-
Rutherford Hayes Presidency
Hayes was the 19th President of the U.S. and began the efforts that led to the social service reform. He was of the Republican Party. -
James Garfield Presidency
Garfield was the 20th President of the U.S. after nine terms in the House of Representatives. He was a Republican Party Member and was shot dead 200 days into his presidency. -
Chester Arthur Presidency
The 21st President of the U.S. who took office after the shooting of James Garfield, Arthur saw the largest expansion of the U.S. Navy and the end of the spoils system. -
Grover Cleveland Presidency
The first Democrat elected after the Civil War, Cleveland was the 22nd President of the U.S. and was the first President to ever serve two nonconsecutive terms. Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. -
Benjamin Harrison Presidency
Harrison signed into law the Sherman Antitrust Act and expanded U.S. territories, including the annexation of Hawaii and the establishment of the National Forests. His administration also raised tariffs, which led to a decline in his popularity. -
William McKinley Presidency
McKinley led the nation during the Spanish-American War, resulting in the U.S. acquiring territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. He also oversaw a period of economic expansion and industrial growth, though he was assassinated early in his second term. -
Theodore Roosevelt Presidency
Roosevelt expanded the powers of the presidency, championed Progressive reforms, and advocated for antitrust actions. He is credited with the construction of the Panama Canal and a vigorous foreign policy stance, including the famous "speak softly and carry a big stick" approach. -
William Taft Presidency
Taft continued Roosevelt’s progressive policies but became increasingly more conservative, which led to a split in the Republican Party. He emphasized trust-busting and enacted several progressive reforms, but he struggled with foreign policy and handling the Panama Canal issues. -
Woodrow Wilson Presidency
Wilson led the nation through World War I and played a key role in establishing the League of Nations. Domestically, he enacted progressive reforms such as the Federal Reserve Act and anti-trust laws but faced criticism for his handling of civil rights and race relations. -
Warren Harding Presidency
Harding’s presidency is often associated with corruption scandals, including the Teapot Dome scandal. However, he promoted economic growth, tax cuts, and isolationist foreign policies. He died in office, and his successor, Calvin Coolidge, would undo many of his policy mistakes. Of the Republican party. -
John Calvin Coolidge Presidency
Coolidge is known for his laissez-faire approach to governance, reducing taxes, and cutting government spending. He oversaw a period of economic prosperity during the "Roaring Twenties" but did not address underlying economic imbalances, contributing to the onset of the Great Depression. -
Herbert Hoover Presidency
Hoover’s presidency was dominated by the onset of the Great Depression, which severely tarnished his reputation. Although he implemented some initial relief efforts, his policies were seen as ineffective in addressing the economic crisis, leading to his loss in the 1932 election. -
Franklin Roosevelt Presidency
FDR served four terms and led the U.S. through the Great Depression and World War II. He introduced the New Deal to provide economic relief, recovery, and reform. His leadership during the war helped establish the U.S. as a global superpower. -
Harry S. Truman Presidency
Truman made the controversial decision to use atomic bombs on Japan, ending World War II. His postwar policies included the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe and the Truman Doctrine to contain communism, as well as desegregating the military. -
Dwight Eisenhower Presidency
Eisenhower’s presidency was marked by Cold War tensions, particularly with the Soviet Union, but also significant infrastructure development, such as the Interstate Highway System. He also promoted a policy of containment to limit the spread of communism globally. -
John F. Kennedy Presidency
JFK is remembered for his inspiring leadership during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Space Race, famously committing to landing a man on the Moon. He advocated for civil rights and was a strong proponent of foreign policy initiatives to combat the spread of communism, but his presidency was cut short by his assassination in 1963. -
Lyndon Johnson Presidency
Johnson’s Great Society programs expanded civil rights, education, and healthcare, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Medicare. His escalation of the Vietnam War, however, eroded his popularity and led to his decision not to seek re-election. -
Richard Nixon Presidency
Nixon opened diplomatic relations with China and ended the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. However, his presidency was overshadowed by the Watergate scandal, leading to his resignation in 1974—the first and only resignation of a U.S. president. -
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. Presidency
Ford became president after Nixon’s resignation and is best known for pardoning Nixon for any crimes related to Watergate. His presidency faced economic challenges, including inflation and an energy crisis, and he was unable to overcome a tough re-election challenge in 1976. -
James Earl Carter Jr. Presidency
Ford became president after Nixon’s resignation and is best known for pardoning Nixon for any crimes related to Watergate. His presidency faced economic challenges, including inflation and an energy crisis, and he was unable to overcome a tough re-election challenge in 1976. -
Ronald Reagan Presidency
Reagan is remembered for his conservative domestic policies, his tax cuts, and his tough stance against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. His administration saw economic growth, but also increased national debt and a mixed record on domestic social issues. -
George Herbert Walker Bush Presidency
Bush oversaw the end of the Cold War and led the U.S. through the Gulf War in 1990-1991, which resulted in the liberation of Kuwait. However, his administration was also marked by a recession and his breaking of a key campaign promise regarding no new taxes. -
William Clinton Presidency
Clinton’s presidency saw a period of economic prosperity, with budget surpluses and a booming tech industry. His second term was marred by scandal and impeachment over an affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky, though he was acquitted in the Senate. -
George Walker Bush Presidency
George W. Bush’s presidency was defined by the response to the September 11 attacks, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the 2008 financial crisis. His policies focused on national security and tax cuts, and his administration was deeply involved in foreign interventions. -
Barack Obama Presidency
Obama is known for passing the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), ending the Iraq War, and leading the U.S. through the recovery from the 2008 financial crisis. His presidency also included significant attention to LGBT rights and a foreign policy pivot towards Asia. -
Donald Trump Presidency
Trump’s presidency was marked by populist policies, tax reforms, a hardline stance on immigration, and the renegotiation of trade deals. His administration also saw impeachment twice, though he was acquitted both times, and he is known for his divisive rhetoric and foreign policy decisions. -
Joseph Biden Presidency
Biden's presidency began with a focus on combating the COVID-19 pandemic and economic recovery through stimulus bills. He also emphasized restoring U.S. alliances abroad and reversing many of Trump’s policies, especially in areas of climate change, healthcare, and immigration.