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Temperance
Temperance means restraint and moderation, but if you're talking about alcohol, temperance means not just drinking in moderation, it means not having it at all. The temperance movement appeared in the U.S. in the 19th century, at first urging moderation in drinking but eventually seeking to outlaw alcohol entirely. The American Temperance Society was formed in 1826, within 12 years claiming more than 8,000 local groups and over 1,250,000 members. -
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Becoming An Industrial Power
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John Deere
American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.In 1837, Deere started an eponymous company that went on to become an international powerhouse. -
YMCA
The Young Men's Christian Association was founded in London, England, on June 6, 1844, in response to unhealthy social conditions arising in the big cities at the end of the Industrial Revolution (roughly 1750 to 1850). Growth of the railroads and centralization of commerce and industry brought many rural young men who needed jobs into cities like London. They worked 10 to 12 hours a day, six days a week. -
Bessemer Process
The Bessemer Process was a process by which Andrew Carnegie made steel stronger and cheaper; allowed for massive industrial growth of the U.S. It cut the prices in half drastically and it was so inexpensive that its use was widespread. In order to have stronger steel that will last a longer period of time, you would fork over more money. -
Morill Land Grant College Act
Act of 1862 that transferred substantial public acreage to the state governments, which were to sell the land and use the proceeds to finance public education. This act led to many land-grant institutions. Law was passed for the awarding proceeds from the sale of public lands to the states for the establishment of agricultural and mechanical colleges -
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Transforming The West
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Standard Oil Trust
The Standard Oil Trust was formed in 1863 by John D. Rockefeller. He built up the company through 1868 to become the largest oil refinery firm in the world. In 1870, the company was renamed Standard Oil Company, after which Rockefeller decided to buy up all the other competition and form them into one large company. The trust had established a strong foothold in the U.S. and other countries in the transportation, production, refining, and marketing of petroleum products. -
Salvation Army
An organization founded by William and Catherine Booth in 1865 that was a major distributor of help to the poor. Emphasized both religious and social salvation. Their mission is to help drug addicts, prostitutes, the homeless, and others in need. Today, The Salvation Army is active in virtually every corner of the world and serves in over 100 countries, offering the message of God’s healing and hope to all those in need. -
Cornelius Vanderbilt
The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. This man was one of the few railroad owners to be just and not considered a "Robber Barron". Vanderbilt signed an agreement, March 25, 1872, that “all agreements for the transportation of oil after this date shall be upon a basis of perfect equality,” and ever since has given the Standard special rates and privileges. -
Mail Order Catalogues
In 1872, Aaron Montgomery Ward of Chicago produced a mail-order catalogue for his Montgomery Ward mail order business.The innovation which brought to isolated farmers the same opportunity to purchase goods from the largest companies as enjoyed in cities.Chain stores hard to reach rural areas but kept customers through this process. It changed isolated people's lives b/c it introduced new trends of fashion &home decor &new tools, machinery, &technology for home available to them -
Killing of the Buffalo
Buffalo had dominated the Great Plains before white Americans moved in, and Native Americans had long lived off the buffalo while sustaining their population. The majority of the white buffalo hunters killed for the tongues and hides leaving the carcasses on the Plains to rot. In June 1872 over 2 million were just killed just for their hides.There is an estimate of 31 million were slaughtered bye 1868 and 1881. -
Red River War
The U.S military campaign created to rid the Southern plains of Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho in 1874. Buffalo hunters trespassed on land granted to Indians--> Native food supply lost. This led to the end of an entire way of life for the southern plains tribes, decimated the buffalo population -
George Armstrong Custer
The Battle of the Little Bighorn, fought on June 25, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, pitted federal troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (1839-76) against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. At Little Bighorn, his forces were outnumbered and quickly overwhelmed in what became known as Custer's Last Stand. -
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The Gilded Age
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Exodusters
African Americans who left Tennessee and moved to the Great Plain states such as Kansas, and Nebraska, to reunite with their families. Pap Singleton was the leader of this group. The most famous is Nicodemus in Kansas. And many moved to Northern cities in search of jobs. -
Francis Willard (Suffragette)
Francis Willard became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as a step towards strengthening democracy. The Women's Christian Temperance Union was led by Francis Willard, powerful "interest group" following the civil war, urged women's suffrage, led to Prohibition -
Assassination of President Garfield
When James A. Garfield was attacked on July 2, 1881, the nation was shocked, enraged, and captivated. President for just four months, Garfield was shot by Charles Guiteau as he was about to board a train at the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. Severely wounded, Garfield lingered until September 19. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
Chinese immigrants arrived on U.S. shores between the start of the California gold rush in 1849 and 1882, until the U.S. Congress enacted federal law in 1882 designed to prevent Chinese immigrants from entering or remaining in the U.S.
In 1882 the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by the U.S.Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. -
Pendleton Act
1883, enacted civil service reform, said the Civil Service Exam must be taken in order to receive most government jobs (highest scores got the jobs), banned federal employees from giving campaign money to their party. Set up Civil Service Commission and created system by which applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected based on an exam; prohibited them from making political contributions. -
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
William F. Cody was hired to provide buffalo meat for railroad workers in Kansas (1867), given the nickname "Buffalo Bill" for his skill in riding horses and hunting buffalo, he began to lead hunting parties for the rich and famous, blurring the line between the reality and fantasy of the West/hunting, first Wild West Show (1883) - showed horsemanship, sharpshooting, and Indians. -
Great Upheaval of 1886
A wave of strikes and labor protests that touched every part of the nation in 1886. he strike wave broke for a while and then returned in the fall with another surge of walkouts. By year’s end 610,000 workers had struck, compared to 258,000 the year before. In 1885, 645 job actions affected 2,467 establishments; in 1886, however, more than 1,400 strikes hit 11,562 businesses. Nothing like this had ever happened in America, or in Europe. -
American Federation of Labor
The American Federation of Labor was a union of skilled laborers formed by Samuel Gompers in 1866. The American Federal of Labor quickly became one of the most powerful unions in the United States. They achieved success by avoiding larger political questions in favor of "bread and butter issues" such as shorter workdays and higher wages for union members. -
Dawes Severalty Act
An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans. Of 130 million acres held in Native American reservations before the Act, 90 million were sold to non-Native buyers. Designed to forestall growing Indian poverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators. -
Inventions/Products: Kodak Camera
In 1880, George Eastman opened the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company. His first camera, the Kodak, was sold in 1888 and consisted of a box camera with 100 exposures. Later he offered the first Brownie camera, which was intended for children. By 1927, Eastman Kodak was the largest U.S. company in the industry.Eastman committed suicide in 1932.In all, Eastman's innovations started the amateur photography craze that is still going strong today. -
Ghost Dance
Ritual dance by Plain Indians to hasten end of the world, disappearance of whites, revitalization of former cultures and hunting grounds, and reuniting with departed friends.Part of a religious awakening among the Lakota Sioux in 1890 in which they believed that if they returned to their traditional ways and ceremonies, the whites would be driven from their land -
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Imperialism
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was the first legislation enacted by the United States Congress (1890) to curb concentrations of power that interfere with trade and reduce economic competition. Congress passed this law to prohibit monopolies which had grown rapidly. It was named after the senator John Sherman. It was passed by the U.S Congress in Washington, D.C. It was passed by John Sherman because it was to stop monopoly businesses. -
Wounded Knee
December 29th, 1890; a massacre in which 146 Native Americans were slaughtered by the 7th Calvary at Pine Ridge. The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek, was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. -
Andrew Carnegie
Scottish-American industrialist, businessman who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry. Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. He was also one of the most important philanthropists of his era. He was a robber baron, a ruthless capitalist, he took directly part in the gilded age of capitalism. -
World's Colombian Exposition 1893
The World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 was the first world’s fair held in Chicago. Carving out some 600 acres of Frederick Law Olmsted’s Jackson Park, the exposition was a major milestone. Congress awarded Chicago the opportunity to host the fair over the other candidate cities of New York, Washington D.C. and St. Louis, Missouri. More than 150,000 people passed through the grounds each day during its six-month run, making it larger than all of the U.S. world’s fairs that preceded it. -
The Pullman Strike
The Pullman strike brought Eugene Debs national attention, and it led directly to his conversion to socialism.The events of the strike led other Americans to begin a quest for achieving more harmonious relations between capital and labor while protecting the public interest. When the firm slashed its work force from 5,500 to 3,300 and cut wages by an average of 25 percent, the Pullman workers struck. -
President Cleveland's Intervention
.The President intervened in the Pullman strike , it was a political and ethical issue as much as it was constitutional. For even if the President had properly enforced the law as it was at the time, his actions seemed very biased. The Federal power was used to break the boycott, while no action was taken to incline Pullman or the railroads toward a peaceful settlement. It gave business the court injunction as a new weapon against labor -
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The Progressive Era
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Cross of Gold Speech
at the democratic convention one of the most famous speeches in U.S. history. "you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.' the convention voted to adopt the pro-silver platform. This advocated for bimetallism, or the use of both gold and silver in funding the currency. -
Plessy Vs. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson is a key Supreme Court case in U.S. history. It stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow car, breaking a Louisiana law. It shaped racial policy in the United States for over half a century by upholding the legality of racial segregation.U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required separate but equal facilities for blacks and white -
The Election of 1896
The election of 1896 is seen as the beginning of a new era in American politics, or a "realignment" election. Ever since the election of 1800, American presidential contests had, on some level, been a referendum on whether the country should be governed by agrarian interests This was the last election in which a candidate tried to win the White House with mostly agrarian votes.Bryan's speech at the Democratic convention won him the nomination (youngest ever). -
Spanish-American War
War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's "independence" as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. It was started in part by the influence of yellow journalism after the explosion and sinking of the USS Maine. -
Battle of Manilla Bay
On May 1, 1898, at Manila Bay in the Philippines, the U.S. Asiatic Squadron destroyed the Spanish Pacific fleet in the first major battle of the Spanish-American War (April-August 1898). The United States went on to win the war, which ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America. -
The Battle of San Juan Hill/ San Juan Heights
This battle is also known as the Battle of San Juan Heights, the most significant U.S. land victory, and one of the final battles, of the Spanish-American War. After the Battle of Las Guasimas in Cuba, Major General William Shafter planned to take Santiago de Cuba, the island’s second largest city. Reports of Spanish reinforcements on route to the city caused him to accelerate his plans. He ordered head-on assaults against three hilltop fortified positions that made up the city’s outer defenses. -
Treaty Of Paris
Treaty signed December 10, 1898 by the United States and Spain ending the Spanish-American War. The treaty also provided for the United States to keep troops in Cuba and for the annexation of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico by the United States. Fighting was halted and Spain recognized Cuba`s independence. The U.S. occupation of the Philippines was recognized pending final disposition of the islands. -
Open Door Policy
Open Door policy, statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900 for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity.The Open Door policy was received with almost universal approval in the United States, and for more than 40 years it was a cornerstone of American foreign policy in East Asia. -
The Election of 1900
The Republicans nominated William McKinley on a platform that advocated imperialism while the Democrats chose Willima J. Bryan on a platform of free silver. During the election, the Republicans professed tha free silver would end U.S. prosperity. McKinley won the election with an overwhelming victory in the urban areas. -
The Boxer Rebellion
In 1900, in what became known as the Boxer Rebellion (or the Boxer Uprising), a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. The rebels, referred to by Westerners as Boxers because they performed physical exercises they believed would make them able to withstand bullets, killed foreigners and Chinese Christians and destroyed foreign property. -
Platt Amendment
This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treaties with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay. The Platt Amendment stipulated the conditions for U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs and permitted the United States to lease or buy lands for the purpose of the establishing naval bases. -
Russo-Japanese War
Long-standing tensions with Japan over the way Russia and other European powers exerted influence in Asia. Japan felt threatened by China's compliance in allowing Russia to construct a Chinese Eastern Railway across Manchuria and negotiations for a 25- year lease of Port Arthur (which they turned into a naval base). Russia renegaded on promise to withdraw troops from Manchuria by 1903. Angers Japan and 1903 night attacks on Port Arthur = blockaded port incurring a major sea battle. -
The Jungle
Upton Sinclair was a muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.intended to be a Socialist tract based on workers' conditions at a meat factory, but people just pay attention to the disgusting conditions; directly leads to tighter regulations for meatpacking and formation of Food and Drug Administration. -
The Meat Inspection Act
The Meat Inspection Act was passed in 1906 largely in reaction to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, the law set strict standards of cleanliness in the meatpacking industry. It authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption. -
Muller Vs. Oregon
Oregon enacted a law that limited women to ten hours of work in factories and laundries. Muller challenges it after he orders a female employee to work longer hours. Court ruled that Oregon's law was constitutional. The impact or significance was a Win for Progressive Reformers but equal-rights feminists were against the ruling -
Henry Ford: Model T
Henry Ford developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits.Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. Sloan, an American industrialist, helped found project. -
Angel Island
The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York. -
The Election of 1912
In this election, the Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson, giving him a strong progressive platform called the "New Freedom" program. The Republicans were split between Taft and Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party with its "New Nationalism" program. By the division of the Republican Party, a Democratic victory was ensured. Woodrow Wilson won. The Republicans were thrust into a minority status in Congress for the next six years. -
The 17th Amendment
The 17th Amendment was passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures. Citizens could directly elect for senators. The Amendment was first proposed on May 13th 1912 -
Federal Reserve Act
The Federal Reserve Act created 12 district banks that would lend $ at discount rates (could increase/decrease amt. of $ in circulation); loosen/tighten credit with nation's needs; first central banking system since 1836. Gives liquidity to fund all future wars without specifically going to Congress to ask for war funds. -
The Lost Generation
The lost generation rebelled against Victorian values.These individuals affected by the negativity & remorse of World War 1.They rebelled against public codes of conduct,and expressed sexual liberation. American literary notables who lived in Paris & other parts of Europe, some after military service in WW1. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos and John Steinbeck. -
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World War 1
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Ludlow Massacre
On April 20, 1914, members of the Colorado National Guard opened fire on a group of armed coal miners and set fire to a makeshift settlement in Ludlow, Colorado, where more than a thousand striking workers and their families were camped out. labor-management conflict that turned violent when strikebreakers and national guardsmen burnt tent village of workers and families in coalfield; United Mine Workers had led strike in calling for safety, higher wages, etc. -
Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram was supposedly sent from Germany's foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, to the German minister in Mexico City; Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and in return they would help Mexico get back the territory that US had acquired; this telegram caused US to enter WWI -
First Red Scare
As World War I was ending a fear-driven, anti-communist movement known as the First Red Scare began to spread across the United States of America. In 1917 Russia had undergone the Bolshevik Revolution. The Bolsheviks established a communist government that withdrew Russian troops from the war effort. Americans believed that Russia had let down its allies, including the United States, by pulling out of the war. -
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
The American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) consisted of the United States Armed Forces sent to Europe under the command of General John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight World War I . During the United States campaigns in World War I the AEF fought in France alongside French and British allied forces in the last year of the war, against German forces. -
Child Labor
Child labor was very prevalent in America in the 1900s; one of five kids under the age of 16 worked outside of home; most widespread in the South,children worked in textile mills in the Carolina's and Georgia, Pennsylvania coal fields; states enforced laws permitting children 12 and younger from working with a family member, however, 10,000 boys were illegally employed in coal mines. The U.S. Congress passed two laws, in 1918 and 1922, but the Supreme Court declared both unconstitutional. -
Espionage Act
Federal law passed shortly after entrance into WWI, made it a crime for a person to mail or print information that inspired dissent against the American war effort or promoted its enemies. Under the Espionage Act, people could be punished for obstructing military recruitment, or for causing disloyalty or insubordination within the armed forces, or for conspiring to obstruct recruitment or cause insubordination. Also allowed the poster master general to exclude seditious material from the axial. -
Spanish Flu
Global outbreak of a deadly type of flu. The movement of soldiers during WWI helped to spread the virus. 20-40% of people in the world are estimated to have become ill with the virus that attacked the young and healthy as well the weak. People sometimes felt fine in the morning and were dead by night. An estimated 675,000 people died in the U.S. and 50 million worldwide. -
Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance, a blossoming (c. 1918–37) of African American culture, particularly in the creative arts, and the most influential movement in African American literary history. Embracing literary, musical, theatrical, and visual arts, participants sought to reconceptualize “the Negro” apart from the white stereotypes that had influenced black peoples’ relationship to their heritage and to each other. -
14 Points
Woodrow Wilson's peace plan to end WWI. It calls for free trade; an end to secret pacts between nations; freedom of the seas; arms reduction; and the creation of a world organization - called the League of Nations. -
Royal Air force (RAF)
On April 1, 1918, the British Royal Air Force (RAF) is formed as an amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). The RAF took its place beside the British navy and army as a separate military service with its own ministry. The purpose of the Ministry of Defense, and the Armed Forces, is to: defend the United Kingdom, and Overseas Territories, our people and interests; act as a force for good by strengthening international peace and security. -
The Sedition Act
The Espionage Act, passed shortly after the U.S. entrance into the war in early April 1917, made it a crime for any person to convey information intended to interfere with the U.S. armed forces’ prosecution of the war effort or to promote the success of the country’s enemies. Aimed at socialists, pacifists and other anti-war activists, the Sedition Act imposed harsh penalties on anyone found guilty of making false statements that interfered with the prosecution of the war. -
Paris Peace Conference
The Paris Peace Conference convened in January 1919 at Versailles just outside Paris. The conference was called to establish the terms of the peace after World War I. Though nearly thirty nations participated, the representatives of the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and Italy became known as the “Big Four.” The “Big Four” dominated the proceedings that led to the formulation of the Treaty of Versailles, a treaty that ended World War I. -
Volstead Act
The National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, was enacted to carry out the intent of the 18th Amendment, which established prohibition in the United States. The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors -
Fall Of The Ottoman Empire
The forces that destroyed this old and once powerful state catapulted the Middle East, Europe, and indeed the world, toward increased instability and chaos.Out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire arose the forces that contributed, directly or indirectly, to some of the most long-lasting and horrific conflicts to afflict the world. The Ottoman Empire was destroyed, replaced by a significantly smaller country simply known as "Turkey;" a nation stripped of most of its non-Turkish lands and peoples. -
Marcus Garvey
Born in Jamaica, Garvey aimed to organize blacks everywhere but achieved his greatest impact in the United States, where he tapped into and enhanced the growing black aspirations for justice, wealth, and a sense of community. During World War I and the 1920s, his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was the largest black secular organization in African-American history. Possibly a million men and women from the United States, the Caribbean, and Africa belonged to it -
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The 1920's
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Treaty Of Versailles
The treaty was signed at the vast Versailles Palace near Paris – hence its title – between Germany and the Allies. The three most important politicians there were David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau and Woodrow Wilson. Treaty of Versailles, peace document signed at the end of World War I by the Allied and associated powers and by Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, France, on June 28, 1919; it took force on January 10, 1920. -
19th Amendment
The Nineteenth (19th) Amendment to the United States Constitution granted women the right to vote, prohibiting any United States citizen to be denied the right to vote based on sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920 after a long struggle known as the women's suffrage movement. -
Tea Pot Dome Scandal
Teapot dome scandal, involved secretary Interior, Albert Fall who accepted valuable gifts & large sums of money from private oil companies. in exchange Fall allowed the oil companies to control government oil reserves,Gall allowed the companies to control government oil reserves in Elk Hills, California, and Teapot Dome Wyoming. He was the 1st cabinet member ever to be convicted of his crimes while in office. -
Birth Control
The birth control movement became gradually transformed into a respectable, non radical reform cause, the recipient of large grants from big business, with women's rights secondary to an overriding concern with medical health and population control. This transformation was achieved through the professionalization of the birth control movement-that is, its takeover by professional experts, almost all male, in place of the radical amateur women, fighting for their own interests, who initiated it. -
Immigration Act of 1924
The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. It completely excluded immigrants from Asia. -
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The Great Depression
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Valentin's Day Massacre
This was an attack on February 14, 1929. 7 members of a gang were waiting for a shipment of illegal booze. Disgusted by police, Capone's men acted as though they were going 2 raid the garage and disarmed the other gang members, telling them to line up against the wall w their arms in the air. Capone's men shot them with machine guns and escaped. -
The Brain Trust
Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression .Specialists in law, economics, and welfare, many young university professors, who advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped develop the policies of the New Deal. Roosevelt's closest advisors who help him with the programs, Eleanor his wife was is his closest. -
The Dust Bowl
The most visible evidence of how dry the 1930s became was the dust storm. Tons of topsoil were blown off barren fields and carried in storm clouds for hundreds of miles. Technically, the driest region of the Plains – southeastern Colorado, southwest Kansas and the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas – became known as the Dust Bowl, and many dust storms started there. But the entire region, and eventually the entire country, was affected. -
The Election of 1932
American presidential election held on Nov. 8, 1932, in which Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Pres. Herbert Hoover. The 1932 election was the first held during the Great Depression, and it represented a dramatic shift in the political alignment of the country. Roosevelt's opponent, Republican incumbent Herbert Hoover, was the man many Americans (perhaps unfairly) held personally responsible for their misery. -
The 20th Amendment
The 20th amendment sets the dates at which federal government elected offices end, defines who succeeds the president if the president dies.This amendment also shortened the period between a President’s election and inaugural.The cause for this amendment was due to the Great Depression when voters chose the New Deal policies of Franklin Roosevelt over the ineffective policies President Herbert Hoover.The election was conducted in November but the new President's term didn't start until March. -
The New Deal
President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. -
Adjustment Act (AAA)
The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) was a federal law passed in 1933 as part of U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. The law offered farmers subsidies in exchange for limiting their production of certain crops. The subsidies were meant to limit overproduction so that crop prices could increase. After the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the AAA in January 1936, a slightly modified version of the law was passed in 1938. -
Glass-Stegall Act
The Glass-Steagall Act effectively separated commercial banking from investment banking and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, among other things. It was one of the most widely debated legislative initiatives before being signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in June 1933. Congress saw the need for substantial reform of the banking system, which eventually came in the Banking Act of 1933, or the Glass-Steagall Act. T -
Share Our Wealth Plan
This was the program proposed by Senator Huey P. Long from Louisiana, one of the demagogues that appeared during the winter of 1933-1934. The program promised to make "Every Man a King." . This Plan used income tax to tax away large fortunes. It promised every family in the entire country: government use the money to guarantee every family $2,500/ yr, house, car, radio, college education, veterans pensions, and old age pensions -
Neutrality Acts
The Neutrality Acts were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930's, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts. -
Social Security Act
Before the 1930s, support for the elderly was a matter of local, state and family rather than a Federal concern, However the widespread suffering caused by the Great Depression brought support for numerous proposals for a national old-age insurance system. The Social Security Act established a system of old-age benefits for workers, benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent mothers and children, the blind, and the physically handicapped. -
Period: to
World War II
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The Battle of Britain
The Battle of Britain was an air campaign waged between the Luftwaffe and the United Kingdom. Following the Battle of France, Hitler attempted to invade Britain. Significantly, Britain fought off the German attack and was considered the first major allied victory and was a crucial turning point in the war. Massive German losses. The battle resulted in the retained air superiority over Britain, Stopped German invasion. -
Tuskegee Airman
Tuskegee Airmen is the name given to members of the U.S. Army Air Force units in World War II that were comprised primarily of African American flyers and maintenance crews, though a few white officers and trainers were also involved. The group compiled an impressive record, primarily in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, despite facing frequent resistance to their presence in the formerly all-white Army Air Corps. -
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, and was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941. Just before 8 a.m. on that Sunday morning, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes descended on the base, where they managed to destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight enormous battleships, and over 300 airplanes. The day after the assault, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. -
Executive Order of 99066
Executive Order 9066 was a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942. This order authorized the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones, clearing the way for the incarceration of Japanese Americans, German Americans, and Italian Americans in U.S. concentration camps. -
U.S Office of War Information (OWI)
o attract U.S. citizens to jobs in support of the war effort, the government created the Office of War Information (OWI) on June 13, 1942, some six months after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. OWI photographers documented American life and culture by showing aircraft factories, members of the armed forces, and women in the workforce. Using propaganda (photographs and captions with emotional content), the OWI aimed to inspire patriotic fervor in the American public. -
Securities And Exchange Commission (SEC)
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an independent, federal government agency responsible for protecting investors, maintaining fair and orderly functioning of securities markets, and facilitating capital formation. The New Deal program that provided reparations in the stock market, protected people from fraud in investments in stocks. (still around today) -
The Battle of Bulge
On this day, the Germans launch the last major offensive of the war, Operation Mist, also known as the Ardennes Offensive and the Battle of the Bulge, an attempt to push the Allied front line west from northern France to northwestern Belgium. The Battle of the Bulge, so-called because the Germans created a “bulge” around the area of the Ardennes forest in pushing through the American defensive line, was the largest fought on the Western front. -
Yalta Conference
In 1945, the “Big Three” of World War II—Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston S. Churchill, and Josef Stalin—had not met since December 1943. Each man traveled to Yalta for different reasons. Roosevelt came because of his desire to create a United Nations before World War II ended. Churchill feared the growing power of the Soviet Union in a devastated Europe. Stalin was intent on protecting the Soviet Union against another German invasion. -
Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Washington, April 12 - Franklin Delano Roosevelt, War President of the United States and the only Chief Executive in history who was chosen for more than two terms, died suddenly and unexpectedly at 4:35 P. M. today at Warm Springs, Ga., and the White House announced his death at 5:48 o'clock. He was 63.The President, stricken by a cerebral hemorrhage, passed from unconsciousness to death on the eighty-third day of his fourth term and in an hour of high-triumph.
