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Divine right of kings
Divine of kings is defined as the right to rule received by directly from God. The cause of this event was by James I. James was a firm believer in the “divine right of kings”. Parliament was a function of making laws. James expected Parliament to do as he wanted, he did not expect it to argue with any of his decisions. In 1611, James suspended Parliament and it did not meet for another 10 years. The damage relationship between king and Parliament was never mended by the time James died in 1625. -
Penal Colony
Penal Colony is defined as a penal institution where prisoners are exiled. The Penal Colony was established in Australia when the First Fleet arrived in Port Jackson on 26 January 1788. On board eleven ships were 736 convicts. During the voyage twenty-three convicts died. On board about 60% of convict were sentenced for stealing small items. About 165,000 convicts were transported to Australia during the transportation. Today all the Australian Penal Colonies are now places of remembrance. -
Emigration
Many people emigrated to Australia because cities were becoming overcrowded, polluted and unhealthy. Millions of people emigrated to countries like Australia and America, hoping for a better life. During the 1840’s, the pace of emigration increased due to an economic downturn in Ireland and Scotland caused by potato blight. Between 1840 and 1901, almost fifteen million people left Britain and Ireland, about 1.7 million people emigrated to Australia. -
Bounty Scheme
The cause of this event was that there was an imbalance gender in New South Wales of every four men for every one women. Due to this problem the governor introduced bounty scheme, which was created to attract more couples and young women to Australia. As a result over 6000 free settlers have come to Australia on this event. Seeing an opportunity to make money from the bounty scheme, shipping agents from England often overloaded ships. On a sixteen week ship voyage this could prove disastrous. -
Caroline Chisholm
Caroline arrived in Sydney September 1838 and was surprised to discover newly arrived emigrant women sleeping in the streets or in bushlands. The reason why Caroline moved to Australia was because she wanted a healthier climate for her sons. Caroline decided to establish a home for the female emigrants and tried to find work for them. By the time she returned to England in 1846, she had helped over 10,000 people to find work. -
Poonindie Mission
The Poonindie Mission was established in 1850 by the Anglican Church to educate young Aboriginal boys and give them some basic knowledge and Christian education. Residents were expected to live a Christian lifestyle while learning domestic and agricultural skills. It was closed in 1894. -
Selectors
Selectors are people who took up a land by selecting from 40 to 640 acres. Most selectors struggled to sell land, many knew nothing about farming, were beaten by the climate and could not afford the high cost of transporting their crops to market. Success was often due to a combination of good luck and skilled farming, successful selector were in charge of a massive increase in gain production. More gain was produced than was needed in Australia so they exported the gain to Britain. -
The Japanese in Western Australia
The discovery of these South Sea pearls attracted many Japanese pearlers to Western Australia in the 1870s. The invention of dive suits allowed them to stay deeper underwater, this meant that Japanese divers soon replaced Aboriginal divers. The Japanese worked for no wages but instead paying off debt they owed to their employers for their travel costs to Australia. The town of Broone already had a population of 4000 people, which about 3000 people there were Japanese, Malay and Chinese, in 1910. -
Referendums
The referendum of Australian Constitution were held in each of the Australian colonies between 1898 and 1900. This was one of the most important steps in the process of Federation. It was also the first time in world that a national constitution had been submitted to the people’s vote. As a result, majority of the people voted ‘yes’ to the Constitution for a Federated Australia. -
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
Archduke was shot by a Serbian Terrorist. His assassination set in motion a chain of events that 37 days later would lead to the First World War. The effect after his death was Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia that won its independence from Ottoman Empire. Russia supporting Serbia joined the war on Serbian side. Ententes and alliances between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France, Britain and Ottoman Empire that brought all of them into war, which caused World War I. -
Battle of Somme
The battle of Somme last until November 1916. The British was the cause of the Battle of Somme because they wanted to take over the territory of Somme, they also wanted to weaken the forces of the Germans to take pressure off the French army. By the end of the battle, the British Army has suffered 420,000 casualties including nearly 60,000 on the first day alone. The French lost 200,000 men and the Germans nearly 500,000. -
The battle of Fromelles
The battle of Fromelles was the first major battle fought by Australian troops on the Western Front. The battle was intend to draw the Germans away from the Somme. The battle commenced at 6pm on 19th July 1916. Parts of the German trenches were captured by the 8th and 14th Australian Brigades. By 8am on 20th July 1916, the battle was over. The 5th Australian Division suffered 5,533 casualties, 61st British Division suffered 1,547 casualties and the German suffered more than 1,000 casualties.
