World History Final Project

The Kingdom of Ghana

100

• About 400 A.D., the rulers of Ghana began to build a large empire. They extended their power over neighboring peoples and demanded tribute from them. Cause:
• The gold-salt trade route passed through Ghana, which was located in the Niger Valley. Effect:
• The Almoravids, devout Muslims fron North Africa, launched a holy war against the occupied Ghana, Ghana ceased to exist as a seperate kingdom in the early 1200's. Why I chose it:
• It shows how the early empires of Africa were.

The "Fall of Rome"

100

• In 476 A.D., Odoacer proclaimed himself king of Italy. Cause:
• A minor Germanic chief, Odoacer, captured Rome and forced the empire to givev up the throne. Effect:
• People continued to enforce Roman laws, and they spoke Latin, although local dialects developed. Why I chose it:
• It shows the political problems that led to the decline of Rome.

Hannibal's daring march

100

• In 218 B.C., Hannibal led an army on hazardous winter march from Spain, across the Alps, into the northern Itkay. Cause:
• His father's death. Effect:
• The Second Punic War. Why I chose it:
• It shows how devouted he was to his promise to be Rome's enemy for life.

Achaean Civilization

100

• Aboout 2000 B.C., the Achaeans, an Indo-European people like the Hittites and Aryans, invaded the Greek peninsula from the north. Cause:
• The influences of the Minoan Civilization. Effect:
• The Trojan War. Why I chose it:
• It shows how this civilization built on the achievements os Minoan civilization.

Minoan Civilization

100

• Between about 2000 B.C. and 1400 B.C., Minoan civilization flourished on Crete. Cause:
• The Greeks were open to new ideas and sifted through the achievements of others. Effect:
• This civilization eventually grew weak, and Crete was invaded by people from the Greek mainland. Why I chose it:
• It influenced the peoples of mainland Greece.

The Trojan War

100

• Around 1250 B.C., the Achaeans banded together under the leadership of the king of Mycenae to attack Troy, a rival power. Cause:
• Troy controlled trade routes between the Aegean and Black seas. Effect:
• The Achaeans emerged victors. Why I chose it:
• It shows what the Ilaid and Odyssey tell about the Trojan War.

Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization

100

• Evidence from the diggings show that the Indus valley civilization began to decline many years before it finally ended about 1500 B.C. Cause:
• Builders abandoned the uniform standards of earlier times, and the quality of work declined. Effect:
• The people of that civilization fled to other parts of India. Why I chose it:
• It shows what the people of this area were like and why they declined.

Conquest by the A ryans

100

• Under the rajahs, Aryan tribes fought their way into the Indus Valley, between 1500 B.C. and 1000 B.C., they pushed eastward, bringing the northern plain under their control. Cause:
• The rajah was not worshipped as a god, nor did he have power to impose taxes. Effect:
• powerful rajahs were building large capital cities and encouraging trade with the Middle East. Why I chose it:
• It shows the role that rajahs had in Indian life.

The First Empire

100

• As older Sumerian city-states declined, Akkad, a city to the north, rose to power, about 2350 B.C., Sargon, founded the first empire. Cause:
• The decline of Sumerian city-states. Effect:
• By 1700 B.C., the king of Babylon, Hammurabi, had carved out an ampire in Mesopotamia. Why I chose it:
• It shows the contributions the Sumerians made to civilization.

Beginning of the Iron Age

100

• In 1600 B.C., Babylon fell to invaders from the east. Cause:
• Hammurabi;s death weakened the Babylonian Empire. Effect:
• By 1200 B.C., iron was being used in place of bronze, ushering in the Iron Age. Why I chose it:
• It shows the beginning of a new age.

The Assyrians

100

• The Assyrians were hardy nomads who settled in the Tigris Valley, about 1100 B.C., they conquered people after people until they had an empire. Cause:
• The Assyrian EMpire depended on a highly disciplined army. Effect:
• With war loot and taxes collected from conquered peoples, the Assyrians built a capital at Nineveh. Why I chose it:
• It shows what the Assyrians contributed to the civilization of the ancient Middle East.

The Middle Kingdom

100

• Around 2050 B.C., a new dynasty from the south restored order in Egypt and established the Middle Kingdom. Cause:
• The end of the Old Kingdom. Effect:
• By 1800 B.C., a succession of weak pharaohs again left Egypt in turmoil, with strong nobles battling for power in the provinces. Why I chose it:
• It shows how the Old and Middle Egyptian Kingdoms differed.

Siddhartha Gautama

100

• Siddharta Gautama was born into the warrior class about 563 B.C., he was the founder of Biddism. Cause:
• After discovering the causes of human suffering, he felt enlightened, thereafter he was called the Buddha. Effect:
• The spread of Buddism. Why I chose it:
• It shows how Buddism emerged.

The Maurya Empire

100

• In 321 B.C., Chandragupta Maurya came to power in northern india. Cause:
• He founded the Maurya dynasty. Effect:
• Chandragupta and his successors created a well-run empire. Why I chose it:
• It led to the reign of Asoka.

Reign of Asoka

100

• Asoka, the best known Maurya ruler, ruled from about 269 B.C. to 232 B.C. He expanded the empire to its greatest size. Cause:
• The Maurya Empire. Effect:
• Asoka helped make Buddism a major worl religion as well as spread Indian civilization to those areas. Why I chose it:
• It shows how Asoka's conversion to Buddism influenced his rule.

Christianity

100

• By 395 A.D., a new religion, Christianity, spread across the Greco-Roman world. Cause:
• Jewish leaders and Roman officials looked on uneasily. Effect:
• It had become the official religion of the empire. Why I chose it:
• It shows the rise of Christianity.

The Conquest of Italy

100

• By 264 B.C., Roome ruled all of Italy. Cause:
• Rome exanded southward. Effect:
• The Romans gave full citizenship to nearby Latins, thereby winning their loyalty. Why I chose it:
• It shows how Rome gained power in the mediterranean.

The Reign of Constantine

100

• In 312 A.D., Constantine emerged victorious, the new emperor reunited the eastern and western territories under his personal rule. Cause:
• Diocletian reorganized the civil service and made officials directyl responsible to the emperor. Effect:
• After his death the empire was again divided. Why I chose it:
• It shows how Diocletian and Constantine tried to strengthen the empire.

The First Punic War

100

• The First Punic Waar broke out in 264 B.C., it centered on control of Silicy. Cause:
• Rivalry between Rome and Carthage. Effect:
• In 241 B.C., an exhausted Carthage sued for peace. Why I chose it:
• It shows why Rome and Carthage fought.

Hieroglyphics

100

• The earliest hieroglyphics, dating from about 3100 B.C., were pictograms. Cause:
• The need to keep records of religious rituals and temple property, led to the development of a system of writing. Effect:
• Because a pictogram could not express an action or an idea, Egyptians added ideograms. Why I chose it:
• It shows how Egyptians developed a system of writing.

Uniting Upper and Lower Egypt

100

• About 3100 B.C., Menes, united the two kingdoms by conquering Lower Egypt, thus greatly increasing his power. Cause:
• The villages that grew up along the Nile gradually became part of one of two kingdoms. Effect:
• Menes' successors wore a doubl crown symbolizing the unity of the two kingdoms. Why I chose it:
• It shows how the Upper and Lower Egypt came to be one.

T'ang Dynasty

Jan 1, 618

• The T'ang dynasty lasted from 618 to 907, T'ang rulers united an empire that reached from the Pacific Ocean to the borders od India and Persia. Cause:
• After the Han Empire collapsed in 220, several dynasties rose and fell. Effect:
• The economy in China expanded, the population grew, and the arts flourished. Why I chose it:
• It was one of the two Golden Ages in China.

The Beginnings of Feudalism

Jan 1, 700

• In the 700s, a new invention, the stirrup, reinforced feudalism. Cause:
• German customs. Effect:
• The stirrup changed the nature of warfare. Why I chose it:
• It shows how warfare and feudalism were linked.

Invasion by the Muslims

Jan 1, 700

In the 700s, the Germanic kingdoms of Western Europe faced invasion by Muslim armies.
Cause:
- Muslims believed in the teachings of Islam.
Effect:
- The Germanic kingdoms od Spain fell.
Why I chose it:
- It shows how the Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe were governed.

The Age of Charlemagne

Jan 1, 768

• An able general, Charlemagne conquered an empire that reunited large areas of the Western Roman Empire. Cause:
• After Pepin's death, his son Charles moved forcefully to strengthen the central government. Effect:
• Charlemagne requiered all Christians to pay the tithe. Why I chose it:
• It shows the accomplishments Charlemagne had during his reign.

Kievan Russia

Jan 1, 800

• In the 800s and 900s, the city of kiev emerged as the center of a prosperous Slavic state, known as Kievan Russia. Cause:
• Kiev was liked to Constantinople by the Dnieper River, which flows into the Black Sea. Effect:
• Civil wars among the ruling princes emerged. Why I chose it:
• Byzantine civilization influenced Eastern Europe.

The Romanesque Style

Jan 1, 1000

• The Romanesque style was popular from 1000 to 1150, it is a style of church architecture. Cause:
• Medieval art and architecture reflected the power of the Church. Effect:
• Massive churches and monasteries built in this style showed the influence of Roman architecture. Why I chose it:
• It shows how medieval art and Christianity were linked.

Vernacular Literature

Jan 1, 1100

• In the 1100s and 1200s, vernacular, a new style of literature, emerged in Europe. Cause:
• Few people could read and write. Effect:
• It became the everyday language of the people. Why I chose it:
• It was a new form of literature that was developed in the Middle Ages.

Concordat of Worms

Jan 1, 1122

• Agreement in which Curch officials elected bishops and abbots. Cause:
• Henry returned to Germany and marched on Rome and drove Gregory iinto exile. Effect:
• Settled the first issue in Italy. Why I chose it:
• It was a source of conflict.

The Hanseatic League

Jan 1, 1200

• In the late 1200's the Hanseatic League was an association of about 80 large towns and cities in northern Germany that banded together for protection and trade purposes. Cause:
• Rent and Taxes were too high. Effect:
• Cities that belonged to the league had inmense power. Why I chose it:
• It had to do with the trade fairs of the medieval civilizations.

Mongol Invasions

Jan 1, 1200

• In the 1200's they conquered an empire extending from China to Eastern Europe, in 1240, one group of Mongols captured and destroyed Kiev. Cause:
• The Mongols were originally nomadic herders. Effect:
• Commerce and Industry, which had prospered in early Kievan Russia, largely disappeared. Why I chose it:
• It shows how Mongol rule cut Russia off from contacts with Western Europe.

The Empire of Mali

Jan 1, 1240

• The Mandingo people to the southeast formed the powerful empire of Mali. Cause:
• Ghana's decline. Effect:
• Civil war weakened Mali, over the next century, the kingdom of Songhai replaced Mali as the most powerful state in West Africa. Why I chose it:
• It led to the rise of Songhai.

The Babylonian Captivity

Jan 1, 1309

• Period in which popes lined in Avignon and were pawns of the French Kings. Cause:
• King Phillip IV of France kidnapped the pope. Effect:
• The Church lost most of its political power. Why I chose it:
• It was part of the attack on the Church.

The Black Death

Jan 1, 1348

• The bubonic plague, a disease carried by fleas on rats, struck Western Europe. Cause:
• Poor harvests. Effect:
• Killed a third of the pepple of Western Europe. Why I chose it:
• It shows how the Black Death affected Europe.

Tamerlane

Jan 1, 1398

• After the death of Firuz Shah Tughlak, civil war weakened the Delhi sultanate.
• Mobgols from Centras Asia over ran nortern India.Termlane was ambitious and deternmined to conquer the world. Cause:
• The death of Firuz Shah Effect:
• The Muslim Delhi sultanate was restored. Why I chose it:
• It was part of the Muslim Expansion into India.

The Rise of Songhai

Jan 1, 1464

• Sonni Ali had conquered the largest empire yet seen in West Africa and created an efficient government. Cause:
• The rulers of Songhai controlled the gold-salt trade. Effect:
• In 1590, the ruler of Morocco in northern Africa sent an army across the Sahara to seize the gold minning regions of Songhai and the empire broke up into small independent states. Why I chose it:
• After this the empires in Africa had ended.

The Treaty of Tordesillas

Jan 1, 1494

• Negotiations between Spain and Portugal that drew a line of Demarcation that ran North and South about 1100 miles west of the Azores Islands in the Atlantic. Cause:
• To keep peace. Effect:
• It gave Spain the right to claim most of North and South America. Why I chose it:
• It shows why Portugal and Spain led the way in exploration.

Tycho Brahe observatory

Jan 1, 1500

• Tycho Brahe built an obervatory to study the planets and stars. Cause:
• To record what he saw. Effect:
• Johannes Kepler used this information to prove Copernicus' theories. Why I chose it:
• It led to other discoveries of the universe.

The Slave Trade

Jan 1, 1500

• In the 1500's Sapin and Portugal took more and more African slaves to their colonies in the Ameircas. Cause:
• To work on sugar plantations in the West Indies. Effect:
• Made Spain the richest most powerful nation in Europe. Why I chose it:
• It shows how slavery was essential to the economy of Spain and Portugal.

First European Settlements

Jan 1, 1520

• Spanish sea captains explored as far as north as present-day California.
• Wherever the Spanish explored, they claimed the lands for Spain. Cause:
• They were searching for gold. Effect:
• The Netherlands grew into a powerful commercial nation. Why I chose it:
• It shows how exploration became expansion.

The Delhi Sultanate Collapse

Jan 1, 1526

• The Mongols swept into India again in 1526, and the Delhi sultanate collapsed. Casue:
• The invaders were led by Babur, who claimed to be descended from Tamerlane and Genghis Khan. Effect:
• Babur set up the Mogul Empire in India. Why I chose it:
• It was the creation of the Mogul Empire.

Ivan IV

Jan 1, 1533

• Ivan IV, who ruled Moscow from 1533 to 1584, exercised this absolute power ruthlessly, he claimed his power came directly from God and had hundreds of boyars killed. Cause:
• Boyars were killed because they opposed Ivan IV's will. Effect:
• Ivan created a secret police force that brutally enforced his wishes. Why I chose it:
• It shows how the princes of Moscow came to dominate Russia.

Development of the Scientific Method

Jan 1, 1543

• Nicolaus Copernicus, helped develop the scientific method in his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies. Cause:
• to aid scicentists advances. Effect:
• After Copernicus, more and more scientists backed up their observations of nature with mathematical calculations. Why I chose it:
• Mathematics was important to the Scientific Revolution.

The Thirty Years' War

Jan 1, 1618

• a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest, most destructive conflicts in European history. Cause:
• The Hapsburgs tried without success to exert their authority over the Holy Roman Empire. Effect:
• invading armies devasted the German states. Why I chose it:
• It was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.

English Civil War

Jan 1, 1642

• Series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists in the Kingdom of England over, principally, the manner of its Cause:
• The raise of the king and Parliament armies. Effect:
• Execution of Charles I, the House of Commons abolished monarchy and proclaimed England a republic. Why I chose it:
• It led to a revolution in English government.

Wars of Louis XIV

Jan 1, 1667

• King Louis XIV of France lead several armed conflicts during his reign between 1661 and 1715. There were four major wars and numerous smaller conflicts. Cause:
• He dreamed of extending France to what he called its "natural frontiers." Effect:
• The conflict known as the Thirty Years' War. Why I chose it:
• It shows how French rulers became absolute monarchs.

Law of Gravity

Jan 1, 1687

• Newton's law of gravity states that there is a force of attraction between objects that is related to their mass and that the force increases as objects move closer together. Cause:
• To provide mathematical proof of what people such as Galileo had observed. Effect: -Newtoon's work helped to develop a new view of the universe. Why I chose it:
• Later inventors improved on Newton's ideas and developed practical devices.

Act of Toleration

May 24, 1689

• Act of Parliament granting freedom of worship to Non-conformists. Cause:
• Religious tolerance remained limited. Effect:
• It assured all Protestants freedom of worship. Why I chose it:
• It however didn't give the sae rights to Catholics and followers of other religions.

The English Bill of Rights

Dec 16, 1689

• Act that the Parliament of England passed on December 16, 1689. The Bill creates separation of powers, limits the powers of the king and queen, enhances the democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech. Cause:
• To protecct English liberties. Effect:
• Act of Tolerance. Why I chose it:
• It was part of the revolution in England.

Laissez Faire

Jan 1, 1700

• Economic system the French physiocrats described, it is a French term meaning let people do as they choose.
• This idea of the physiocrats was echoed in the late 1700's. Cause:
• During the Enlightenment, the physiocrats held that natural laws controlled economy. Effect:
• It was supported by Thomas Malthus. Why I chose it:
• Later then, Malthus gave rise to the Iron Law of Wages.

The Pragmatic Sanction

Apr 19, 1713

• Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI, with the intent that all his Habsburg kingdoms and lands descend as an integral whole without partition. Cause:
• Charles VI had no son to inherit his throne, he feared that the German princes and nobles in the Hapsburg lands might not recognize his daughter as ruler of Austria. Effect:
• Frederick the Great of Prussia ignored the Silesia. Why I chose it:
• It showed how forceful the rulers of Austria were.

Invention of the Flying Shuttle

Jan 1, 1733

• Johny Kay, a clockmaker, invented the flying shuttle. Cause:
• To replace the hand-held shuttle used in weaving . Effect:
• Greatly speeded up the weaving process. Why I chose it:
• It was one of the changes in the textile industry.

Invention of Spinning Jenny

Jan 1, 1764

• James Hargreaves, a carpenter, developed a way to speed up spinning. Cause:
• To reduce time in making textiles. Effect:
• It could spin several threads at once. Why I chose it:
• It improved John Kay's invention.

The March on Versailles

Oct 5, 1789

• A Paris crowd led by thousands of women marched in the rain to Versailles. Cause:
• Women were angry about high food prices .
• They suspected the king and queen were plotting against the National Assembly. Effect:
• The National Assembly moved to Paris and continued its work under the revolutionaries in the capital. Why I chose it:
• It was a reform of the National Assembly.

Civil Constitution of Clergy

Jul 2, 1790

• It gave the French government control of the church and allowed its citizens to elect bishops and priests. Cause:
• The National Assembly declared freedom of worship and abolished the special privileges of the Catholic Church. Effect:
• The government began selling church lands to raise money. Why I chose it:
• It shows why the Catholics condemn the revolution.

The Constitution of 1719

Jan 1, 1791

• French constitution created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly. Cause:
• To give France its first constitution. Effect:
• Guaranteed equal rights under the law to all citizens. Why I chose it:
• It erased the old distinctions between clergy, nobles, and commoners.

Invention of the Cotton Gin

Jan 1, 1793

• Eli Whintey invented a machine that increased the supply of raw cotton. Cause:
• Workers had to remove stickey seeds by hand, an extremely slow process. Effect:
• Gave the British cotton industry a further boost. Why I chose it:
• It became the cotton manufacturing center of the world.

Revival of Islam

Jan 1, 1800

• Religious leaders called for a jihad, or holy war, to restore the purity of Islam. Cause:
• Devout Muslims detested mixing Islam with other faiths. Effect:
• Usuman forces seized control of the Hausa cities.
• Usuman organized the new lands into a strong Islamic state. Whhy I chose it:
• It was one of the two developments that changed conditions in West Africa.

Sociology and Psychology

Jan 1, 1800

-During the 1800's two new social sciences were developed; Sociology ( the study of society) anad Psychology ( the study of behavior).
Cause:
- Thinkers once again tried to use the scientific method to study human behavior.
Effect:
- Philosophers and psychologists used these sciences.
Why I chose it:
- It gave the people a new form of studying humans.

Abolition of the Slave Trade

Jan 1, 1807

• During the Enlightenment, some Europeans called for an end to the slave trade and slavery. Cause:
• It was a century of change. Effect:
• Britain convinced other nations to abolish slavery. Why I chose it:
• It changed conditions in West Africa.

The Corn Laws

Jan 1, 1815

• The Corn Laws put a tariff, or tax, on imported grain.
• These laws were later repealed. Cause:
• City dwellers hated these laws because high prices for grain meant high prices for bread, the major food of the working class. Effect:
• In 1846 these laws were repealed.
• Bread prices went down. Why I chose it:
• It showed the successes off the people in Parliament.

The Concert of Europe

Nov 1, 1815

• also known as the Congress System after the Congress of Vienna, represented the balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Cause:
• Many European rulers joined the Holy Alliance. Effect:
• It preserved the balance of power and prevented local conflicts from flaring into a major European conflict. Why I chose it:
• It was one of the processes of revolution.

Carlsbad Decrees

Sep 20, 1819

• Metternich responded to German students by persuading representatives from the German states to pass the Carlsbad Decrees. These laws imposed press censorship. Cause:
• Students demanded liberal reforms and pressed for the unification of all German peoples. Effect:
• Liberal reformers forced kings of Naples and Spain to grant constitutions. Why I chose it:
• It was part of the Metternich System.

The Monroe Doctrine

Dec 2, 1823

• James Monroe declared the Monroe Doctrine toward Latin America to not be considered as subjects for future colonization. Cause:
• Spain asked its allies in Europe to help it reconquer its fromer colonies. Effect:
• It freed the nations a Latin America from the threat of reconquest. Why I chose it:
• It developed foreign interest in Latin America.

The July Revolution

Jul 26, 1830

• Second French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of Duke of Orléans. Cause:
• Liberals criticized the 1814 constitution because it allowed only the wealthiest people of France to vote. Effect:
• Middle class leaders of the revolution established a constitutional monarchy. Why I chose it:
• It led to Louis Philippe to be king.

Reform Bill of 1832

Jan 1, 1832

• Major political reform that extended suffrage to virtually all middle-class men in Parliament. Cause:
• The middle class demanded the vote and greater representation in Parliament. Effect:
• 20% of adult men were qualified to vote. Why I chose it:
• It was one of the early attempts of reform.

The Chartist Movement

Jan 1, 1838

• Document called the People's Charter.
• The Chartists, demanded the secret ballot and universal male suffrage, or vote for all adult men, Cause:
• Reformers were disappointed with the Reform Bill of 1832 and continued to demand the vote for workers. Effect:
• None of the demands were met before it died out in the 1850's, but most of them did eventually become law. Why I chose it:
• It was part of the growth of democracy.

The Opium War

Jan 1, 1839

• The Chinese decided to end the opium trade.
• The British responded with military force. Cause:
• Opium was harmful for Chinese people and it drained China form silver which was used to pay foreign merchants who imported the drug. Effect:
• The British defeated the Chinese.
• China was forced to sign a Treaty of Nanking. Why I chose it:
• It was one of the most important wars between Asia and the West.

Crimean War

Oct 1, 1853

• France and Great Britain had declared war on Russia to prevent Russia from gaining too much influence over the weak Ottoman Empire. Cause:
• Cavour saw the war as a chance to win the allies he needed to drive Austria out of Italy. Effect:
• Sardinia took part in the peace conference. Why I chose it:
• It shows how Sardinia took part in the war.

The Sepoy Rebellion

Jan 1, 1857

• An uprising to end the rule of the East India Company in India. Cause:
• It was rumored that bullet cartridges used by the sepoys were greaced with beef or pork fat. Effect:
• British Parliament took over control of India from the East India Company. Why I chose it:
• It would lead to colonial government.

Theory of Evolution

Jan 1, 1859

• British biologist Charles Darwin published a book called On thr Origin of Species where he represented a theory of evolution. Cause:
• He wanted to express his theory that all forms of life evolve, or change, over a long period of time. Effect:
• Revolutionized the science of biology and sparked controversies. Why I chose it:
• It revolutionized education during that time.

Franco-Prussian War

Jul 19, 1870

• France declared war on the Prussian. Cause:
• Bismarck adited the telegram that William had sent him so that it seemed that the king and ambassador had been rude to one another. Effect:
• The Prussians defeated the French and took Napoleon III prisoner. Why I chose it:
• It borke up the German Empire.

The Spanish-American War

Apr 1, 1898

• The United States recognized Cuban independence, and Spain declared war. Cause:
• The United States sent the battleship Maine to Havana to protect Cuban property and this ship was blown up. Effect:
• Cuba became an independent nation. Why I chose it:
• It shows the coflict between America and Spain.

The Boxer Rebellion

Nov 2, 1899

• A group of Chinese founded a secret society called the "fists of Righteous Harmony" or Boxers.
• They wanted to expel the Manchu and all foreigners from China. Cause:
• Foreign imperialism and the belief that the Manchu dynasty has lost the Mandate of Heaven. Effect:
• The foreigners defeated the Boxers and China agreed to allow foreign troops to be stationed on Chinese soil and naval vessels to patrol Chinese rivers and coast waters. Why I chose it:
• It led to the Revolution of 1911.

Boer War

Dec 16, 1899

• Tension between the British and the Boers exploded into war.
• The British placed many thousands of Boers in concentration camps. Cause:
• The British had decided that they must control all of South Africa because it was on the sea route to India. Effect:
• The Boers won control of the government. Why I chose it:
• It was an event of Africa in the Age of Imperialism.

Revolution of 1905

Jan 22, 1905

• Was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. Cause:
• War between Russia and Japan. Effect:
• Bloody Sunday.
• Future revolution. Why I chose:
• It made the czar emerge.

Assassination at Sarajevo

Jun 28, 1914

• The archduke of Austria-Hungary Francis Ferdinand was assassinated during a trip to Sarajevo. Cause:
• The Serbs thought that Austria-Hugary were sending the archduke into the province that Austria had annexed illegally. Effect:
• Austria Hungary issued Serbia an ultimatum that required Serbia to supress all anti-Austrian activities. Why I chose it:
• It was the cause of the outbreak of war.

The Outbreak of WW1

Jul 28, 1914

• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and the two nations involved Russia and Germany in the war because of their alliances. Cause:
• Tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Effect:
• World War 1 Why I chose it:
• It was the first great war of the world.

The Constitution of 1917

Feb 5, 1917

• This constitution was adopted in Mexico after the revolution against Diaz in 1910. Cause:
• To pass reforms into law that people had been demanding for decades. Effect:
• Large estates broke up, land was sold to peasants, reduced creoles' power and enabled the mestizos and Indians to participate fully in government.
• Seperation of church and state. Why I chose it:
• Peace was restored.
• Mexican economy began to grow.

The United States Enters the War

Apr 2, 1917

• In the beggining the United States were in a neutral state but later into the war the joined it. Cause:
• German submarine warfare torpedoed an American tanker. Effect:
• President Wilson broke off diplomatic relations with Germany. Why I chose it:
• It was what made the U.S get invlved in the war.

Russian Civil War

Oct 1, 1917

• Anti-Bolsheviks in Russia launched efforts to overthrow the new government. Cause:
• Some wanted the czar resotred to power, others supported socialism but opposed Lenin, and some supported communism. Effect:
• Trotsky organized a Red Army that turned the tide of the civil war. Why I chose it:
• It shows the rise of communism in Russia.

Turkish Revolution

May 19, 1919

• Greece seized land still ruled by the Turks in Asia.
• The Turks led by an army officer Mustafa Kemal, resisted the Greeks fiercely. Cause:
• Paris peace settlement that broke up the Ottoman Empire. Effect:
• Genocide. Why I chose it:
• It was one of the struggles of Europe.

Discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization

Jan 1, 1921

• In 1921, archaeologists discovered traces of an ancient civilization in the Indus River valley. Cause:
• Excavations have revealed that this civilization developed about the same time as the early Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations. Effect:
• archaeologists have uncovered some valuable information about India;s first civilization. Why I chose it:
• It shows how limited our knowledge of the earliest civilizations in India is limited.

Turmoil in China

Jan 1, 1927

• Chiang, with the army of Sun, struck the Chinese communist Party. Cause:
• Control of the countryside. Effect:
• Communist troops fled from Kiangsi to begin a march toward the desolate Shensei Province in northwestern China. Why I chose it:
• It was one of the aftermaths of war.

Chinese Civil War

Aug 1, 1927

• Nationalist forces battled the Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong. Cause:
• World War 2 Effect:
• The communists defeated Chiang Kaishek's armies.
• Communists won the mainland of China. Why I chose it:
• It shows how Communism dominated China

Five-Year Plans

Jan 1, 1928

• An economic program that set two specific goals: rapid growth of heavy industry and increased agricultural production through collectivization of agriculture to strenghen the Soviet economy. Cause:
• Stalin saw the Soviet Union was surrounded by enemies and economically backward. Effect:
• New industries and impressive gains. Why I chose it:
• It improved the Soviet Union's economy.

The Great Depression

Oct 29, 1929

• The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. Cause:
• the Great Depression was triggered by the 1929 crash of the stock market. Effect:
• Bankruptcy and wellfare. Why I chose it:
• It was a global problem.

Holocaust

Jan 30, 1933

• genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews. Cause:
• Hiter blamed the Jews for Germany's problems. Effect:
• Jews were sent to concentration camps to be killed. Why I chose it:
• It was one of the horrible things Hiter did.

The New Deal

Mar 4, 1933

• It was a series of economic and social programs set by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the great depression to restore employment. Cause:
• The Great Depression Effect:
• The WPA put millions of people to work building bridges, highways, dams, schools, and parks. Why I chose it:
• It helped the U.S to get out of the Great Depression.

Spanish Civil War

Jul 17, 1936

• A group of generals led by Francisco Franco staged an uprising against the republican government. Cause:
• The generals wanted to restore the power of the church and destroy socialism and communism in Spain. Effect:
• It became an international issue. Why I chose it:
• It involved the world in war.

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Dec 7, 1941

• Japanese planes flew out of the sky over the American Naval base at Pearl Harbor. Cause:
• The U.S stopped their economic relations with Japan. Effect:
• Roosevelt declared war. Why I chose it:
• It made the U.S join the war.

The Cold War

Jan 1, 1947

• state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc. Cause:
• The Soviets wanted to spread Communism. Effect:
• The military blocs NATO and Warsaw Pact were formed. Why I chose it:
• The Cold War was one of the biggest wars.

Truman Doctrine

Mar 12, 1947

• President Truman proclaimed the Truman Doctrine.
• It stated that the U.S would support free peoples resisiting by outside pressures. Cause:
• Fear that the communists would win the civil war in Greece. Effect:
• The Greek government defeated the communists, and the Turks were able to withstand Soviet pressure. Why I chose it:
• It showed the U.S dissaproval of the spread of communism.

Apartheid

Jan 1, 1948

• The white-controlled government set up the system of apartheid, a policy of rigid separation of races. Cause:
• The Whites didn't want to lose their power. Effect:
• Opposition to the apartheid. Why I chose it:
• It shows the racism in Africa.

The Marshall Plan

Apr 3, 1948

• Marshall proposed that the U.S fund a a progran of European recovery. Cause:
• George Marshall feared that the nations of Europe could not deal with their problems and were in danger of revolution and collapse. Effect:
• The Soviet Union attacked the plan as "Yankee imperialism". Why I chose it:
• It was a plan that helped Europe recover.

People's Republic of China

Oct 1, 1949

• Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China.
• He used his power to introduce revolutionary changes. Cause:
• The government was a dictatorship controlled by the Chinese Commuist Party. Effect:
• The communist government won support of the peasants. Why I chose it:
• It explains what the peasants role was

Korean War

Jun 25, 1950

• War broke out between North and South Korea. -The United States to prevent communism from spreading from North Korea, sent police action to South Korea. Cause:
• The division of North and South Korea. Effect:
• UN forces launched offensives that forced North Koreans back. Why I chose it:
• It was an important event in the Asian history.

Black Homelands

Jan 1, 1959

• The white-controlled government passed laws that established bantustans, for blacks. Cause:
• The apartheid Effect:
• Stripped blacks from their citizenship. Why I chose it:
• It shows more of the extent that the apartheid made.

Fidel Castro became the Cuban leader

Jan 8, 1959

• Fidel castro entered Havana in triumph.
• The Cuban leader won strong support for his program of land reform and industrialization.
• Used television speeches to explain his communist revolution to the Cuban people. Cause:
• A series of corrupt strongmen ruled Cuba.
• Batista seized power. Effect:
• Castro intended to make Cuba a "socialist state".
• Launched a massive land reform program. Why I chose it:
• It was what led to the Communist revolution in Cuba

Bay of Pigs Invation

Aug 17, 1961

• The United States cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba.
• Cuban exiles, launched an attack on their homeland. Cause:
• The United States strongly opposed Castro's attempt to spread communism. Effects:
• The Cuban missile crisis. Why I chose it:
• It is an event that explains relations between the U.S and Cuba.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Oct 14, 1962

• The Soviet Union built missile bases in Cuba.
• President Kennedy demanded that the Soviets dismantle the bases but they refused.
• Cuba built a naval blockade. Cause:
• Fear of a possible missile attack on the United States. Effects:
• Khrushchev agreed to stop building bases nad remove missiles from Cuba.
• Relations between Cuba and the U.S improved. Why I chose it:
• It shows how the U.S and Cuban relations improved

Nigerian Civil War

Jul 6, 1967

• War fought to counter the secession of Biafra from Nigeria. Cause:
• The unfair wealth distribution. Effect;
• The war cost the Igbos a great deal in terms of lives, money and infrastructure. Why I chose it:
• It was one of the wars in Africa

Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia

Aug 20, 1968

• The Soviet Union and its main allies in the Warsaw Pact invaded Czechoslovakia.
• The operation was codenamed "Danube". Cause:
• To enforce subservience of satellite Communist governments to the interests of the Soviet Union before their own interests. Effects:
• The invasion successfully stopped the liberalisation reforms.
• It strengthened the authority of the authoritarian wing within the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. Why I Chose it:
• It was an attempt to spread communism

Revolution of Iran

Jan 1, 1978

• The clergy led an islamic revolution and consolidated their power. Cause:
• Modernization, oil wealth, and foreign interference. Opposition to the shah. Effect:
• Restored islamic law and traditions and banned western music and dancing. Why I chose it:
• It was an event of great importance in the Middle East.

Iran-Iraq War

Sep 22, 1980

• A border dispute between Iraq and Iran flared into war.
• Both nations launched missiles at each other's oil fields and cities. Cause:
• The government's crush of a major Kurdish uprising. Effect:
• Both nations finally agreed to a UN-sponsored cease-fire. Why I chose it:
• It was what happened during Iraq at war.

Persian Gulf War

Aug 2, 1990

• The UN set a deadline for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait.
• When the deadline passed and Iraq did not withdraw, the coalition force attaacked Iraq. Cause:
• Iraq army invading Kuwait. Effect:
• Iraq withdrew from Kuwait in defeat. Why I chose it:
• It shows the U.S problems with Iraq.

Ethnic Conflict in Yugoslavia

Jun 25, 1991

• Czechoslovakia split into two republics.
• President Havel worked tirelessly to keep the nation together. Cause:
• The ethnic conflict no longer suppressed by communist rule, threatened stability in the country. Effect:
• The republics of Croatia and Slovenia declared their independece
• Civil war broke out as Serbs lining in Croatia and the Serb-dominated federal army took on Croatian forces. Why I chose it:
• It was part of the march to freedom in the Soviet Bloc.

The Commonwealth of Independent States

Dec 9, 1991

• The leaders od Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus formed this new union.
• They declared that the Soviet Union ceased to exist.
• They agreed to cooperate on matters of foreign policy, economic policy,transportation and environmental protection. Cause:
• The breakup of the Soviet Union Effect:
• Grobachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union. -Russia assumed the Soviet Union's seat on the UN Security Council. Why I chose it:
• It was the part of the breakup of the Soviet Union