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Brown vs. Board of Education
Linda Brown wanted to go to an all white school because it was close to her house, but was not allowed. She went to the Supreme Court and this case was ruled as "deliberate with all given speed". This was the first of many racial cases. -
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1960's Timeline Project
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Geneva Conference
This contained representatives from France, Vietnam, Cambodia, Breat Britain, Laos, China, Soviet Union, and the Unites States to work together to make a peace agreement and arrange for Indochina's future. They came to an agreement and Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
This was formed because the African American's who rode buses were forced to sit in the back and give up their seats to the whites. 90 some percent of all African Americans did not take the bus systems for months which finally led to the integration of ths buses. -
Gandhi
Mohandas Gandhi was one of the most inspirational figures in the Civil Rights and most of their tactics came from his teachings. He had been a leader in India trying to help break free for independence and tought that non violence was the right way to go. -
Little Rock Crisis
Govenor Orval Faubus violated court order to integrade Little Rock's Central High School. This led to crowds of angry whites harassing the black children on the first day of school and not allowing them in. Eventually, the "Little Rock Nine" were escourted into the school by soliders in order to be safe. -
NOW
This is the National Organization for Women. This is a women's rights organization that fought gender discrimination in the workplace, schools, and justice system. They lobbied, filed lawsuites, and protested to get their ways. -
Latino Rights
In the late 1960's Mexican American's began to fight for their rights, following the African Americans. They were called the Chicanos, made up by themselves. This was the begining of the Mexican Americans rights. -
Free Speech Movement
This was established from the events in Berkeley and began the movement. Students protected and used tactics to fight for freedom, which shocked American's sicne they were questioning authority. -
New Frontier
This was Kennedy's plans for changing the nation and campaign slogan. American's did not seem to like this idea very much, but it worked for him. -
Vienminh
Ho Chi Minh returend to Vietnam and organized this group in order to gain control. It was led by communists, but also open to non-communists who were wanting independence. In World War II the Vietminh attacked and gained parts of Northern Vietnam. -
Space Race
The Space Race came to symbolize the New Frontier as the exploration of Space. This was a race with the Soviets to see who could get to the mood first. The Soviets reached the mood first, but the U.S. had the first man on the moon, -
Bay Of Pigs Invasion
The U.S. believe that the invasion of Cuba would lead it's people to rise up against Castro. An air strike from U.S. bombers from Nicaragua by Cuban exiles which failed to destroy Cuban's air force led to the U.S. connection now revieled. The Bay Of Pigs Invasion was doomed to fail. -
Freedom Riders
A groupd of African Americans that were sent from CORE on buses through the South to go into the white-only areas and see what happened. On this day angry mobs swarmed outside the buses in Anniston, AL. The mob frebombed the bus and beat anyone who tried to escape. -
The Berlin Wall
On this date Communists closed the crossing points from East and West Berlin. Up to 25,000 East German soldiers guarded around West Berlin to block their chances of freedom. -
24th Amendment
This amendment banded voters of being taxed when voting. People were getting taxed mostly to keep African Americans from voting, since they were moslty poor. This helped increaase chanced that change was on the way and gave hope. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
This is the date that the photos from the U-2 plane proved solid evidence that the Soviets did have missiles in Cuba and were lying. From this point on the Cuban Missile Crisis led to the threat of invasion, yet ended well. This event is the closest the world has even been to a nuclear war. -
March on Washington
This was the largest Civil Rights movement ever held in the U.S. with more than 200,000 people witnessing. African American leaders planend to marth the nations capital and Martin Luther King Jr. gave the "I believe" speach. -
Kennedy's Assasination
John F. Kennedy was riding in an open car parade through Dallan, Texas when he was shot and killed. The shots came from the sixth floor of the Schoolbook Depository building. -
Johnson To President
Kennedy's Vice President, Lydon B. Johnson came to office soon after Kennedy's assasination. The two men had little in common, but JFK chose him in order to win over the Democratics and showcase his political talents. -
'Great Society"
This was Johnson's campaign slogan and phrase used. This also became the term used for his domestic programs of his administration and led to him winning the presidential election in 1964. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act banned gender discrimination in employment and was highly supported by feminist. Feminism was very new at this time too, and was the conviction that women and men should be socially, politically, and economically equal. -
Freedom Summer
Volunteers met in an Ohio college to being to train for this project. They were trained to register voters or teach summer school, also helped the African Americans learn reading and math skills. This began the idea of a freedom movement in MIssissippi. -
War on Poverty
Kennedy wanted this to be the highest priority at this time, but soon found it was harder than he thought. To launch the program he asked Congress to pass the Economic Opportunirty Act. Soon after, the Job Corps and VISTA were founded. -
Mississippi Freedom Party
The SNCC helped to organize this party as part of the Freedo Summer project. They elected 68 democratic delegates and protested for African American Rights. -
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
this had to be approved by congress and enabled the President to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the U.S." There were only two senators who opposed this idea and believed it would be a mistake. -
Affirmative Action
The government helped set this up in order to give preferences to minorities and women to be able to get jobs. The government designed these actions to make up for past African American discrimination. -
The Ground War
This war began in 1965 and lasted through until 1968. The war began to escalade and Johnson called for more troops, starting at 185,000 and two years later had a total of 486,000 troops. There were no territorial goals which made the war all but necessary.This was also the first war to be aired on TV and the body counts shown every night, -
Operation Rolling Thunder
The was the first major direct U.S. mitlitary activity in Vietnam. President Johnson ordered this bombing campaign over Vietnam in order to weaken their will to fight. -
Ho Chi Minh Trail
This trail was a network of paths from north Vietnam, through Laos and Cambodia, and ended in South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese used this trail to transport weapons, soliders, and food to their troops. Most of the trail went through jungle making it easily visible. -
Boricua Movement
This is the Puerto Ricans movements for equal rights. They fought for better living conditions, health care, more employment, and better education. This was founded following the African Americans and Mexican rights movements. -
Black Panther Party
This party was founded by huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, CA. This group was calling for violence in order to get African American liberation. They carried guns and guarded the blacks agains brutality. -
The Brown Berets
The late 1960's the Brown Berrits were founded and became on of the largest movements of the Chicanos. They protested first against polive brutality in East Los Angeles. Then they started fighting for bilingual education, better schools, and Chicano education. -
Summer Of Love
This was the period of height in hippie movements. Even though the nation was at war and had many racism problems, hippies focused on peace and happiness. Hippies caused lots of problems though, leading to drug or alcohol addictions. -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
This was also called The Fair Housing Act, which banned discrimination in the sale of rental houseing. This was a large achievemnt for African Americans and led to many future achievements. -
Poor People's Campaign
This was King's idea, but after his death Ralph Abernathy came to power. This campaign turned out to be a disaster. Bad weather, no media coverage, and harassment all led to the downfall of the campaign. -
Tet Offensive
These were a set of massive attacks throughout South Vietnam. Thousands of Vietcong troops attacked and isolated U.S. military base in Khe Sanh in North Vietnam. After a 77-day siege ended the American military still held Khe Sanh. -
Election of 1968
Once Johnson withdrew from the presidential campaign his vice president, Hubert Humphry came to power. Richard Nixon ran against Hubert and won at a very close vote, 43.4% to 42.7%. This victory led to Nixon creating many new policies and the war in Vietnam. -
American Indian Movement
This was founed in 1968 in Minnesota by Denis Banks, Clyde Bellecourt, and others. AIM helped fight for Indian rights and called for renewal of traditional cultures, economic independencem and better education all for Indians, -
De Facto Segregation
This was the phrase used to explaino segregation that exists through customs and practice rather than by law. This was very difficult to over come becasye no laws can change the way people think. -
Assasination of King
James Earl Ray shot and killed King as he was standing on his motel balcony on this day. This enraged African Americans all around the nation and nearly 55,000 troops were needed to control everyone. The reaction to his death was very violet. -
Main Attacks
The Vietcong and North Vietnamese launched their attack. During this campaign, some 84,000 comminust soldiers attacked 12 U.S. military bases and over 100 cities in South Vietnam. the Northern Vietnamese hoped than this attack would lead South Vietnam citizens ti rise up against their government. -
Vietnamization
Nixon's "Peace with Honor" was part of a larger strategy, using a part of this plan was called the Vietnamization. This was the turning over of more fighting in Vietnam to the South Vietnamese white slowly bringing U.S. ground troops home. -
The Youth Culture
The number of teens in the U.S. increased rapidly, increasing almost 50% from 1960-1970. These teens blamed their parents generation for the world problems, cerating even more problems. Teens began rebelling against society and doing what they wanted to do. -
Tewnty-Sixth Amendment
Senator George Mcgovern helped the passing of the 26th amendment, which lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. This was lowered because people felt that if you were old enough to fight for your country, you are old enough to vote for who is in charge of the nation. -
War Powers Act
This law reaffirms Congress's constitutional right to declare war. It also sets a 60-day limit on U.S. troop in foreign ladn without authorization by Congress.This led to shorter war time and eventually less war total.
