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Nationalism
Modern nationalism was created out of the liberal revolutions brought on by Napoleon's European conquest (1799-1815) after the French revolution,the spread of liberty, equality, and fraternity everywhere his armies went. (gut 4) -
The Belief of a Short War
At the beginning of the war, almost everyone believed it would be over in a short matter of time, they were repeatedly reminded almost all European wars since (1815) had ended in a matter of weeks.(Gut 4) -
Competition
The system of nation-states that emerged in Europe led later in the century not to cooperation but to competition. (1850) (Gut 2) -
Rivalries For Expansion
Rivalries over colonies and trade expanded during an age of frenzied nationalism and imperial expansion. (1850) (Gut 2) -
When Nationalism turned into Hate
(1870)The French wanted land back, French nationalism spread causing resentment to spread as well. Germans and French Nationalism grew into hatred and war.(gut 4, gut7) -
Alliances
For some time, Europe’s great powers had divided into two alliances, German, Austria, and Italy where in the Triple Alliance in (1882), France, Great Britain, and Russia founded the Triple Entente in (1907).The shaky alliances are also one of the reasons they went to war(gut1) -
Tension Rose
Tensions rose in (1908) when Austria annexed the Ottoman province of Bosnia, the Austrians had already been administering it according to international treaty.(gut2) -
The Want For Territory
In (1912 and 1913) different Balkan groups-Serbs, Romanians, Greeks, and Turks-fought one another for more territory and influence. (Gut2) -
Nationalism and Dreams Of Becoming a State
The growth of nationalism had a serious result because not all ethnic groups had become nations. Slavic minorities in the Balkans and the Hapsburg Empire, still dream of creating their own national states.(gut 3, 1, and 4) (around1912) -
Battle of Ypres
At Ypres during the battle many men died by drowning in thick liquid mud, and the fighting conditions were horrible. (around 1912) (Gut 8) -
Disillusioned
The Lost Generation was disillusioned by the senseless slaughter of the First World War, cynical, disdainful of the Victorian notions of morality properitiety of their elders (Gut 20) (1912) -
Bohemian Lifestyle
Seeking bohemian lifestyle and rejecting the values of American materialism, a number of intellectuals, poets, and artists fled to France in post World War One years, in the center of it all. (Gut 20)
(1912) -
The Need For Power
European states were angry at each other, especially Austria and Russia. Each state was lead by its own wants and success and they were willing to use war to preserve power of their national states.(1913)(gut1, and 2) -
The Skaky Alliance
In the early years of the twentieth century, a series of trials tested the alliances, the most troublesome were the problems in the Balkans between(1908 and 1914). The test just made their alliances even more shaky (gut 1) -
Rebellion for Food
In (1914) the Shortages of food and fuel started a rebellion against the laws of the Tsar (gut3) -
The Illusion of War
When war came another illusion was created, the illusion that war would be thrilling and a positive experience in (1914) (Gut 5) -
The Resounding March of Victory
They saw the war as brilliant Calvary attacks in glittering uniforms, the fatal shot through the heart, and the entire campaign a resounding march of victory. (1914) (Gut 5) -
Strike For Bread
In (1914) Workers went on strike and marches for bread. Troops were sent out and were ordered to fire on the demonstrators but they refused and left the Russian government helpless. (Gut3) -
Battle of Marne
The German advance towards Paris was halted a short distance from Paris at the first battle Marne. (1914) (Gut 6) -
Russia Sovereignty Over Half Armenian Race
The Armenian civil population in the Ottoman Empire suffered because of the Armenians volunteering with the Russian Army, the volunteers had no allegiance to the Turks, and through territorial acquisitions and free immigration, Russia had gained sovereignty over half of the Armenian race by (1914) (Gut12) -
Propaganda Causes National Hatred
Propaganda ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause and to stir up national hatred, and thus the Europeans responded to the urgent begs of their leaders in (August, 1914) to defend their homeland against the evil doers. (Gut 4, and 5) -
Proud Soldiers
The soldiers who boarded the train for the war front in (August, 1914) and the happy citizens who showered the proud soldiers with flowers as they headed off believed that the soldiers would be back before Christmas. (Gut 4, and 5) -
Women Are Here to Help
In (1914) Since so man went to fight at the front lines, women wanted to help as well so they took over jobs that were often for men. (Gut5) -
Russia’s Troubles
The Russians where in rough conditions, so it was not a surprise that the Russian army faced so many losses, between (1914 and 1916) two million soldiers were killed, and four to six million wounded or captured. (Gut 11) -
German Marks Became Useless
The German marks soon became worthless in (1914) a woman even left a basket of money out and the basket was stolen and the money was left there. (Gut 17) -
Money Issues
Office workers made sure to buy newspapers on their way to work because they new that the price would double or triple later in the day (1914)(Gut 17) -
Lost Generation
The term The Lost Generation is being used to describe the generation of young people coming of age in United States during World War One in (1914) (Gut 20) -
Pablo Picasso
In (1914) Pablo Picasso was known for his cubism art but through the war his art style changed to many different ones and some symbolizing the war. (Gut 20) -
Russia left Germany alone for a bit
At the begging of the war around (1914) the Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was decisively defeated at the battle of Tannenberg (August 31) and the battle Masurian Lake on (September 15) and because of the defeat the Russians were no longer a threat to Germany. (Gut 6) -
The death of the Archduke
On June 28, (1914) the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, was murdered in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo, and is one of the reasons Austria-Hungary decided to go to war(gut1) -
Trench Warfare
September 5 (1914) Trench warfare began causing illnesses like trench foot because they were often near rivers or lakes like when the French drove germans back to the Aisen river causing a turning point because all armies where stalled in a long term battle in the trenches (gut7, gut8,) -
Armenian Genocide
The Armenian Genocide of (1915-1916) accounts for the death of one and a half million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.(Gut12) -
The Death of Innocents in Constantinople
In (1915) 300 Armenian leaders, writers, thinkers and professionals in Constantinople were rounded up, deported and killed, and the day in Constantinople, 5000 of the poorest Armenians were murdered in the streets and in their homes. (Gut 12) -
Young Turk Government
The Armenian Genocide was carried out by the “Young Turk” government of the Ottoman Empire in (1915-1916) and One and a half million Armenians were killed, out of a total of two and a half million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.(Gut12) -
The Betrayal of Itially
Italians betrayed their Allies, Germany and Austria, in the triple Alliance by going against Austria on (May, 1915) and joining the Triple Entente Alliance forming the Allied Powers.(Gut 7) -
Here Comes the Flying Death Traps (airplanes)
Near the end of (1915) airplanes had appeared on the battlefront for the first time ever creating a battle in the sky (Gut 6) -
The Stop of Naval Warfare
The immediate involvement of the United States caused Great Britain and Germany to grow out of the naval war between them for a while in (1915) (Gut 10) -
British Ship Lusitania
On (May 7, 1915) the British ship Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine, there were 1,100 civilian casualties, and above 100 Americans, causing America to get angry and get involved. (Gut 7, and 6) -
Battle of Verdun
The battle of Verdun in (1916) was symbolic of knew kind of war that had come, and was fought on German borders. (Gut 7, and 6) -
The Genocide Scheme
To maintain the genocidal scheme was carried out with as much secrecy as possible, and a public facade was maintained of “relocating” the Armenians. The decision to eradicate the Armenians was not quickly decided, but the result of extensive and profound deliberations in (1916).(Gut12) -
Brutal Winters
Brutal Winters diminished supplies and left cold starving and wet, they were also at high risk of disease especially during the winter of (1916-1917)and stopped the Russians from invading.(Gut 8) -
Expanded Economic Power
Through Europe, wartime governments also expanded their power over their economies, and capitalistic systems were temporarily put aside. (1916) (Gut 11) -
Civilians and Soldiers Were Becoming a Like
Under conditions of total war mobilization, the difference between soldiers at war and civilians were narrowed. (1916-1917) (Gut 11) -
The Citizens Were Like Soldiers To the Leaders
In the view of political leaders all citizens were part of a national army dedicated to victory for its country (1916-1917) (Gut 11) -
Tsar Stepped Down
In (1917) the Tsar stepped down during the uprising and the soviets formed, which was a council of workers and soldiers, and started/fueled the revolution. (Gut 9) -
Women Leading Strikes
The beginning of (March 1917) women of working class led strikes in the capital city of Petrograd in Russia. (Gut 3) -
Allies Weakened by Russia Leaving
The Russian revolution which started around (November 1917) weakened the Allies when they withdrew from the war a few months later. (Gut 9) -
America is Here to Save the Day
In (1917) when America entered the war they gave the Allies fresh troops and materials which were greatly needed. (Gut 10) -
Germans Were Wrong
The Germans thought that the Britain’s would starve before the Americans could come but they were wrong, and the unrestricted warfare brought United States into it in (1917) (Gut 10) -
Unrestricted Naval Battle Continues
German naval officers convinced William the Second that the British would starve in six months, and they should continue the unrestricted naval battle. (1917) (Gut 10) -
Enthusiasm For the War
Government actively used propaganda to create enthusiasm for the war, and at the beginning public officials needed to do very little to achieve that goal, for example the British and French exaggerated German atrocity in Belgium. (1917) (Gut 11) -
What Russia had to give to leave the war
In (1918) Russia gave up ⅓ of its population and Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Finland to end their part of the war. (Gut9) -
The Ones who Aided the Whites
France, Britain, and U.S aided the whites, who were counterrevolutionaries loyal to the Tsar, so that Russia would continue fighting against Germany in (1918) (Gut9) -
Here Comes the Big Guns (America)
American troops did not arrive in large numbers to Europe until (1918) but they gave the Allied powers a much needed psychological boost. (Gut 10) -
Ethnic Groups Focuse on Independence
As war exhaustion took hold of the Austrian- Hungarian Empire, ethnic groups increasingly focused to achieve their independence around (1918). (Gut 3) -
Yugoslavia is Created
Serbia created the nucleus of a new state, called Yugoslavia, which is a combination of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. (1918) (Gut 16) -
Boundaries
The mixture of people in Eastern Europe made it difficult to draw boundaries around the ethnic lines. (1918-1919) (Gut 18) -
Secret Treaties
Secret treaties and arrangements that had been made before the war had made more hope for European territorial gains around (1919) during the peace treaty, they wanted more territory. (Gut 13) -
What Britain Wants
The prime minister of Great Britain, David Lloyd George, made his platform that was fairly simple, the platform was make Germany pay.(1919) (Gut 13) -
The French Wanted Revenge
The French suffered the most of Germany’s anger, and wanted revenge, and security from further German aggression.(1919) (Gut 13) -
Hopes of a League of Legends
While Wilson, the president of America, wanted to make a world organization to prevent future wars, the League of Legends. (1919) (Gut 13) -
Germany had to Cut Back on Military Power
Germany was forced to to reduce its army, cut back the navy, and get rid of their air forces. (1919) (Gut 14) -
New Map
As a result for the war, the Treaty of Versailles, and separate peace treaties made with other main powers cause the map of Eastern Europe to be largely redrawn. (Around 1919)(Gut 14) -
Lost Territory
Eastern Europe was redrawn, and both Germany and Russia lost a lot of territory, and Austro-Hungarian was practically gone.(1919) (Gut 16) -
New Nation-States
New nation-states were created from the land of these empires: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary, and New territorial agreements were made in Bulgaria as well. (1919) (Gut 14, and 16) -
Romania Gained More Land
Romania gained more land from Russia, Hungary, and Bulgaria, after the arrangements that were made in Balkans. (1919) (Gut 16) -
Ethnic Minorities
As a result of agreements, almost every Eastern European state was left with ethnic minorities. (1919) (Gut 14, and 18) -
Different People Were Everywhere
There were Germans in Poland, and Hungarians, Poles and Germans were living in Czechoslovakia, and Romania also had significant population of Hungarians. (1919) (Gut 16) -
Territory Changes Where A Bit Difficult
The ethnic groups had a history of fights over territory, so it was not surprising that the new boundaries were not always satisfaction. (1919) (Gut 18) -
No One Agreed To Fight
As time went on, when a problem arose in the League of Nations, members of the League would not agree to use force against nation that went against international law. (1919-1946 the end of League of Nations) (Gut 15) -
Germany Forced to Pay
The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay reparations for the damage the Allied government and the people have suffered from the war (1919) (Gut 14) -
Mandate System
The peace settlement formed the mandate system on (June 28, 1919), and according to the system, a nation can officially govern another nation, but it did not own the territory (Gut 18) -
U.S Didn’t Join The League
The major problem of the Treaty of Versailles was the United States didn’t join because they didn’t want to get involved in European affairs on (November 19,1919), and since the United States was one of the most powerful countries in the world the League was seriously weakened. (Gut 15) -
Allies Went Back on Their Word
Western Allies had promised to recognize the independence of Arab states in the Ottoman Empire, but once the war was over the Western Allies changed their minds and gave France control of Lebanon, and Syria in (1920) (Gut 18) -
Totalitarian State
A totalitarian state is a government that wants to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of citizens (early 1920s) (Gut 19) -
Totalitarianism uses Propaganda
The totalitarian states wanted more then small obedience, they wanted to capture the minds and hearts of their subjects, and used propaganda to achieve that. (1920) (Gut 19) -
Fascist movement
In the (early 1920s) Benito Mussolini caused the first Fascist movement in Italy and began his political career as a Socialist. (Gut 19) -
Hopes Failed
Woodrow Wilson knew that the peace settlement might be a new source of conflict, but he put all his hopes on the League of Nations to help create peace, but unfortunately that did not happen. (1920) (Gut 15) -
Russia still mad at Allied Powers
In (1921) Russia was largely hostile towards the Allied powers, mainly because the Allies tried to help the Communist’s enemies in the civil war. (Gut 9) -
Economic Collapse
The brief period of prosperity that began in Europe in (1924) ended in an economic collapse known as the Great Depression (Gut 17) -
Groundwork of Novils
These war times experiences laid the groundwork of his novel, “A Farewell to Arms” (1929) and “The Sun Also Rises” (1926) was a naturalistic and shocking expression of post-war disillusionment. (Gut 20) -
Hatred for the Treaty of Versailles
The hatred for the Treaty of Versailles was one of the problems Europe faced, and the economy was in tremendous stress. (Around 1928-1929)(Gut 15) -
Plummeting of the Stock Markets
In (October 1929) the American stock market plummeted, and the price of stocked plunged,in panic they took more funds from Germany and other European states, but it weakened the German and European banks by a large amount. (Gut 17) -
The Great Depression
After The Great War, Europe was faced with horrible economic problems, but the worst of them was the Great Depression which began at the end of (1929). (Gut 17) -
Border Disputes
From the beginning the settlement left nations annoyed, and border disputes poisoned relations in Eastern Europe for years.(1932) (Gut 15) -
The Ones That Stayed
By (1939) only two major European state, Great Britain and France, stayed democratic and didn’t go to dictatorship. (Gut 19) -
Dictatorial Regimes
Italy, the Soviet Union, Germany and many other European states took in the dictatorial regimes, and the regimes took both old and new style. (1939) (Gut 19)
