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Kaiser Wihelm II of Germany comes to power
- becomes German emperor
- attempted to colonize in Africa and the Pacific
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Reign of King George V
-came after King Edward VII
-ruled until 1936
-came out of power because of death
-died on January 20,1936 -
Woodrow Wilson elected president
- wanted to stay out of any foreign affairs
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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- was assassinated in Sarajevo, Austria- Hungary
- was shot by a Bosnian assassin named Gavrili Princip
- would spark the first World War
-
Austria- Hungary declares war on Serbia
- this would start the first declarations of war in World War I
- were pressured by Germany
-
Germany declares war on Russia
- Germany is an ally of Austria- Hungary and is part of the Central Powers
-
Germany declares war on France
- Germany asked France to be neutral and refused offer and mobilized troops
-
United Kingdom declares war on Germany
- UK was an Allied Power
-
United Kingdom begins the naval blockade of Germany
-there is no exact date to the beginning of the naval blockade of Germany
-blocked Germany from getting shipments and sending them out -
Austia- Hungary declares war on Russia
- Austria- Hungary was part of the Central Powers along with Germany for right now
-
Serbia declares war on Germany
- Serbia is an Allied Power along with Russia, France, and the United Kingdom
-
Woodrow Wilson's Declaration of Neutrality
-President Wilson did not want to be in the war -
Japan declares war on Germany
- was an Allied Power
-
First Battle of the Marne
- battle lasts 8 days
- United KIngdom and France were fighting against Germany outside of Paris
- Allied army falls back to the Marne River to protect Paris
- Allied Power victory
-
Ottoman Empire enters the war
- signs the secret alliance with Germany in the Ottoman-German alliance on August 2, 1914
- formally enters on October 28, 1914
- were a Central Power along with Germany and Austria- Hungary
-
First Zeppelin raid on Great Britain
-big balloon airships were used to bomb England
-first attaack only killed 2 and injured 16 civilians -
Germans first use Chlorine Gas
-used at the Battle of Ypres(1915)
-in fact Germans were believed to have been the first to use some type of poison gas but the French actually used tear gas on the Germans
-first to use in a large scale effect after studying into the tear gas a lot more
-severe immediate effects
-destroyed victim's respiratory system causing choking attacks -
Battle of Ypres (1915)
-batlle lasted 1 month and 3 days (33 days) ended on May 25, 1915
-French, British, and Canadian armies against German Forces
-Germans let go 5,730 containers of chlorine gas
-French were completley unprotected from the gas and began to choke. They fled and left the Canadian fleets to fight for themselves
-British suffered gas attacks on May 8 and decided to fight 6 more days
-Casualties were bad for the Allied Powers -
Sinking of the Lusitania
-1,959 people on board (159 were Americans)
-a German U-boat sunk and shot the passenger ship
-the ship was 14 miles off the coast of Southern Ireland
-the ship sunk within 18 minutes of being shot
-1,198 civilians died (128 were Americans)
-one of the main causes of bringing the U.S. into the war -
Italy enters the war
- declared neutral on August 2, 1914 but was a Central Power
- persuaded to join the war and be part of the Allied Powers
-
Introduction of the Tank
-first tank was by the British army but only tested
-named Mark I Tank
-French were not far behind by creating their first in 1917
-Germany was more worried about anti-tank weapons
-first successfully used in the Battle of Cambrai -
Bulgaria enters the war
-was a Central power -
Battle of Verdun
-battle lasted 8 months and 27 days, ended on December 18, 1916
-France vs Germany
-French tactical victory because Germany didn't achieve its two goals
1) to capture the city Verdun 2) cause a much higher casualty count on French adversary -
Use of Daylight Savings Time
-used to reduce fuel to make electrical power
-Germany and Austria turned clocks ahead one hour from 11 p.m.
-also used by Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Turkey, and Tasmania
-U.S. and Britain also used it -
Sussex Pledge
-after a French perry was shot by German U-boats (about 50 deaths) the U.S. decided that Germany needs to have restrictions on its naval warfare
- came up with the Sussex Pledge after the name of the ferry
- it stated
1) passenger ships would not be targeted
2) Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established, if necessary by a search of the ship
3) Merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers and crew -
Battle of the Somme
-was initially supposed to be a French-British attack on August 1, 1916
-battle started with an explosion of 17 mines
-British lost 58,000 troops on the first day of battle(a record for losses in one day)
-many lives were lost in No Man's Land due to machine gunners
-casualties resulted to a total of 1,120,000. British- 420,000 dead, French had 200,00 dead ,and the Germans had 500,00 casualties -
Romania enters the war
- joined with the Allied Powers
-
Election of 1916
- Woodrow Wilson vs Charles Evans Hughes
- Woodrow Wilson won by a narrow margin
- slogan was "He kept us out of war."
-
Zimmerman Telegraph
-also known as the "Zimmerman Note"
-diplomatic proposalsent from the German Empire to Mexico as a decoded message
-intercepted by the British and angered Americans and it was another major cause for the U.S. entering the war
-it stated that the U.S. would give back any land lost in the Mexican-American War -
Russian Revolution
-also known as "Bolshevik" or "February" Revolution
-were losing to the Germans because they did not have an adequate railroad system to get supplies anywhere
-because of the war it caused low food sources, high unemployment, and inflation was out of control -
U.S. declares war on Germany
-U.S. was an Allied Power -
American Forces join the War
-by June 1917, 14,000 troops were stationed in France -
Selective Service Act
-also known as the "Draft"
-drafted by then- Captain (later Brigadier) Hugh Johnson after the U.S. entered the war
-authorized that the federal government would raise the national army by hundreds of thousands to fight modern war -
War Industries Board
-American agency created so that supplies for war could be easily purchased
-production levels rised up to 20 or 25%
-spent about $35 billion on the war
-to accomplish this the government increased taxes,income taxes, and high taxes were put on liquor and other various items -
Lever Food and Fuel Act
-led to the development of United States Food Administration and Federal Fuel Administration
-used only for wartime emergency
-ended May 3, 1919 -
War Trade Board
-created by President Woodrow Wilson
-gave the agency the control over imports and exports
-members were the representatives for the secretaries of state, treasury, agriculture, and commerce
-gave duties and control over to the Department of State on July 1, 1919 -
Battle of Cambrai
-first battle with tanks used
-Britain vs Germany
-ended on December 8, 1917
-all parts of war except for naval were used -
Wilson's Fourteen Points
-speech given by presiden Woodrow Wilson
-was written to assure that the World War was being fought for a moral cause and to help with peace efforts in Europe
-delivered to Congress 10 months before the Armistice with Germany -
Lenin signs a truce with Germany
-Germany used the revolution against Russia to sign a treaty between the two
-mediated by Andrik Fuller, a South African -
War Labor Policies Board
-appinted by President Woodrow Wilson
-created to adjusticate labor altercations
-had 1,245 cases
-most of them were worker complaints
-591 were dismissed, 315 were referred to other labor agencies, and 520 resulted in awards or findings -
Sedition Act
-stated that you could not say anything "bad" about the United States government, flag, or its armed forces
-only applied during wartime
-repealed on December 13, 1920 -
Battle of St. Mihiel
-U.S. and France vs Germany
-goal for Americans was to reach and capture the German city of Metz
-very bad weather such as wind, heavy rain
-also very muddy roads which the soldiers were knee deep in mud and water
-ended on September 15, 1918 -
Meuse-Argonne offensive
-France and U.S. vs Germany
-part of the final Allied offensive
-ended on November 11, 1918
-had the largest numbers of death for the U.S. in one single battle -
Bulgaria makes peace with the Allies
-signed an armistice with the Allies -
Ottoman Empire makes peace with the Allies
-signed the Treaty of Mudros with the Allies to end hostilities in the Middle East -
Dissolution of the Austria-Hungary Empire
-was a dual monarchy for 51 years
-dissolved before a military defeat to Italian forces
-the empire turned into modern-day Austria, Hungary,Bosnia and Herzogovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, large parts of Serbia and Romania, and smaller parts of Italy, Montenegro, Poland, and Ukraine -
German Navy mutinied
-major revolt by German sailors on the German High Seas Fleet
-was a secret plan to sweep aside the monarch in a few days
-ended the first World War -
Armistice
-an agreement between the Allies and Germany that ended all fighting
-signed on a railway carriage in Compiègne Forest
-marked an Allied victory but not a Germany surrender
-Germans were responding to Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points -
Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
-ended the state of war between the Allies and Germany
-the other Central Powers were in other treaties
-said that Germany had to make substantial territorial costs and raparations to every country in the Allied Powers
-owed the Allies an amount to be totaled at around $422 (U.S) -
League of Nations
-was proposed by Woodrow Wilson
-was an intergovernment to help with any major problems in the world (mainly Europe)
-was proposed mostly to keep another World War from happening
-was to be stationed in Switzerland becuase it was a neutral country in World War 1
-failed to do its job whenever WW2 came and was replaced by the United Nations -
Election of 1920
-Warren G. Harding vs James M. Cox
-wartime economic boom collapsed
-questioning the entering into the League of Nations
-Warren G. Harding won the election
