World History Unit 7 & 8

Zealots leads a revolutionary war in Judaea

66

66-73
Nero's reign

Rome crush the rebellious movement

132

132-135
Jews in Jerusalem kicked out
Rome occupied the area for military purpose

The Diaspora

135

Dispersion of Jews
Jews are spreading out in the Roman empire and beyond
Majority of Jews moved into Europe looking for jobs

Arius

250

Founder of Arianism, a priest in Alexandria
A belief that Jesus is created by the will of God and thus not co-eternal with him

Edict of Milan

313

1) Allowed Christian church to be a legal organization with established hierarchy
2) Allowed Christian organization to own land (Catholic church own a lot of land by middle age)
3) Allowed Church to not pay taxes on their land (Churches owns the most land)
4) Allowed Church to run their own court (when Roman fall, the only court is Christian church)
Conclusion: This Edict makes Pope the most powerful man in western Europe

Nicene Creed

325

A council of church leaders in Nicaea produced it
Declared Arianism heresy

Theodosius vs Ambrose

379

Theodosius (379-395)
Ambrose (339-397)
Theodosius ordered Ambrose to give him his major church, Ambrose declined
Shows the importance of maintaining church-state relationship for the king

Theodosius made Christianity official state religion

380

Early Byzantine Empire (400s-500s)

400

Byzantine still called themselves Rome, there's a Roman senate
They rediscovered their Greek roots (influenced by Greeks)

Western Roman Empire collapse

476

Clovis (481-511)

481

Merovingians
Unified Franks
Conquer Gaul and other Germanic tribes

Justinian the Great

525

525-565
1) Reconquered a bunch of a land after Western Rome fell
Later Byzantine emperors won’t be able to reconquer western Rome because Islam is a rising threat
2) Justinian Code of Law: organized and updated Roman law code, this was important because it helped historians today understand Roman legal ideas
3) Builds churches in Constantinople
-- Justinian uses all of Byzantine wealth on wars and building churches, right before Islam rise

Muhammad is born

570

Middle Byzantine Empire (600-800s)

600

Islam appears
Byzantine stops restoring Roman empire and reconquering Western Rome
Eastern and western Europe separates and take on its own identity

Angel Gabriel talks to Muhammad

610

Angel Gabriel told Muhammad: God has chosen him to be the messenger for the rest of God’s message

Muhammad fleas from Mecca to Medina

622

Lots of business owners were mad because their profits (Ka'ba tourism) was getting affected by his preaching
Muslim mark this year as the beginning of their calendar
Symbolized Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina
In Medina, Muhammad’s followers increased
Over the next 10 year, Muhammad’s teachings spread in Arabia

Muhammad returns to Mecca

630

Mecca eventually converts. invites Muhammad to go back
Muhammad traces his family tree back to Ishmael
He re establish the purpose of Ka’ba (for Islam) and reverse the paganism

Muhammad dies

632

Arabians unifies and starts to expand

Orthodox Caliphs (632-656)

632

Caliphs: the religious and political leader after Muhammad, which translates into “commander of the faithful”
Caliphs are elected by a group of advisors, they chose one amongst them (similar to how Pope is chosen)
Abu Bakr > Umar > Uthman > Ali > Uthman's family starts hereditary succession

Byzantine empire attacked Arabian tribes

636

From then on, they remained hostile border (and fluctuating) until 1405

Arabians conquers Egypt & Sassanids at the same time

642

Later Carthage and northern Africa

Umayyad Empire (656-750)

656

Caliphs started living in palaces
Umayyad move capital from Medina to Damascus (Umayyad were based in Syria)
Caliphs begins to seen as kings, makes people mad because they think Umayyad is not as holy as caliphs should be
Umayyads starts appointing relatives into office (nepotism)
750, A group of Egyptians were angry at the Umayyad appointee of Egypt, they kills him, sparks a new civil war

Iconoclastic controversy (700s-800s)

700

Western Churches liked using art, whereas eastern churches (influenced by Islam) did not - Byzantine emperors destroyed Christians arts in Western churches
** It wasn’t about art but a war on who gets to declare the rules of Christianity
** Orthodox churches and Western churches are separating over the different Christianity beliefs they have

Arabians conquer strait of Gibraltar

711

Al-Tariq leads Muslim into the strait, they encounter Visigoths in Spain
After conquering Spain, Al-Tariq decided to invade France
The Franks have the best military of the time
The pope tells Franks to go save Christianity and stop the Muslims
Charles Martel “The Hammer” is the leader of Franks military

Battle of Tours/Poitiers

732

The Muslims lost
The franks starts to drive the Muslims out of France They then tried to drive the Muslim out of Spain, which took a long time "Reconquista" (800-1492) -
Charles Martel defeated Muslim invaders in central France
This cemented Carolingians authority
This battle also help Carolingians to acquire more support from the church

Abbasid Period (750)

750

Abbasid is a group from Baghdad
Baghdad (new capital) becomes the new Athens, center of intellectual knowledge for the next 500 years
The first part of Abbasid was good, many groups of people could get jobs, economy rises
The second half (950) began going downhill;
1) Decentralization: The empire is so big, not everyone in the empire is willing to take order from capital
2) Abbasid caliphs after 950 were puppet ruler for other group (like Turks from Turkmenistan, etc)

Muslim's farthest eastern expansion @ Talas river

751

Talas river (border of Mongolia) - They were stopped by the Chinese army

Charles the Great aka Charlemagne (768-814)

768

Most powerful ruler of Carolingian dynasty
Establish Holy Roman Empire (conquered a bunch of land) and is titled Holy Roman Emperor
Fought in over 50 campaigns and became the greatest warrior in early middle ages
He divided his kingdoms into about 600 counties governed by a count

Carolingian Renaissance

768

`Rebirth of interest in, study of, and preservation of the language, ideas, an achievements of classical Greece and Rome

Europe is attacked by Vikings, Muslims, and Magyar (800s-900s)

800

Vikings: mostly the Franks
Muslims: mostly Lothair
Magyars: (Hungarians) mostly Germany

Reconquista (800-1492)

800

The long Christian crusade to reconquer Spain back from Muslims

missi dominci (agents of the lord king)

802

Beginning in 802, two missi (usually a count and a bishop) visits assigned districts, doing checkups

Treaty of Verdun

843

After Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pious (814-840) died, his three sons signed the Treaty that divided the Carolingian empire into 3 parts
Charles the Bald: France
Louis the German: Germany
Lothair: everything in between

Alfred the Great became the first king of England

878

He united both Anglo & Saxons and drove out the Vikings

Late Byzantine Empire (900s-1453)

900

Otto I (936-973)

936

He stopped the Magyars from attacking
In central Europe he defeated many other lords to build up his power, based on an alliance with and control of the church, he control the church appointments
Under Otto and his successors, a loose confederation (later called Holy Roman Empire) developed
In this confederation, the king shared power w/ princes, dukes, counts, city officials, archbishops, bishops

Before Manzikert

1025

Byzantine seeks offense to Islam, they go all the way to Azerbaijan - Byzantine lose there

Bull of Excommunication (1054-1965)

1054

Battle of Hastings

1066

Duke William of Normandy builds a unified monarchy after winning the battle of Hastings in 1066 (defeated his Anglo Saxon rival, Harod II)
William creates a Doomsday book, a census of taxation

Battle of Manzikert

1071

Roman emperor got capture
Muslim begins pushback and retook a lot of lands
Byzantine asks for help from western Christians pope because they were scared of collapse
Western Christian and eastern Christian has been arguing over Christianity believes
But the Muslims is the common enemy that western and eastern Christians kingdom will work together to fight
This battle directly started Crusade
Crusades were western Christians that gathered to go conquer Muslim land

1st Crusade (1096 – 1099)

1096

Successful
First goal: Save byzantine 2nd goal: reclaim Jerusalem pg 401-404

Henry II

1152

Son of the Granddaughter of William (duke of Normandy)
Inherited England and Northwestern France from his father
Marries great heiress of Eleanor of Aquitaine Claim control of southwestern France from the marriage -
Extended common law: common to and accepted by entire coutry
Establishes circuit courts and circuit judges to hear cases
Power level of kingship reestablishes

Frederick Barbarossa (1152-1190)

1152

Tried to make the Holy Roman Empire a united state (costs lots of money)
The revival of trade after crusade made Italian city rich
These cities are part of the HRE but they are not paying taxes
When he tried to enforce his authority over northern Italy(for money), they formed a league against him with the pope and defeated him
His absence from the German part of his empire allowed the princes and other rulers to consolidate their power in Germany
Germany did not become a unified state

Phillip II aka Philip Augustus (1180-1223)

1180

Unified and enlarged France by any means he could
He asserts power over nobles subtlely so people would recognize his authority
By the end of his reign, he was the master of northern France

King John (1199-1216)

1199

Son of Henry II
Lost the French province of Normandy to Philip Augustus in 1204
Spent the rest of his reign trying to gain it back (uses a lot of money)
Squeeze money from nobles because of the heavy debts from his father and brother
When his military campaign failed in 1214, it was clear that the French land was lost
A rebellion begun by northern barons grew and they forced him to sign the Magna Carta

4th Crusade

1204

Very few crusaders showed up
Crusaders at Constantinople getting angry
They start ransacking the city
Byzantine had to use their military force to fight both Muslims and crusaders

Magna Carta

1215

King John forced to sign the Magna Carta lol
"Great Charter"
Signify the broader principle that everyone, including kings and the government, must obey the law
"A list of things Kings can't do"

Louis IX (1226-1270)

1226

Created a royal judicial system
Established Parlement of Paris (a kind of supreme court that heard appeals from lower courts)
This court turned over other court's decision that doesn't agree with his ideal

Mongols invade Baghdad

1258

Genghis Khan conquered most of Mongol empire
After he dies, it splits up to four smaller empire
Il-hkan empire conquers Baghdad
Il-hkan empire ended the Abbasid empire and Muslim states will never be united under one government
Muslim countries becomes fragmented after Abbasid empire collapse

Great Famine (1315-1322)

1315

Caused by climate change
10% of European died
North was affected the most

Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)

1337

England vs France (over land, power, legitimacy of kingship)
Joan heard voices
Charles the 7th was the king
Joan leads the French army attack and English retreats Siege of Orleans: turning point of the war Long terms effect:
Increased suffering
The growth of English Parlement: Magna Carta gave the power to Parlement to give Kings permission, Parlement meets on a regular basis

Black Death / Bubonic Plague

1347

From rats on the ship
Italian trading cities brought it in
As high as 50% death

Peasants Revolt

1358

French taxation fell on the poor
Peasants exploded in massive uprising called the Jacquerie
Lots of Destructions For several weeks the nobles were on the defensive until the upper class united and repressed the revolt with merciless ferocity pg 419

The Great Schism

1378

2 popes situation
England vs France vs Germany
Great Schism leads to discontent of church where people are questioning the church more
A Church council meeting at Constance (1414-1418) ended the schism by electing a new leader Martin V (1417-1431)

English Peasants' Revolt

1381

pg 419-420

Co-commander Joan of Arc leads a string of military victories

1429

2 months later, Charles the 9th is crowned king at Reims

Joan of Arc executed in the marketplace in Rouen

1431

Capture by England's allies, Burgundians in 1430
The court condemned her as heretic in 1431

Ottoman Turks ended Byzantine empire

1453

After 1258, the single most powerful Muslim group is the Ottoman Turks (based in turkey)
Ottoman Turks keeps trying to take down Constantinople, in 1453 they were successful
Ottoman turks continue to expand

Ottoman Turks turned Hagia Sophia into a mosque

1453

Hagia Sophia: house of holy wisdom - a big church in Constantinople

Spain invests in Columbus for his travel

1492

Columbus landed at the Aztec gold which made Spain into a wealthy powerful nation from a war-torn state
They unified by identifying a common enemy, the Muslims
Spain later passed a law that only allowed Christian to live in Spain, lots of Muslim move back to Morroco

By 1500s...

1500

Jews: spread out as minority in Europe Christian and Muslim countries
Muslim: fragmented as individual countries, most powerful is Ottoman Turks
Christian: fragmented as individual countries
Spain: on the verge of rich and becoming super power