-
France in famine
A severe winter in 1788 resulted in famine and widespread starvation in the countryside. Rising prices in Paris brought bread riots. By 1789 France was broke. The nobility refused to pay more taxes, and the peasants simply couldn't. -
The Revolution Breaks Out
-
The Estates-General met at Versailles.
The Estates-General met at Versailles on May 5, 1789.
They were deciding if they (The Estates-General) should vote by head -giving advantage to the 3rd Estate- or by estate, which lead the two priviledges estates (1st and 2nd) outvote the 3rd Estate. -
The Appearence of The National Assembly
On June 17 this legal issue finally lead the deputies of the Third Estate to declare themselves the National Assembly -
The Tennis Court Oath
On 20 June 1789, the members of the French Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath until the Constitution of the kingdom was established in the city of Versailles. The Thrid Estate wouldn't leave until the constitution of the kingdom was established. This was a pivotal event in the French Revolution. -
The Constitution of 1791
It was a French constitution created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting (limited male suffrage). The constitution lasted less than a year. -
Period: to
Legislative Assembly
This New Constitution ended the priviledges of some classes.
During this period, The National guard was created to defend the revolution (the Austrians and the Aristocrazy were a real threat)
To solve the financial problem, church properties were expropiated and sold. THE CIVIL CONSTITUTION > established the separation of Church - State -
The Disintegration of the National Assembly
France’s National Assembly was brought down to be replaced by a new political unit called the Legislative Assembly -
The Onset of War Began
On April 20, 1792, France declared the war on Austria after King Louis XVI was in favour of war hoping that foreign armies could easily overthrow the new assembly and the revolutionaries wanted the war, hoping to unify the nation and spread the ideas of the revolution to the rest of Europe. -
The Royal Family Attacked/September Massacre
On August 10, around 20,000 people went to the Tuileries Palace. While the King and Queen had escaped to the Legislative Assembly for help they decided to place them under arrest. The Revolution was becoming more radicalized and hundreds of royalists were murdered (aka “September Massacre”)
PS: Most of the French citizens were just running for their lives. -
The National Convention (REPUBLIC)
A new political body named the National Convention went by the previous Legislative Assembly. Their first order of business was to declare France as a republic on September 21, 1792. French military managed to smash the onset of the Austrians and Prussians. -
The Reign of Terror
With National Convention a new Committee of Public Safety was led by Maximilien Robespierre. He established himself as the leader of the “Reign of Terror.” (To banish any enemies of the revolution in France)
From September 1793 to July 1794, Robespierre sentenced an estimated 16,000 people to be guillotined, including radicals, moderates and most leaders of the French Revolution.
Law of the Maximum was established -
Period: to
The Jacobin Convention
Society of the Jacobins or Amis de la Liberté et de l’Égalité was the most famous political group of the French Revolution, which became identified with extreme egalitarianism and violence and which led the Revolutionary government from mid-1793 to mid-1794 -
King Louis XVI's execution
King Louis XVI was charged with treason. He was convicted and found guilty. So, by January 21, 1793, Louis was driven through the streets of Paris and met his fate at the drop of the popular guillotine. He was quickly decapitated. Marie Antoinette had a short trial herself, as she was accused of numerous crimes too. Despite many of her “crimes” coming about on false rumor, by October 16 she too was found guilty and was decapitated the same day, just like her husband. -
Robespierre guillotined
Opposition to his rule quickly began to grow, (in the Committee of Public Safety and within the National Convention)
On July 27, 1794, Robespierre was arrested himself and met the same fate by guillotine that so many had before him, under his order. -
Constitution of 1795
A new government more moderated bourgeoisie: the Directory, included an elected legislative and an executive branch with five directors, to avoird dictatorships. One of those leaders was Napoleon Bonaparte. It's a return to moderate ideas of the first movement of the revolution. Some people returned from exile -
Joséphine de Beauharnais marries Napoléon Bonaparte.
9 March - Widow Joséphine de Beauharnais marries General Napoléon Bonaparte. -
Napoleon's troops land in Egypt
Napoleon and his personal body-guard, Raza Roustam, as well as a number of the captured Mamelukes, departed Egypt in 1798 - while the majority of the army were repatriated back to France by the British Navy following the final defeat of the French forces in Egypt in 1801. -
Napoleon's first appearence
After Robespierre, the National Convention (once again) created a new constitution, with the new “Directory” leading the country. This was a bad call, as the Directory almost immediately fell to corruption, political conflict, and financial problems.
By 1799, a successful military commander named Napoleon Bonaparte swept in to dissolve the Directory and establish himself as the First Consul of a new order in France. -
Constitution of 1800
Constitution based of no separation of powersnand no declaration of rights. Liberties were limited and public opinion was censored.
-Centralisation of administration (departments runed by pretects)
-Abolition of priviledges
-Legal freedom & equiality
-In theory popular sovereignty & suffrage but Napoleon had absolute power
Compolsory primary education (Lyceés)
NAPOLEON SIGNED A CONCORDANR WITH THE CHURCH. -
Napoleon Started his conquest
-
He crowned himself emperor with the Pope's authorization
-
The Confederation of the Rhine
Napoleon dissolve the Holy Roman Epire, and created the Confederation of the Rhine, a union of French client states composed of 16 setates in present-day Germany. -
Invading Russia
After defeating his enemies, apart from Great Britain (Trafalgar, Continental Blockade) his luck will decline when he invades Russia in 1812 and the French army is fighting in Spain. -
Battle of Leipzig
600,000 soldiers were involved in the largest battle in Europe prior to WWI. -
Bourbon Restoration
Bourbon Restoration under Louis XVIII and Charles X.
The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the first fall of Napoleon in 1814 and his final defeat in the Hundred Days in 1815, until the July Revolution of 1830. -
Exile to Elba
Forced abdication of Napoleon and subsequent exile to Elba. -
Napoleon defeated in Waterloo
Napoleon is finally defeated in the battle of Waterloo by British, Prussian and Dutch -
Period: to
LIBERALISM
-National soveregnty
-Divisions of power
-Limited male suffrage
-Society according to wealth (property)
-Lead by the bourgeoisie -
Death of Napoleon Bonaparte
At the end, he was confined to Santa Helena (Atlantic Ocean) where he died in 1821.
Rwo reaction occupied the country.
-Abolishement of absolute monarchies, feudal rights supported by libreals.
-Strong Anti-French feeling because of the violence used by the invaders and the submission to France -
Louis Pasteur is born
