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Oct 19, 1469
Ferdinand and Isabella union
Ferdinand III (1452-1516) and Isabella I (1451-1504) were the king of Aragon and the queen of Castille. Their marriage joined the two countries to become the country of Spain. Their military efforts were responsible for the final success of the Reconquista. -
Period: 1509 to 1547
Henry VIII
Henry VIII was the second Tudor king of England. Well-educated and athletic, he was initially a favorite of the English people. He lost much of that popularity with his constant involvement in wars. Henry's desire for a male heir was the catalyst for his eventual break with the Roman Catholic Church and the formation of the Church of England. -
Period: 1533 to
Elizabeth l
Elizabeth Tudor (1533–1603) became Queen Elizabeth I of England upon the death of Queen Mary. Shifting politics made her early years quite hazardous. Elizabeth used her experiences to become a shrewd and powerful monarch. Under her reign, England became an important European power. England prospered both economically, and culturally. Her balanced handling of the English religious conflicts earned her the nickname Good Queen Bess. -
Edict of nates
law issued by French king Henry IV in 1598 giving more religious freedom to French Protestants -
don quixote is published
On January 16, 1605, Miguel de Cervantes' El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha, better known as Don Quixote, is published. The book is considered by many to be the first modern novel and one of the greatest novels of all time. -
Period: to
thirty year war
The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. -
petition of rights signed
The Petition of Right was sent by English Parliament to King Charles I to complain about a series of breaches of law he had made. -
Period: to
The Long Parliament
The Long Parliament was an English Parliament that lasted from 1640 until 1660. It followed the fiasco of the Short Parliament, which had convened for only three weeks during the spring of 1640 after an 11-year parliamentary absence. -
Period: to
Louis XIV
Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any sovereign in history whose date is verifiable. -
Peace of Westphalia is signed
the Treaty of Westphalia was signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War. Ratification of the Peace of Münster -
Period: to
Charles ll
Charles II was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651, and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685. Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England. -
published “Leviathan”
commonly referred to as Leviathan, is a book written by Thomas Hobbes -
Period: to
Peter the Great reign as czar of Russia
Russia from 1682 until his death in 1725, co-reigning with his half-brother, Ivan V, from 1682 to 1696. Peter the Great's influence on Russian society and culture cannot be overstated -
Period: to
Glorious revolution
The Glorious Revolution is the term first used in 1689 to summarise events leading to the deposition of James II and VII of England, Ireland and Scotland in November 1688, and his replacement by his daughter Mary II and her husband and James's nephew William III of Orange, de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic. -
English bill of rights
series of acts passed in 1689 by the English Parliament that limited the rights of the monarchy and ensured the superiority of Parliament -
John Locke
Two Treatises of Government, a major statement of the political philosophy of the English philosopher John Locke, published in 1689 but substantially composed some years before then. -
Robinson Crusoe
In Robinson Crusoe Defoe wished to reveal the transformative powers of endurance, fortitude, and energy. -
Jonathan swift
All of Swift's satirical creations were published anonymously or under a pseudonym -
Period: to
George lll
George III was the longest reigning monarch in British history, ruling at a time when Britain and France struggled to dominate Europe; he shared the blame for the loss of Britain's American colonies. -
Period: to
Frederick ll reigns prussia
Frederick II succeeded his father, Frederick William I, to serve as king of Prussia. -
intolerable acts
The four acts were the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act. The Quebec Act of 1774 is sometimes included as one of the Coercive Acts, although it was not related to the Boston Tea Party. -
Published the Spirit of laws
Baron De Montesquieu In The Spirit of the Laws, he advanced the idea of separation of powers— a foundation of modern American democracy. -
Period: to
Denis diderot published his encyclopedia
The Encyclopédie, Ou Dictionnaire Raisonné Des Sciences, Des Arts Et Des Métiers, often referred to simply as Encyclopédie or Diderot's Encyclopedia, is a twenty-eight volume reference book published between 1751 and 1772 by André Le Breton and edited by translator and philosopher Denis Diderot. -
five man dictionary
took eight years to complete and it required 6 helpers and 40,000 words -
Period: to
seven year war
The Seven Years' War was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers and was fought primarily in Europe the Americas and Asia-Pacific. -
Voltaire publishes Candide
is a French satire written by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment -
Treaty of paris
treaty of 1763 that ended the Seven Years' War and resulted in British dominance of the Americas -
Period: to
Catherine the great
Catherine the Great was the German-born empress of Russia who led her country in becoming part of the political and cultural life of Europe. -
Period: to
Joseph II
ruled as Holy Roman Emperor in Austria and is considered the most radical of the enlightened despots. He continued many of the modernizing governmental reforms introduced by his mother, Maria Theresa. -
Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre was a confrontation in Boston on March 5, 1770, in which a group of nine British soldiers shot five people of a crowd of three or four hundred who were harassing them verbally and throwing various projectiles. -
Battle of Lexington and Concord
The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. -
Boston tea party
The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. -
Published Wealth of the nations
Adam Smith wrote the book to describe the industrialized capitalist system that was upending the mercantilist system. -
Declaration of independence signed
The Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. It was engrossed on parchment and on August 2, 1776, delegates began signing it. -
Period: to
Battle of yorktown
The siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the surrender at Yorktown, or the German battle because of the presence of Germans in all three armies, began September 28, 1781, and ended on October 19, 1781, in Yorktown, Virginia. -
Declaration of mens rights
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution. -
US Constitution ratified
in operation since 1789, the United States Constitution is the world's longest surviving written charter of government. -
tennis court oath
a famous oath made on a tennis court by the Third Estate in pre-revolutionary France -
Storming of the Bastille
evolutionary insurgents stormed and seized control of the medieval armory, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille. -
women's march
The Women's March on Versailles was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution -
Declaration of women's rights
The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen was published on 15 September 1791. It is modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789. Olympe de Gouges dedicated the text to Marie Antoinette, whom de Gouges described as "the most detested" of women. -
Mary Wollstonecraft
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. With Strictures on political and moral subjects. -
Period: to
radical phase
The radical phase of the French Revolution accomplished the creation of a republic and expansion of democracy and more political rights and expansion of the definition of a citizen. -
National Convention Formed
The National Convention was the constituent assembly of the Kingdom of France for one day and the French First Republic -
Period: to
Public safety
The Committee of Public Safety was a committee of the National Convention that formed the provisional government and war cabinet during the Reign of Terror, a violent phase of the French Revolution. -
Period: to
reign of terror
was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervor, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety. -
Napoleon Bonaparte becomes Emperor
he became Emperor of the French under the name of Napoleon I, and was the architect of France's recovery following the Revolution before setting out to conquer Europe -
Battle of trafalgar
The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement that took place on 21 October 1805 between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars -
Battle of Austerlitz
The Battle of Austerlitz, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars. The battle occurred near the town of Austerlitz in the Austrian Empire. -
Period: to
Battle of leipzsig
the Battle of the Nations was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony. The Coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia, led by Tsar Alexander I and Karl von Schwarzenberg, decisively defeated the Grande Armée of French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. -
Period: to
Congress of vienna
assembly of European leaders that met after the Napoleonic era to piece Europe back together met from September 1814 to June 1815 -
Napoleon exiled to Elba
Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of France and one of the greatest military leaders in history, abdicates the throne, and, in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, is banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba. -
Napoleon exiled to St. Helena
After a journey of nine weeks at sea, he arrived at the island of St Helena on 15 October 1815. -
Published the social contract
an agreement by which people gave up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos