot about Egyptian burial practices and beliefs from the treasures found in King Tutankhamen's tomb. (pg.106)

Modern Day Event-India-Hindu-Arabic Numerals

2017

Indian scholars developed the Hindu-Arabic numerals that we use today. They also created zero where modern math wouldn't even be possible without it. (pg.150)

Ch.6-Modern Day-Invention of paper

Oct 30, 2017

Paper one of the most often things we use every day. They were first invented during the Han dynasty using plant fibers and grinding them into a paste.

Ch.8-Modern Day-Development of Democracy

Nov 14, 2017

Democracy is a type of government in which people rule themselves. It was first created in Greece and many countries are democratic now.

Ch.9-Modern Day-Geometry

Nov 21, 2017

Euclid, a Greek mathematician studied geometry, lines, angles, and shapes. He made geometry rules which were so influential that we learn in school today.

Ch.10-Modern Day-The Tripartite

Nov 30, 2017

When Rome first developed the tripartite, it was very successful. It was an effective and also a fair system that modern countries such as U.S.A. uses it.

Ch.11-Modern Day-Christianity

Dec 1, 2017

Christianity was a religion that developed after was born. It is a religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus. Although the Roman Empire banned this religion, it is currently the most largest religion in the world with the most believers.

Ch.12-Modern Day-Advances in Math

Jan 21, 2018

Muslims laid the foundation for modern algebra. They also developed Arabic numbers

Ch.13-Modern Day-Music West African Music

Jan 22, 2018

West Africans developed a type of music which developed into a style of music style called the blues. The blues also shaped other styles of music including jazz and rock.

Ch.14-Modern Day-Isolationism

Feb 9, 2018

During the Ming dynasty, a Ming emperor banned any foreign trade. China has entered the period of Isolationism. Later, the western world made huge technological advances. China was when western countries began conquering other lands. The western forces were able to influence their affairs because China was too weak to stop them. In modern day, North Korea is currently Isolated and because of that, they are becoming weaker. It teaches us that Isolation is bad.

Ch.15-Modern Day-Bushido

Feb 22, 2018

Bushido is the samurai code of rules. To day many Japanese feel a connection to the samurai. Loyalty and honor which was one of the most important ideas of the bushido is still very important in modern Japan.

Ch.16-Modern Day-Mayan Achievements

Mar 6, 2018

Many of the Mayan achievements are still applied to modern day. We still have observatories and we also have a calendar that was 365 days in one year. They also created the number system to help make complex calculations and also were among the first to create a symbol for zero.

Ch.17-Modern Day-Spread of Christianity

Mar 8, 2018

During the Middle Ages, Christianity was spread to Europe by Christian missionaries such as Patrick. Many people in Europe are still Christians today.

Ch.18-Modern Day-The Magna Carta

Apr 16, 2018

When King John approved the Magna Carta, even the kings had to obey the law which caused the Parliment that is the highest law-making body in the United Kingdom today. The Magna Carta also set up the foundation of modern day democracy.

Ch.19-Modern Day-Advances in Math

Apr 29, 2018

During the Renaissance, scientists developed lots of modern day math symbols. This also allowed Renaissance scientists to make advances in other fields of science such as engineering and architecture.

Ch.20-Modern Day-Principia Mathematica

Apr 30, 2018

Principia Mathematica was the book Sir Issac Newton published in 1687, explaining his theories. Some of his theories such as the law of gravity were proven so many times that they are now called laws.

Ch.21-Modern Day-The Constitution

May 16, 2018

The Constitution reflected the ideas of Montesquieu, and divided power among three branches of government: The legislative branch (Congress), would make laws while the executive branch, headed by the president, would enforce laws, and the judicial branch (court system), would interpret laws. This government plan became the government of the United States.