-
Period: 1201 to
Benin Africa
i. Led by Oba (king)
ii. Sophisticated society
iii. Capital – New Benin
iv. Organized security force, clean
v. Art (iron work and ivory)
vi. City grew wealthy from slave trade -
1215
Magna Carta
Puts limits on the power of the monarch. -
Period: 1299 to
Ottoman Empire
Osman/Othman
Sunni Muslim/Islam
Turkish
Devshirme system (until 1648)
Janissary standing army
Early use of gunpowder Istanbul converted city after fall of Constantinople Suleiman I
Lufti Pasha -
1320
Dante's Divine Comedy
-
Period: 1336 to 1573
Muromachi (Japan)
i. Centered in Kyoto
ii. Headquarters of the Ashikhea Shogunate
iii. Refined and elegant
iv. Shoguns (leaders) were Zen Buddhists (meditation and mind to mind transmission of truth)
v. Zen monks to read and write Chinese – used in foreign affairs
vi. Simplistic art
vii. No theater – Japanese theater where performers could make notions or ideas through gestures, dress, stance -
Period: 1368 to
Ming Dynasty
a. Dominant force in China as they begin expanding to what we know China to be today.
b. Ming means bright Taizu, Chengzu,- Hereditary service obligations
- Essentially military households
1. Primarily with succession
2. Used to go to eldest son of emperor or the eldest son of the eldest son
3. Becomes problematic as emperors become increasingly erratic Civil Service Exams -
Period: 1368 to 1398
Taizu - Ming Dynasty
Orphan at 16- Red Turbans - Religious sect Rebelled against Mughal government Taizu joins and rises through ranks
1368 – takes control of Beijing Declares himself emperor of Ming Dynasty
During his reign he wanted to help the poor
Ordered registration of lands to populations -
Period: 1371 to 1433
Admiral Zheng He
i. Led china into period of massive commercial expansion
ii. Muslim
iii. Father/grandfather made pilgrimage to Mecca
iv. Arrested – becomes trusted friend to the emperor
v. Explorer
vi. Teaches himself how to build ships, celestial navigation and almanacs
vii. S. China Sea
viii. Indian Ocean
ix. Persian Gulf/Red Sea -
Period: 1378 to 1416
Great Schism
Multiple popes claiming title
1. Avignon
2. Rome
New Teachings (John Wycliffe and Jan Hus)
Simony -
i. Buying and selling of church positions
ii. challenge authority of pope
iii. catholic church most powerful entity in Europe
Corrupt Popes
i. Sixtus IV
ii. Alexander VI -
Period: 1380 to
Nigeria Kanem-Bornu Kingdom
- Strong army led by Idris Alooma
- Muslim King - Islamic law in courts Marriage i. Women highly coveted ii. Intense competition iii. Polygamy universal iv. Women profoundly affected by slave trade iii. Everything tied to agriculture, crops failure resulted in famine - Drought, locusts, excessive rains, Malaria i. Sold themselves due to famines from crop failures, 1680 ii. Increased in 18th century and peaked due to famine
-
Period: 1392 to
Chosen Period (Korea)
i. Embrace neo Confucianism
ii. Population growth (1600- 8 million and 1810 – 14 million)
iii. Slavery declines once economic advances are found
iv. Between 1750 and 1790 – pop of slaves decreased from 30% to 5% -
Period: 1401 to
Sudan Songhai Kingdom
i. Successor of Ghana and Mali Kingdoms
ii. Muslim state
iii. King Mohammed Toure (1493-1528)
iv. Timbuktu
v. Slavery
1. Royal farms used slaves to produce rice
2. Slaves owned things, but became property of king upon death
3. King would bestow slaves to his favorite scholars
a. Gao - One of the largest slave markets
a. unable to maintain order – Mohammed murdered by son
b. kingdom comes to and end when Morocco invades -
Period: 1403 to 1425
Chengzu
i. He took throne by force from his nephew
ii. Like his father Taizu, used terror to enforce his will
iii. Moved capital from Nanjing to Beijing
iv. Problems with imperial institution -
1442
Ghiberti - Gates of Paradise
-
Period: 1449 to 1492
Lorenzo de Medici
-
1450
Senegambia Africa
i. First port contact for desert caravans
ii. Age grade system – initiate into adulthood
iii. Royal family, nobility, warriors, peasants – class system
iv. Slave culture – slaves pawned for debt (acquired via war or purchase) - chattel
v. Nomadic – no capital, small farms -
Period: 1450 to 1500
Bartholomew Diaz
- Portuguese noblemen
- Knight of the Royal Court Juan II
- Appointed to sail southern tip of Africa a. dangerous and very difficult
- May 1488 – goes down the coast and turns around
-
Period: 1451 to 1506
Christopher Columbus
- Italian
- 8-3-1492, he took 120 men, Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria
- Go west instead of going around
- arrive in China vs. India
- Ferdinand and Isabella approve exploration – Hispaniola – Cuba (Haiti and Dominican Republic)
- Taino Indians
- 1502 – 3rd trip
-
Period: 1452 to 1519
Leonardo da Vinci
Painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, mentor, anatomist, botanist, geologist, writer.
Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Vitruvian Man -
1453
Fall of Constantinope
i. Located at the mouth of the Mediterranean
ii. Key port in the silk road
iii. Incredibly wealthy
iv. Orthodox
v. Muslims kicked out
vi. Jews forced out -
1455
Brunelleschi - Guttenberg Bible
Craftsman and metal worker
Experimented with movable type - printing press
Took one year to produce 180 copies -
Period: 1460 to 1524
Vasco de Gama
- First to arrive to India by sea
- Paved the way for Portugal to establish Colonial Empire
- Returns to Portugal with goods and spices making about 1000% profit
-
Period: 1462 to 1505
Ivan III
i. Expanded power – Moscow
ii. Captured Kiev
iii. 1480 – stopped acknowledging the Kahn as ruler and declares himself & his heirs’ autocrats/supreme rule
b. Mongolian Rule
i. Forced to pay tax to Kahn (chief)
ii. Tax collectors overthrew Mongolians using excess taxes
c. Muscovites Rule
i. Uses same tax system & routes as Mongolian Rule
ii. Use nobles to gain loyalty
iii. Start coining the term Tsar
iv. Orthodox – heirs to church after Constantinople fell -
Period: 1469 to 1527
Machiavelli
Florence born during war and chaos.
Rises through ranks of militia.
Father of modern science.
Historian, diplomat, philosopher, humanist.
The Prince -
1471
Portuguese Arrive Gold Coast
- guided by Prince Henry the Navigator
- rumors of gold mines in North Africa
- Muslims trade gold, ivory and pepper
-
Period: 1473 to 1543
Nicholas Copernicus
Earth revolved around the sun.
"On the Revolutions of Celestial Heavenly Spheres" -
Period: 1475 to 1564
Michelangelo
Divine One
From Florence
Medici Patron
Sculptor, Painter, Architect
Pieta, David, Sistine Chapel -
1482
Elmina Castle
- Portuguese protect interests
- Oldest European building below the Sahara in all Africa
-
Period: 1483 to 1520
Raphael
Painter, architect.
School of Athens -
Period: 1483 to 1546
Martin Luther
Becomes a monk and joins the Augustine order
Struggles with soul salvation
Hated righteous God who punishes sinners
You enter heaven by faith alone
Sacraments - Does not like 7 - Thinks they’re dumb and meaningless
Protested abuses of Catholic Church - Particularly selling of indulgences
“As a monk, I led an irreproachable life, nonetheless I felt I was a sinner before God, my conscious was restless…God had mercy on me.” -
Period: 1484 to 1531
Ulrich Zwingli
a. From Switzerland
b. Beliefs
i. Salvation obtained by faith alone
ii. Theocracy – catholic church refutes, Zwingli dies in battle -
Period: 1485 to 1547
Hernan Cortes
Chased out of country to save his life (19)
Wants to conquer all of Mexico
Charles V – King of Spain overlooks everything for fortune November 8, 1519 - Cortes and Montezuma meet
Aztecs believe Cortes is long departed God King Quetzalcoatl
Gifts of gold and silver to Cortes
Cortes gives pearls and venetian glass 1520 - Tension between the Aztecs and conquistadors
May 30 – Death of Montezuma
August 1521 - Fall of Tenochtitlan -
Period: 1492 to
Spanish Empire in Americas
Columbian Exchange
Religious Conversions -
Period: 1493 to 1528
King Mohammed Toure
- Extended rule north city of Taghaza (Western Sahara)
- Powerful – strong army
- Taxes – wealthy now poor
- Salt mines
Kingdom ends when Morocco invades -
1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
- Ferdinand and Isabela (Spain)
- John II (Portugal)
- Treaty negotiated by Pope Alexander VI
- Drew line down the map a. West – Spain b. East - Portugal
-
Period: 1500 to
Transatlantic Slave Trade (Triangular Trade)
i. From Europe – to Africa
1. Iron, cloth, brandy, firearms, and gunpowder
ii. In Africa
1. Cargo dropped off and ships loaded with slaves
iii. Middle passage – slave ships to Americas
1. Slaves traded for sugar, tobacco
b. Portugal, Spain, France, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, German states and England involved in trade
i. 1440-1640 Portugal
ii. Portugal’s power declines and British take up the Monopoly
iii. Glorious Revolution 1688, England’s crown monopoly expired -
1501
Slavery in Central and South America
Ferdinand and Isabella ok’d slave import to Caribbean
Supported idea that Africans have weak Christian faith
Native Americans didn’t work for enslaved labor
Massive death in 1500 d/t tropical flu
Workforce imported Silver Mines
Sugar Plantations -
Period: 1501 to
Counter Reformation
a. Pope Paul II
b. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
iii. Ways used to Counter Reformation
1. Missionary activities worldwide
2. Established schools – expand the faith
3. Ruled out heresy through inquisition
4. Advisors in court of Catholic Kings
5. Created/maintained books -
Period: 1501 to
Safavid Dynasty
Ismail
Twelver Shia Islam (Shi'ites)
Turkish - Persian
Persian Identity (Shahs)
Ghulams Shah Abbas -
Period: 1509 to 1564
John Calvin
i. From France (Presbyterians)
ii. Drew from Martin Luther
iii. Exiled to Geneva
b. The Institutes of Christian Religion
i. Influenced by Augustine Hippo
ii. Predestination
1. God determines beforehand whether souls will be saved or damned
2. God is the beginning and God is the end
3. Salvation is in God’s hands alone
4. God is the master of Destiny
c. Geneva, Switzerland
i. Takes of Government
ii. Strict Theocracy -
Period: 1509 to 1547
Henry VIII
Wrote “Defender of the Faith” (title given to him by the pope)
King of England 1509 - Older brother Arthur, heir to throne
Catherine of Aragon - married Arthur who died 1502
Anne Boleyn - May 1533 - Arrested treason - executed May 19, 1536
Archbishop marriage invalid - Pope Clement VII excommunicates
Response - Acts of Supremacy, 1534
Jane Seymour - dies birth of Edward VI
Anne of Cleves - Divorces
Katherine Howard - Executed 1542
Catherine Parr -outlives Henry VIII -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther Ninety-Five Thesis
i. Statement to Catholic Church
ii. Detailed what was wrong and needed to be reformed Reaction
i. Excommunicated from Catholic Church
ii. German Princes liked idea of breaking away from church, especially Frederic (Protestants) (Lutherans) -
1518
Asiento
- Marks beginnings of modern slave trade
- License for slave trade signed
- Abduct Africans and transport across South Atlantic to labor in Spanish Colonies.
-
Nov 8, 1519
Cortes and Montezuma Meet
Aztecs believe Cortes is long departed God King Quetzalcoatl (plume serpent)
Gifts of gold and silver presented to Cortes
Cortes gives pearls and venetian glass -
May 30, 1520
Death of Montezuma
a. Cortes and his men sneak out of the city to avoid repercussions
b. Aztecs follow them and kill many of Cortes’ men -
1521
Fall of Tenochtitlan
Collapses into Spanish hands
Aztec Empire ceases to exist
Cortes – New Spain – crown jewel of Spanish Empire -
1521
Spanish and Austrian Hapsburg Dynasties separate
Spanish – Portugal, Castile, Argon, Flanders, United Province, Milan, Sardinia Naples, Sicily Austrian – Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia, Austria, Hungary, Transylvania, Switzerland Thirty years war forced refocus on centralizing power -
Period: 1524 to
Spanish Empire - Council of the Indies
i. Placed as a reward for service to the crown
ii. Dealt with large decisions – filtering system of what to send king vs. what they can handle themselves -
1525
Anabaptists
i. 16th Century sect opposed taking of oaths, holding public office, military service and infant baptism
ii. Baptism
1. Believe people should be baptized when they can fully understand (adults) -
Period: 1526 to
Mughal Empires
Babur, Akbar, Jahanjir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
Turkish - Persian
Gunpowder
Sunni Islam
Tolerant until Shaha Jahan and Aurangzeb -
Period: 1526 to 1530
Babur (Mughal Empire - India)
his mother was descended from Genghis Khan
his father is the son of the Indian ruler Timur (Tamerlane)
defeats the Lodi in April of 1526 April 20th, 1526 Ibrahim launched his attack
Attacks the animals and elephants panic and trample
Ibrahim and 15,000 of his men are killed
Found his body and amid the corpses and brought me his head
captured Deli a week later and established his empire where he would rule for the next 200 years
contracted an illness and died at age 47 -
1529
Ethiopia invaded by Adal
Christianity and Islam come to a head
Practiced Coptic Christianity
Orthodox form of Christianity formed in Egypt 451
Temple of David and Arc of the Covenant Adal invades (1529) - Destroys art, churches, monasteries
Forcefully converted to Islam
Ethiopians sought help from Portuguese
Muslims occupy region (1531-1543)
Rumors of secret treasure
Whites (Portuguese) search for city of Gold
Forcibly convert to Catholic Church
Civil war - Ethiopia and city states
1633 – Jesuits expelled -
Period: 1534 to 1582
Oda Nobunaga
- Samurai
- Recruited fellow samurai
- 1559 – began expanding through central Japan
- Opened Nagasaki to become a large fishing village to raise money
- Dies in 1582
- Attempted cue against him and he was forced by one of his basales to commit suicide
- Legacy – seen as one of the greatest and brutal leaders
-
Period: 1543 to
Scientific Revolution
i. single most important factor in world view
ii. using reason, scientific method, probability and desirability of human progress
iii. evolves from medieval era in reformation Pierre Bayle
Baruch Spinoza
John Locke
Montesquieu
Voltaire -
Period: 1545 to 1563
Council of Trent
i. Meeting of top Bishops and Theologian
ii. Define Catholic doctrine in response to complaints by Protestants
1. Selling indulgences banned
2. Salvation achieved – Good works and Faith
3. Religious authority found in Bible (Latin)
4. 7 sacraments -
Period: 1546 to
Tycho Brahe
First competent mind of astronomy.
"The Foundations of the Solar System"
Moon orbits earth.
Planets orbit sun.
Last naked eye astronomer. -
Period: 1546 to
Galileo Galilei
Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, mathematician.
Telescope to observe night sky.
Support Copernican system.
Father of observational astronomy, modern physics, scientific method.
Arrested by inquisition (treason) and forced to recant. -
Period: 1547 to
Ivan IV (The Terrible)
i. Mother ruled for him (he was 3) – she dies when he is 8
ii. Very lonely and neglected
iii. Hatred for the noble’s power – Tzar owns everything
iv. Abuse, murder and violence are common
v. 1553 suffers near fatal illness
vi. Tipping point is when wife Anastasia dies
vii. Suspects the nobles poisoned her – so he kills them all
viii. Starts to drink heavily – kills eldest son (heir) during drunken rage -
Period: 1556 to
Akbar (Mughal Empire - India)
Inherited throne at 14
clashes with Afghans beginning November 1556
increased the strength of the Mughal empire
expanded a further than anyone had ever been including Kashmir in the North, Afghanistan to the North, West Bengal in the East and the Deccan plateau South
he sets his sights on southern India and he does make advances, but he never fully seizes it, but influences are there -
Period: 1558 to
Elizabeth I
- Youngest daughter of Henry VIII
- Successfully defeats the Spanish
- Most notable exploration
- Virgin Queen (she never marries)
- Her cousin will take the thrown b/c no heir
-
1561
St. Basil's Cathedral
a. Built 1555-1561
b. Marks geometric center of Moscow
c. Shaped as a bonfire into the sky -
Period: 1561 to
Francis Bacon
Inductive Method - observe phenomena, accumulate data, experiment, draw conclusions, test conclusions, etc. -
Period: 1562 to
French Wars of Religion - Huguenots vs. French Catholics
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, August 24, 1572
Edict of Nantes, 1598
Thirty Years War, 1618-48
Peace of Westphalia, 1648 -
Period: 1564 to
William Shakespeare
Strafford von Avon.
Married to Ann Hathaway.
Actor, poet, playwright.
38 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long narrative poems -
Period: 1567 to
James I
Believes in the Divine Right of Kings -
Period: 1571 to
Johannes Kepler
Kepler Telescope.
Solar system.
Confirms planets orbit sun.
Elliptical orbit.
Provided foundation for Newton. -
Aug 24, 1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
- October
- Killed - 3,000 Paris & 30,000 France
- Massacre of Huguenots at the hands of Catholic mobs
- Huguenot leader - Gaspard Scoligny – assassinated
- Protestant hunted down and killed in homes, shops pillages, whole families were slaughtered
- French Protestant nobility in Paris – Henry of Navarre – marriage to Margarete Vallua (Catholic) (sister of King Charles VIII) arranged by Katherine de Medici to heal wounds between church and Huguenots
-
Period: 1576 to
Workhouses
Horrific conditions
Boys and girls in separate wards
Men and Women age 14-60 in separate wards
Children under 2 stayed with their mothers before being separated -
Period: 1582 to
Hideyoshi
- Born a peasant - military talent
- Began uniting country
- Required Daimyo’s to swear allegiance
- First time in 100 years, Japan had a single ruler
- Did not want peasants to increase a. Took all their weapons b. Taxes would force them to be tied to the land
- Decline occurs with invasion of China and Korea
- 158,000 soldiers & 9,000 sailors
- Successfully moves through Korea until China joins and Korea is pushed back
- Died ending all his mainline goals at this time
-
Period: to
Henry IV
i. Calvinist
ii. Catholic (France becomes Catholic country)
iii. Married to Marie de Medici
iv. Not faithful – 56 mistresses
v. 1st Bourbon King 1593
vi. Murdered -
Period: to
Rene Descartes
"I think, therefore I am"
Material vs Spiritual World
Discourses on Method -
Edict of Nantes
- Henry IV rebuilds his kingdom
- Designed to be a truce on both sides
- Ends French wars of religion
- France remains Catholic country
- Huguenots given substantial rights
-
Period: to
Bernini
Architect, Sculptor
Piazza San Pietro, Alter of St. Peter's Basilica -
Period: to
Edo Period
Tokugawa
a. Beginning of Tokyo’s most important period and things moving from Nagasaki to Tokyo
b. Starts with alternate residence system
c. Lords lived in Tokyo and every other year, leaving their wives and sons as hostages
d. Advantages - that shoguns could keep tabs on the Daimyo’s
f. Difficult to move up
g. Could not repair their castles
h. Complete separation of samurai and peasants -
Period: to
Louis XIII
Son of Henry IV Charles, Duke of Lynes – Chief Advisor (1578-1621) Anne of Austria (1601-1666) - Hapsburg - Arranged marriage – quite young - Both had multiple affairs Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) - Key advisor, Cardinal in 1622 - secretary of state - world council, Devout catholic Political Views
1. Reliant on reason
2. Strong willed – strong leader
3. Society function 1st clergy through prayer
4. Nobility under the king
5. Common people obedience -
Period: to
Thirty Years War & Peace of Westphalia
i. Religious/political
ii. Longest continuous war in modern history
iii. 1/3 population killed – takes 200 years to recover
iv. Central Europe
v. German Princes – autonomy from Holy Roman Emperor – fought for control
vi. Peace of Westphalia, 1648
1. Ends the 30 years’ war
2. Allowed German Princes to decide faith in kingdoms
3. Recognizing Calvinists and Lutherans -
Period: to
Slavery in North America
• Majority of slavery was in the South but also occurred in the North
• Worked in owner homes in the North vs. on plantations in the South
• Tobacco farms tended to have fewer slaves than rice plantations
• Slave families who worked smaller plantations tended to get split up more than those working larger plantations (needed workers)
• Easier for African Americans to trace their roots from those slaves who worked on Southern plantations because they tended to stay together -
Period: to
Shah Jahan (Mughal Empire - India)
- Tried to expand and stabilize political system
- Wife dies (Mumtaz Mahal) a. Taj Mahal - built as a tribute to Jahan’s deceased wife. Drains treasury in which to build it and forced an increase on land taxes
- 1657, Jahan becomes ill and his son, Dara Shikoh takes over
- Dara’s brothers became angry/bloody battle
- Jahan was placed under house arrest, demanded to be placed in a room with direct view of the Taj Mahal
- Jahan died in captivity in 1666
-
Period: to
Charles I
Son of James I
Executed - charged with treason -
Period: to
John Locke
i. British
ii. Vocally opposed to Divine Rights of Kings
iii. Believed it was not supported by scripture or by reason
1. Two Treatises on Government (1689)
a. No government can be justified by use of divine right
b. Theory for a civil society
i. all men created equal
ii. government rules by consent of people
2. Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
a. First major work of the Enlightenment
b. Tabula rasa
i. human mind at birth is like a blank slate -
Period: to
Baruch Spinoza
i. Dutch Jewish Philosopher
ii. Credited with linking scientific revolution to enlightenment
iii. Mind/body one substance
iv. God & Nature the same -
Period: to
Ferdinand III
- Fought in 30 years war
- Creates permanent standing army in Austria
- Pushed out Ottoman Empire from Hungary
-
Period: to
Dutch seize and own Elmina Castle
-
Period: to
Sir Isaac Newton
First practical telescope.
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Natural Laws
Gravity predictable and unchanging. -
Period: to
English Civil War
i. Puritans plot against the king
1. Royalists (north)
2. Parliamentary (south)
ii. 1643, Charles will succeed but loses control
iii. Defeated by parliaments new model army -
Period: to
Louis XIV
Longest reign – at 72 years - “Sun King”
Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)
Absolute monarch
Declaration of the Clergy of France, 1682
Revokes Edict of Nantes & puts in place Edict of Fontain Belau
Increased persecution protestants
Huguenots flea France
Nine Years War (1688-1697)
War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
Versailles
Dies @ 77 years old with severe pain in legs after hunting -
Period: to
Qing Dynasty
a. Takes up most of what we know as China today
b. Come from Manchuria
c. Rise of Manchus
i. Manchurians are close in proximity to Korea and Mongolia
ii. Qing army composed of soldiers, their families and their slaves
iii. Manchus were invited by the Ming general Wu
iv. Met at the wall, the Ming fell, and Wu forces are joined
v. Within a matter of weeks, they had taken the city and made claim to the rest of China
d. Stable Emperors - 3 in 100+ yrs.
Kangzi, Yongzhen, Qinalong -
Period: to
Gottfried Leibniz
Germany
1. Believed he developed calculus independent of Sir Isaac Newton
2. Believed idea of infantile substances
3. All matter is composed according to harmonious design -
Period: to
Pierre Bayle
i. French Huguenot seeks refuge in Netherlands
ii. Wrote Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)
iii. Contradictions between Logic and Reason
iv. Skepticism -
Period: to
Oliver Cromwell
Catholic Succession
Lord protector (son takes over) -
Period: to
Charles II
- Comes back from exile
- Has many heirs from mistresses
-
Period: to
Kangzi (Qing Dynasty)
a. Longest reign in Chinese history
b. Became emperor at age of 7
c. Crushed rebellion which lead to stable empire
d. From elite three provinces, absorbed Taiwan, stopped Russian invasion and extended empire in the North
e. Developed a Dictionary
i. Standardized the Chinese language
ii. Completed in 1716
iii. Had nearly 14,000 characters but only about a quarter of these are used today -
Period: to
Charles II -the bewitched of Spain
a. Last of the Hapsburgs
b. Result of inbreeding (Hapsburg jaw)
c. Couldn’t taste and drooled
d. impotent ix. Marriage
1. Maria Theresa of Spain (1638-1683)
a. 6 children
2. Secretly marries Francoise d’Aubigne (1635-1719)
a. Never publicly announced -
Period: to
Peter (The Great)
i. Credited with dragging Russia out of middle ages
ii. Centralizes state and modernizes military
iii. Takes over Russian Orthodox church 1701
iv. Assumes complete control over Russian Orthodox Church 1721
v. Domestic - Tsar seen as Godly – Christ like
vi. Education - Military officers. Science and math - School of navigation and math.
vii. Government - Nine-person cabinet (advisors) - Tsar solely in control. St. Petersburg (May 27, 1703) - Imperial capital of Russia until 1918 -
Period: to
James II
Catholic Succession
1. Becomes Catholic
2. Married/children protestant
3. Remarried – child Catholic -
Period: to
Glorious Revoution
i. Protestants come to Mary and William for help
ii. They agree to rule as co-rulers and they will not have a claim to Dutch rule (won’t rule two gov at one)
iii. Becomes Great Britain
1. English Bill of Right (1689) -
Two Treatises on Government - Locke
a. No government can be justified by use of divine right
b. Theory for a civil society
i. all men created equal
ii. government rules by consent of people -
English Bill of Rights
a. Limits power of the crown
b. Cannot suspend any law
c. Parliament called every 3 years
d. Cannot issue tax without parliaments ok
e. Places limits on the rights of Catholics
f. Eliminates crown’s monopoly of slave trade -
Period: to
Mary
- Marries William of Orange -Dutch Prince (Netherlands)
-
Period: to
Monstesquieu
- Persian Letters, 1721
- Spirit of the Laws, 1748
- Constitutional Theory – types of government a. Republican - Willingness to put interest of community ahead of private interests b. Monarchy - Laws exist to restrain authority of the ruler c. Despotic - No laws in place to restrain the ruler ii. Divine Right of Kings
- Separation of powers - Liberty cannot be secured if there is not a separation of powers i. Executive ii. Legislative iii. Judicial
-
Essay Concerning Human Understanding - Locke
a. First major work of the Enlightenment
b. Tabula rasa
i. human mind at birth is like a blank slate -
Period: to
Voltaire
i. Kept getting arrested
ii. Goes to England to avoid jail
iii. Embraced ideas of liberties and institutions
iv. Best form of gov is a monarch because human beings are very rarely worthy of gov themselves
v. Does not believe in social/economic equality
vi. Proponent of Deism
vii. Envisioned a mechanic universe in which God acted like a great clock maker
1. Candide (1759)
c. Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts, and the Crafts, 1765 -
Thomas Savery
Created first permanent steam engine -
Thomas Newcomen
Created first permanent steam engine -
Period: to
David Hume
Scotland
1. Inspired by John Locke
2. Human mind nothing more than series of impressions or ideas that reflect only our senses and experiences
3. Reason cannot tell us anything
4. Questions cannot be verified by series of experiments, the origins of the universe or the existence of God -
Period: to
Jean Jacques Rousseau
i. French philosoph
ii. Basic goodness of the person
iii. Committed to individual’s freedom
iv. attacks rationalism
v. Civilization was destroying the individual
1. The Social Contract, 1762 -
Period: to
Louis XV
- Succeeded Louis XIV @ age 5
- Took soul control in 1743
- Reign described as being debilitating stagnation a. Lost wars, social clashes with nobles & church
- “A perpetual adolescent called to do a man’s job”
- Gives his son lots of terrible things to have to deal with
-
Persian Letters - Montesquieu
a. Satire
b. Two Persian travelers writing letters back and forth
c. Used to criticize European practices and beliefs of absolutism -
Period: to
Yongzhen (Qing Dynasty)
a. Concerned with gov running efficiently
b. Used military force to affirm his position- primarily through use of grand council (1733)
c. Originally in charge of military affairs and eventually becomes the chief imperial council
d. Died suddenly at age of 56
i. Legend says he is murdered
ii. Some say overdose from meds he thought would prolong life -
Period: to
Adam Smith
Scotland
1. Philosopher and economist
2. Importing goods damaging/had to pay gold & silver
3. Exporting goods/we get paid for them An Inquiry into the Nation and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776 -
Period: to
Immanuel Kant
- Leading philosopher in Germany
- Believed in private laws but individuals must obey all laws no matter how unreasonable a. “What is the Enlightenment?” i. 1784 ii. Dare to know iii. Have the courage to use your own understanding
-
Period: to
James Cook
i. Explorer, navigator and Captain of the H.M.S. Endeavor
ii. 1770 – dropped anchor 10 miles south of present-day Sydney
iii. Dies shortly after - went to Hawaii and when he returned the King had him executed
iv. Seen as a bad omen for the celebrations that previous happened, marked with a sign and when he came back it was another sign – they had no other choice, according to their belief system, then to kill him -
Period: to
Richard Arkwright
Creates the Waterframe -
Period: to
James Watt
mathematician
interested in steam engine
called to repair Newcomen engine in 1763
creates the Wall Steam Engine - patented in 1769 -
Period: to
Qianlong (Qing Dynasty)
a. Initially successful - spoke several languages
b. Religiously tolerant - Buddhism and Confucianism
c. Interested in arts – reading, painting, calligraphy
d. Close relationship with mom
e. Economy
i. Developed assembly line – used to mass produce good
ii. Gov owned most of factories
iii. Porcelain factories so prosperous - many taxes were eliminated
f. Expansion
i. Multi-ethnic empire
ii. military advantage - gunpowder muskets
vi. 1720’s soldiers - Tibet to deal with Russians -
Period: to
Maria Theresa (Austrian Empire)
- Father was Charles VI a. Married Francis I – emperor i. Two son – emperors ii. Daughter – Marie Antoinette, Queen of France
- Importance of public persona
- Promoted financial/military reform
-
Period: to
Joseph Banks
i. He was a botanist on the Endeavor
ii. Discovered nearly 30,000 specimens of plant life
iii. Area named Botany Bay by Cook, because of Banks discoveries -
Spirit of Laws - Monstesquieu
a. Originally published anonymously -
Candide - Volaire
-
Period: to
William Cockerill
British carpenter
Instrumental in founding the spinning industry in the continent -
Period: to
Charles III
- Created New Granada out of Vice Royal of Peru
- Created Vice Royal of the Rio de la Plata
- Established free trade policy
- Raised taxes
- He essentially did what British did after 7 years war
- Rise in political conflicts a. Spain hurt by Napoleonic wars and war of Spanish Succession b. Coupled with Britain dominating everything
- Spain increasingly isolated from American Colonies a. U.S. increasing presence in Latin America
-
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
Europe is taking shape.
Age of Revolution.
Piggybacks off the creation of new world order. -
Period: to
Henri de Saint-Simon
a. French philosopher
b. Economic theorists
c. Proponent of industrialization
d. Believes that government needs to help the poor
i. Royal courts, aristocrats, the church and lawyers are all parasites on society
e. Give way to doers who carefully plan the economy, improve conditions of the poor
f. Led by scientists, engineers and industrialists -
The Social Contract - Rousseau
a. Common interest of all the people who have replaced the power of a monarch
b. Sovereignty
c. Voice of the people should make laws -
Period: to
Catherine the Great
i. German princess
ii. Married Tsar Peter III (takes overrule upon his death)
iii. Well educated
iv. Joined Russian orthodox church
v. Learned Russian
vi. Corresponded with philosophers
vii. western architects, sculptors, musicians and philosophers
viii. Drags Russia forward - Golden Age of Russia
a. Smolney Institute - 1st state financed school for women
ii. Located in sT Petersburg
iii. Run as a girl’s school until 1917, Becomes headquarters for Bolshevik revolution, Now gov offices. -
Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts, and the Crafts - Voltaire
i. Edited by Dennis Diderot and Jan Laron D/Alembert
ii. 100’s of 1000’s of articles by scientists, skilled workers and progressive priests – widely distributed -
Stamp Act
-
Period: to
Thomas Malthus
English cleric and scholar
Wrote Essay on the Principles of Population, 1798 -
Period: to
Muhammed Ali
a. Governor of Egypt
b. Built a strong, well-trained army
c. Reforms the government and industry
d. Never fully separate from the ottoman empire but when he dies, he does leave a strong estate -
Period: to
Napoleon
Led Revolutions (1798-1799)
Declares himself Emperor (1-2-1804)
Battle of British
Battle of Traflagar
Russian Invasion 1812
Exile Elba - escapes 02-26-1815
Battle of Waterloo
Exile Helena -
Period: to
Nation Building
Americas and Australia -
Spinning Jenny Patent
revolutionizes textile industry
operate 8 spindles with one wheel
eventually moving from 80 to 120 spindles -
Period: to
David Ricardo
Portuguese
Iron Law of Wages -
Period: to
Charles Fournier
a. French philosopher
b. Wanted to create a social utopia
i. Seen as radical but eventually seen as mainstream
c. Envisioned a socialist utopia of self-sufficient communities
i. Emancipation of women
ii. Abolition of marriage
iii. Unions should be based on love
iv. Complete sexual freedom to pursue whomever you like -
Quebec Act
- Large number of French Catholics living in Quebec
- Grants Canadians religious freedom
- Recognizes French laws in civil matters
- Council that runs everything is composed of both British and French Canadians
- Continued through today – two official languages – everything is dual labeled in both English and French
-
Period: to
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
- Shy 20-year-old when father died
- Good intentions but can’t deal with increasing issues
- Easy to please
- Ill advised to enter the American Revolution a. France didn’t have money to do it b. Essentially did it to tell the British “screw you” French Revolution Versailles Flight to Varennes 6/1791 Louis XVI executed 1/21/1793 Marie Antoinette 10/16/1793
-
Period: to
American Revolution
13 Colonies
Protest over taxation without representation
Stamp Act
Boycott British goods
Boston Tea Party
Coercive Acts - Intolerable Acts
Battle of Bunker Hill
Olive Branch Petition -
An Inquiry into the Nation and Causes of the Wealth of Nations - Adam Smith
i. Most influential works ever written
ii. Still a bases of economy today
iii. Explores idea of free exchange
iv. Economic liberalism
v. Wealth not gold & silver but total commerce (gross domestic product) -
Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations
Laissez-Faire Economics
Economic liberalism
Emphasis on unrestricted private enterprise and no governmental interference
Economy can check itself -
Declaration of Independence
- Written by Thomas Jefferson and others
- Proclaimed natural rights of citizens, sovereignty of the United States of America and idea of a group of rich white men
- All the signers owned slaves
- 1778, France offered support to United States
- 1780, British essentially don’t care anymore
-
Uprising of Tupac Amaru II
i. Descendant of Incan rulers
ii. Spain legalized ability for local officials to create monopolies, if, they made payments to the crown
iii. Leads a widespread revolt in Cusco, Peru
iv. Army made up of racial minorities
v. Rebellion swept across Peru
vi. Tupac’s main goal was to fix issues with the local government and not split with the crown
vii. He was not trying to create an independent Peru
viii. He will die in battle - his movement will spread -
Period: to
Joseph II (Austrian Empire)
- Ranks along with Catherine and Frederick (Prussia) through the great enlightenment of monarchs
- Abolished serfdom 1781
- Continues to try to modernize
- Met with public opposition
-
Treaty of Paris
- Ratified
- 10 parts a. United States a free a sovereign country b. The other 9 parts will be violated, and we will go to war again with the British in 1812.
-
Period: to
Simon Bolivar
i. Inspired by Tupac Amaru’s movement
ii. Father of South America
iii. Bolivia named after him
iv. Family were politicians and members of Spanish elite
v. Successfully defeated royalist armies
vi. President of Grand Columbia in 1819
vii. Goal was a Continental Union
viii. Dies of tuberculosis in December 1830
1. Bolivar’s name attached to ideas of nationalism across the continent, especially Venezuela -
Penal Colony Australia
i. Crime is a high in Great Britain in 1770/1780’s
ii. Transporting felons across the sea to the Great Colony of Georgia (Georgia was originally a Penal Colony) had better quality laws than any other colonies because most of the population had previously been in jail
iii. American revolution and Georgia become a state, so the British must send the felons someplace else, so they decide to send them to Australia
iv. Send roughly 1000 felons and jailers -
Estates Meet at Versailles
-
Tennis Court Oath
a. 3rd estate meets, oath take to run things themselves
b. Agree to meet until a constitution is passed
c. Name themselves the National Assembly
d. Motto “We are France”
6. By June 1789, Louis XVI says that the 1st and 2nd estate must meet with National Assembly
7. Rumor spread that Louis XVI was out to crush them and reputation continuing to decline because of the opulent life at Versailles, led by his wife Marie Antoinette -
Women's March
i. Inflation on rise
ii. Nothing has changed since Declaration of Rights- Upset over bride prices
- March to Versailles to discuss grievances with Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
- 200,000 women
- Louis XVI meets with a few but cannot do much at all iv. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette agree to return to Paris, and it is turning point for them, they will never return to Versailles
-
Constitution of the United States of America
confederation
ii. Begins to be drafted beginning in 1787
1. Philadelphia constitutional convention (summer 1787)
2. Establishes Republican government with three branches (Montesquieu ideal)
a. Legislative - Congress
b. Executive - President
c. Judicial – Supreme Court
i. Complete checks and balances
3. Public debate over the ratification of the Constitution
4. Bill of Rights added in order to get the Constitution
a. 1-9 personal rights
b. 10 – states’ rights -
Period: to
Frederick List
Journalist, Philosopher
Believed that the growth of the industry important because manufacturing was primary means of increasing well being and decreasing poverty. -
Period: to
French Revolution
- Louis XIV had plunged France into tremendous debt
- Louis XV & Louis XVI are unable to deal with issues iv. Estates General on Eve of the French Revolution 3rd estate – everybody else - shoulder tax burden
- May 1789 – Meet at Versailles
- “Tennis Court Oath”, June1789 c. July 14, 1789- “Bastille Day” "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens, 8-26-1789 Women’s March – October 1789 Flight to Varennes, June 1791 The Great Terror Committee of Public Safety The Directory
-
"Bastille Day"
i. Bastille
1. Medieval fortress
2. Loomed large over the city
3. Symbol of gov authority
4. Believed to be full of prisoners
a. Led by National Assembly
b. Stormed on July 14th
c. About 1000 partake
d. 60 Garrisons guarding Bastille
e. Only 7 prisoners (forgers and lunatics) & not any of the political prisoners that were rumored to be housed there
f. The gates broke at about 1:30 & as they began firing as they entered
g. Bastilles surrendered by 6
h. No one knows who many died -
Declaration of the RIghts of Man and Citizens
Men are born free and equal in rights.
The aim of political association is preservation of the natural rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression.
The principle of all sovereignty resides in the nation.
Liberty consists of freedom to do anything which injures no one else.
Law can only prohibit actions hurtful to society.
Law is the expression of general will.
Innocent until guilty.
Free communication of ideas and opinions. -
Period: to
Leopold II (Austrian Empire)
- Cancels all his brother’s “radical” policies
-
Flight to Varennes
i. Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and their children put on disguises to leave Paris and seek safe housing just over the boarder
ii. People began to recognize him because they recognized his face (since it was on all the currency)
iii. Stopped and was captured in Varennes and is returned to Paris
iv. Placed in jail for a long time as traitors -
Rise of the Jacobins
h. 1791-1792
i. National Assembly becomes a Legislative Assembly
ii. Rise of the Jacobins
1. Most extreme revolutionary faction
2. Official title, The Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality
3. Originate outside of Paris in Brittny
4. Anti-royalists
5. Girondists are the largest faction & are instrumental in the overthrow of the government -
Haitian Revolution Outbreak
- Slaves rise up
- Revolts on plantations begin in evening and within days revolution hits the northern plain
- Created a slave army that only increased in size
- During the next month, destroyed hundreds of sugar and coffee plantations
-
Period: to
Haitian Revolution
V. Significant b/c it is the first massive slave revolt
VI. Only slave movement in which they free themselves Vincent Oge
Slaves rise up 08/1791 Andre Rigaud
Toussaint Louverture
Jean Jacques Dessalines Haitian Independence 1/1/1804 -
Period: to
Fritz Harkort
From Prussia
Set up factory to produce steam engines
Imported iron boilers -
Period: to
The Great Terror
i. Louis XVI – is 35 and has been imprisoned for nearly two years
ii. Summer of 1792, brought to answer charges
iii. Planned to “Re-erect tyranny on the ruins of liberty”
iv. A lot of debate on whether or not King committed or broke any laws primarily
v. Things got so out of hand, radicals had taken control and they ignore the bylaws
vi. Louis XVI found guilty – divisions over his punishment
vii. Execution of Louis XVI, January 21, 1793 -
Period: to
Commodore Matthew Perry
a. Arrives in 1853 in Tokyo
b. Wants to negotiate with the Emperor
i. Gunboat Diplomacy
1. You’re going to sign treaties with me or I’m going to blow you up -
French abolish slavery
-
Maximilien Robespierre Executed
- He had called a convention to discuss the revolution and was arrested following a two-hour speech
- Tried to kill himself when condemned (shot himself in jaw) but some say that someone else shot him
- Went to the guillotine without a trial
- Kicked and screamed on his way out which was opposite the way that Louis XVI approached his death
Terror has gotten out of control -
Combination Acts
Outlawed unions and strikes
Not popular
Workers protested -
Period: to
Imperialism
UK, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium
British Colonies, Africa -
Period: to
Edwin Chadwick
- British
- Believes that disease and death cause poverty
- Disease can be prevented by keeping cities cleaner
- Argued that sewers were much more cost effective than a communal outhouse and much more sanitary
- Ideas will be used for British public health laws
-
Period: to
Scramble for Africa
Europeans are going to have big eyes
1914 - Liberia the only colony established by U.S.
Ethiopia is independent at this time
Togoland, Cameroon, Southwest and Eastern Africa - Germany
Congo - Belgium
Southern Africa - Dutch
British divide south Africa -
Period: to
Nguyen Dynasty
Establishment ends 30 years of civil war
Introduce irrigation, roads, bridges
Places heavy burden on peasants
Series of uprisings
Catholic missionaries who primarily came from France will become viewed as a dangerous threat and will become executed
France seizes control of Sigon and three colonies, absorbing them all into French Indochina, Cambodia and Laos
1884-1885 France launches campaign to conquer all of Vietnam
Members of Nguyen Dynasty still in charge, under French protectorate -
Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves (U.S.)
-
Haitian Independence
Created new nation
Became the first African Independent Republic in the world
Second of the Americas to gain independence
First large-scale successful slave revolt in the world Jean Jacques Dessaline becomes ruler
Laws included that Africans had to either work fields or join military
Establishes new plantation system
Completely strips whites of all their rights
genocide
prevent return to French rule
Reign of terror on Haiti
Assassinated near Port of Prince -
Period: to
Napoleonic Era
Battle with British
Battle of Traflagar
Russian Invasion -
Slave Trade Act
- Abolishes slave trade
- Encourages British to end slave trade
- Doesn’t end slavery
- Fines attached to owning slaves or smuggling slaves
-
Period: to
Sokoto Caliphate - Muslim (Islamic) Revival and Expansion in Africa
- Established primarily in Sudan
- Jihads religious wars against corrupt rulers
- Power consolidated thru one of the sons into Nigeria
- Government based on Islamic law
- One of the first areas in Africa to have a written constitution which helped provide stability and prosperity
- Allow for expansion of Islamic law
- Do have slaves used in African plantations
- 1-2 million slaves in this area
-
Luddites
Start fighting back
Begin attacking factories
Smashed machines they believed were putting them out of work
Collective bargaining by riot -
Russian Invasion (Napoleon)
Over 600,000 strong armed force
Promised his men it would be over in 20 days- summer heat is overwhelming
- exhaustion, sickness and they just desert all together
- By end of the summer fought 0 battles and already lost 150,000
burn everything between themselves and the oncoming enemy Reaches Moscow in October and three weeks later it begins to snow, temperatures dropped -22 degrees immediately -
Period: to
Richard Wagner
- Most prevalent anti-Semite during this period
- One of the most famous composers and conductors
- Very anti-Semitic and is featured throughout his works
- Most famous anti-Jewish work is “Jewishness in Music”
- Often criticized Jewish composers
- It has been said that his music was played in Dakow
- Favorite of Hitler, which only leads to the heightened controversy over his work – even his non-anti-Semitic work has been tainted
-
Period: to
Louis XVIII
- Born in Versailles
- 4th Son of Louis XV
- Brother of Louis XVI
- Fled France during Revolution
- He passes the Constitutional charter of 1814 a. Protects social gains from Revolution b. Maintains the status quo c. Only a small minority can vote
-
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
All great powers of Europe meet
Quite successful at keeping the peace for nearly 100 years
Agreements collapsed after assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914 Austrian Empire -Clemons Von Metternich
Great Britain - Viscount Castlereagh and Duke of Wellington
France - Charles Talley rand
Prussia - Karl August Von Hardenberg
Russia - Tsar Alexander I -
Congress of Vienna Agreement
Concert System - Powers of Europe periodically check in with one another with the goal to have balanced peaceful Europe Doesn't work perfectly at all A few wars with relative peace until WWI -
Holy Alliance
Russia, Austrian Empire, Prussia
Led by Alexander I
Religious Text
Agreement is made that Russia will get most of Poland
Prussia is given territory on the French border to prevent French expansion - aftermath of Napoleon -
Period: to
Ideologies of Change
Nationalism
Socialism
Communism
Revolutions
Nation Building -
Period: to
Otto von Bismarck
- Politician
- Incredibly conservative
- Very devout
- From Prussia
- Creates “Real Poliitik” a. Banish all emotions in politics b. Achieve what you want c. Destroy anyone in your way d. Becomes Chancellor in 1862 e. Power under the authority of King Wilhelm I
-
Battle of Waterloo
- Duke of Wellington
- British and their allies have about 118,000 men
- France has 73,000
- Waterloo is 9 miles South of Brussels
- Napoleon's aim is to defeat Prussia
- he had hopeful thinking even those Peninsula campaign had gone very well that the British are a navy and maybe another army would suck well it didn’t
- the British and the French go back and forth and the British eventually crashes Napoleon's army a. 51000 casualties b. Napoleon is captured
-
Period: to
Karl Marx
Established foundations of modern sociology
Jewish & his family experiences anti-Semitism in Prussia
Studied philosophy
1843 - Moved to Paris and began writing for a radical newspaper – Met Frederic Engles, who will become his lifelong friend and financier
The Communist Manifesto
Das Kapital
Married with 7 children
Move around and use pseudonyms to avoid the authorities
Died 1883
Followers
Earnest Locke
Vladimir Lenin
Leon Trotsky
Ho Chi Minh
Frederic Jamison
Mao Zedong
Joseph Stalin -
Carlsbad Decree
Amongst the Germanic States
Establishes permanent committee to investigate & punish liberalism -
Period: to
Frederich Engels
Originally from Prussia
Atheist
Writes about the condition of the working class in England 1840's
"The condition of the working class is the real basis and point of departure of all social movements of the present because it is the highest and most unconcealed pinnacle of the social misery existing in our day."
Works with Karl Marx - The Communist Manifesto, 1848 -
Period: to
Gold Coast Colony
i. Established by the British in 1821
ii. Defeated local leaders to expand territory until 1902
iii. Essentially what is now Ghana
iv. Leading producer of cocoa beans
1. 1890’s exporting a few tons per year
2. By 1936 exporting over 300,000 tons every year
a. Becoming incredibly successful
3. Highlighted British’s lax nature compared to the Congo, not as violent
4. Very few whites that will permanently settle -
Period: to
Pedro I
King flees after Napoleon troops enter Portugal
Leaves his son Pedro in Brazil
a. Under internal pressure declares Independence in 1822 and becomes Emperor Pedro I -
Period: to
Louis Pasteur
- French
- Germ Theory
- Diseases caused by spread of living organisms which could be controlled
- Pasteurization
- Over next 20 years, researches identified organisms from disease which leads to new medicines
- Death rates begin to decline in 1890 a. Cholera, typhoid, typhus and yellow fever
- Irony with cleaning the water system is that polio will come back in the early 20th century
-
Monroe Doctrine
a. Establishes sphere of influence
b. Reinforced through the Spanish American War
c. Idea is that following all these independence movements in South America, it was to prevent Europeans from coming back in, essentially to keep out those who were trying to reestablish a colony from an independent nation, we’ll defend them – the only exception was if you currently a colony -
Combination Acts Repealed
Outlawing unions and strikes
Workers protested -
The Rocket
Designed by George Stevenson
Built for and won the Rain Hill Trials train competition
Refined the technique of building locomotives -
Period: to
Louis Philipe
- Revolution in July 1830
- Steps in and is called the citizen King of France
- Increasing unrest due to lack of voting rights
- Revolutions hit them in 1848
- Barricades go up across France
- Louis Philipe is forced to abdicate
- Leads to the establishment of the 2nd Republic
-
Period: to
Pedro II
a. The Creole Elite under him continue to dominate the region
b. Leads massive expansion of coffee and rubber industry
c. Helped Brazil become a world power
d. Always been uncomfortable with being a monarch so when the North War movement broke out, he didn’t really resist it at all because he didn’t like his job and so he abdicates -
Reform Act
- Increases number of seats in the House of Commons
- Increases the number of voters – 1/5 can now vote
- Much more democratic
- British Parliament broken up into two houses a. House of Lords i. Gentry - Earls & Dukes b. House of Commons i. People who were voted in ii. Much more powerful now
-
Slavery Abolition Act
- Abolishes slavery throughout the British empire
- If you already owned a slave, you were grandfathered in and still owned that slave
-
Factory Act
Limited the workday of children
9-13 y.o. 8 hours
14-18 y.o. 12 hours
Children under 9 enrolled in elementary school provided by factory owner -
Period: to
Eugen Duhring
- Philosopher, political economist, writer
- Lecturer at the University of Berlin
- Discussed Jews being biologically inferior and an exploitation of Germany
- Because he is an academic, these ideas take shape
- Othering process – Jews are different – they will never be like Germans – they are others
-
Emanicipation of slaves in Great Britain
-
Period: to
Ferdinand I
a. Mother is Maria Theresa
b. History of Epilepsy and mental disabilities
c. Austrian Empire ruled by a group counselor who were ruled by Metternich Ferdinand I will step down and is replaced with Franz Joseph, his nephew (1848-1916) -
Period: to
Opium War
Chinese government begins punishing harshly any Chinese who buy Opium - Begin sending formal complaints to British that the British controlled Indians are selling Opium to the Chinese.
British seize Hong Kong and send forces into China
Chinese aren't able to put up defense and negotiate treaties favorable to the British
British will occupy Beijing from 1856-1860
China forced to open more trade ports to the west -
Mines Act
Prohibited children under age 10 from working underground. -
Rise of Nationalism
Spring of Nations
The idea that each people have their own genesis and their own specific community
Manifests itself especially with common languages
Often leads to desire for an individual political state -
Birth of Socialism
Backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society
Moves to international cooperation and sense of community Economic planning
Greater economic equality
State regulation of property Henri de Saint-Simon
Charles Fournier
Karl Marx -
The Communist Manifesto
Writes with Frederic Engles
Analytical history of class struggle
Explores specter of communism
Explores idea of the Bourgeois vs Proletarian
List of demands
Abolish poverty
Progressive and graduated income tax
Abolishment of inheritance
Central credit by the state
Equal liability of all labor
Free education to all children
Abolish child labor
Precursor to a classless society -
Liberal Reform in Great Britain
i. Prior to this, dominated by landowners
ii. Basic civil rights
iii. Only 18% population can vote
iv. Reform Act of 1832
1. Increases number of seats in House of Commons
2. Increases the number of voters – 1/5 can now vote
3. More democratic
4. British Parliament broken up into two houses
a. House of Lords
i. Gentry - Earls & Dukes
b. House of Commons
i. People who were voted in
ii. Much more powerful now
v. 1847- 10-hour work act is issued -
Revolutions
Liberal Reform in Great Britain
France
Austrian Empire -
Increased Nationalism in Ireland
- Being ruled as a conquered people
- Catholics
- Church of England is forcing Irish to rent their land
- Population grown because of potatoes a. Irish Potato Famine i. Crops failed 1845, 1846, 1848, 1851 ii. Caused massive increase in food prices iii. Leads to widespread starvation and mass fever, epidemics sweep through iv. Over 1 million people flee – mostly to U.S. b. Continuing issues with religious persecution c. Increase Nationalism
-
French Revolution
i. Louis XVIII (1814-1824)
He passes the Constitutional charter of 1814
Protects social gains from Revolution
Maintains the status quo
ii. Charles X
iii. Louis Philipe (1830-1848)
Revolution in July 1830
Increasing unrest due to lack of voting rights
Revolutions hit in 1848
Barricades go up across France
Louis Philipe forced to abdicate
iv. 2nd Republic (1848-1852)
v. Emperor Napoleon III (1852-1870) -
Austrian Empire Revolution
Ethnically diverse:
Hungarians
Germans
Slovaks
Poles
Croatians
Serbians
Romanians Hungary
Thorn in their side
Revolution of 1848 starts with Hungarian nationals
Autonomy
Full civil rights
Universal suffrage
1. Ferdinand abolishes serfdom which does cause decline in revolutionary tensions
2. Revolt is crushed in Prague
3. Ferdinand I will step down and is replaced with Franz Joseph, his nephew (1848-1916)
4. Austrians will acquiesce in 1867
a. Austrian-Hungarian Empire -
Period: to
2nd Republic of France
- Universal male suffrage
- Freeing the slaves
- Death penalty abolished
- Moderate Republicans voted into the Assembly
- December 1848 – Louis Napoleon wins election a. Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew
- Seizes power by 1851 in a coupe to dismiss the Assembly
- 97% of France votes for him to become Emperor
-
Period: to
Franz Joseph
i. Chief ally of Germany
ii. He’s been emperor of Austrian-Hungarian Empire
iii. Very conservative
iv. Tragic life – son committed suicide, his brother was assassinated, his beloved wife was assassinated, and his only heir was his nephew Franz Ferdinand (they hated one another) -
Period: to
Italian Unification
Italy had a bunch of city states that were under control of different groups
Idea of unification becomes increasingly popular post 1845 but never really gets off the ground because Pope Pious VIX is against it
Sardinia
Venice
Rome
Italy ruled by parliamentary led by King Victor Emmanuel
Only a small number of people can vote -
Period: to
Decline of Ottoman Empire
Falling behind in science, industry and military technology
Russia began pushing southward
Serbia (1816) and Greece (1830) gain autonomy/independence
France conquering North Africa
Reforms required new generation of well trained, trustworthy officials
The only reason why the Ottoman Empire lasts until 1918 is because of WWI happening
Fail to stop and increasing Christina Nationalism within the Balkans -
Great Exhibition - Crystal Palace
entirely made of glass and iron
celebrated material progress
designed by Joseph Paxton -
Period: to
Theodor Fritsch
- Writer and Journalist
- Officer in the anti-Semitic people’s party
- Believer in absolute authority of the Aryan race
- Wrote, The Handbook of the Jewish Question a. Argued that Jews were morally corrupt tracing back to the death of Christ b. That Christ was not a Jew but an Aryan who wanted to destroy Judaism c. Irony is that Aryan’s are from India, essentially helped lay the foundations to develop what will eventually become Hinduism and an off shoot of that is Buddhism
-
Period: to
Emperor Napoleon III
a. Longest serving head of state since the French Revolution
b. Imposes strict censorship laws
c. Most notable for rebuilding Paris
d. It is his image of Paris
e. Bridges end with olive branches -
Period: to
Cecil Rhodes
i. Spearheads diamond mining
ii. Deburrs Company – largest diamond producer in the world
iii. 1888 monopoly on the diamond industry
iv. 1889-1893 helps British leaders force the region into protectorate – adding the area of Rhodesia – gained its independence in the 1980’s? (current day Zimbabwe and Zambia)
v. When he died, he gave all his money to Oxford University, set up scholarship known as the Rhodes scholar – opens every door that you want -
Period: to
Crimean War
- Russians against the British, French and Ottomans
- Russia wants more protection over Orthodox subjects and the Ottoman empire
- Disputes over Russia and France over holy sites between Orthodox and Catholic churches
- Poem - Charge and the Light Brigade a. Disastrous battle for British
- Florence Nightingale – revolutionizes nursing
- Humiliating loss for the Russians
- Highlights how very far behind they are
-
Great Mutiny (Great Revolt)
Last armed resistance of Indians to British rule
Led by British troops
Main Issues:
Hindu in South
Muslim in North
Equality within the army, amidst the casts
People don't like that they must associate with people in casts below them
2000 men face 40,000 British
British act like occupying power in India
Rarely mix with Indian elite -
Period: to
Taiping Rebellion
- Mass rebellion led by Xiuquan
- Failed civil service exam
- Convinced he was Christ’s younger brother
- A divine vision, told him to annihilate the devil
- Gathered followers - instructed to destroy idols, ancestral temples, give up opium and alcohol, run out spit finding and prostitution
- 1851 – declared himself King of the Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Peace currently Taiwan
- 1853 – Taiping rebels establish capital of Maiking
- Crushed by the Chinese government in 1864
-
Rails developed for Locomotives
-
Period: to
German Unification
Over 500 Germanic states
Prussia - most dominant
Berlin Otto von Bismarck
Creates "Real Poliitik" 7 weeks war, 1866
Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71 -
Emanicipation Proclamation (U.S.)
a. Executive order that frees slaves (but not really)
b. Only allows freedom of slaves in rebelling areas and can only be held if occupying that area
c. Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri slavery widespread, popular and legal -
Period: to
Ismail
i. Muhammed Ali’s grandson
ii. Educated in Europe
iii. Wanted to model Egypt in the Western tradition, particularly in promoting cotton as their key export
iv. Suez Canal, 1869 -
Period: to
Alexander II
- Son of Nicholas I
- Dominating figure
- Very authoritative
- 35 when he became Tsar at height of Crimean War
- Saw issues within Russia - determined to modernize and reform
- He frees serfs 1861 – receive land & pay taxes for usage
- Establishes independent courts - quality before the law
- Railroad construction begins in 1880
- Enabled Russia to import grain - Breadbasket of Europe
- Helped with industrialization and factory movement
-
Period: to
Leopold II of Belgium
Longest rein in Belgium history
Known for the horrors of the Congo free state
Nicknamed the butcher of the Congo
Estimated that during his reign 10 million Congolese executed
Originally the first crop is ivory
New export -Rubber
Increasing demand for tires, hoses, tubes and valves
Congo turned into a massive labor camp
Most noted for their mutilations – cut off hands, feet, heads
If your rubber quota wasn’t met by your camp, villagers were shot, massacred or mutilated -
7 weeks War
- Prussia vs Austrians
- Prussians win in Vienna
- Victory causes a lot of Germanic states to join the Prussians and the association a. North German Confederation
- 1st step to German unification a. Rally under Prussian leadership b. Bismarck now thinking about unification and that unification will be done under Prussian guidance as well as policing the royal family the Hollenzollerns
-
Period: to
Sun Yat-Sen
i. Leader of china
ii. Cooperates with the communists
iii. Aware of Mao because he’s rising through society
iv. Sun dies in 1923 and is replaced by Chiang Kei-Shek -
Period: to
Sun Yatsen
- Studied western democracy in Hawaii
- From Hong Kong
- Shores up financial support for revolutionary activities and launches the Revolution of 1911
- 1911 Revolution a. Uprising led by Sun Yatsen b. Collapse of Chinese Imperial system c. Ended monarchy d. Emperor at the time was only 7 and abdicates to spare his life after being held as a war criminal following WWII e. 1912 is the official end to over a thousand-year empire in China
-
Period: to
Meiji Restoration
i. 1867 – Timugaya Shogunate restored sole power to the emperor
ii. “strong army – rich nation”
iii. Goal was to master the west, leading to conquest and expansion of the Japanese empire
iv. Japan due to its geography only has 20% land available to agriculture, which is why they build things
v. They wanted to master military and industrial might and seek out knowledge to increase their imperial rule -
Suez Canal
- Took 10 years to complete
- Allows ship transports between Europe and Asia without going around Africa
- When it’s first constructed it was 102 miles long and 26 feet deep
- Currently 120 miles long and 79 feet deep 673 feet wide
- Single lane
- Seawater flows freely through the canal
- Everyone allowed to use regardless of your war status
-
Period: to
Gandhi
Studied law in England
Studies world religions
Appalled by the discrimination of Indians by the British government
Influenced by his own faith of Hinduism, Jainism Christianity, works of Tolstoy, and Thoreau
In South Africa he tries to increase the rights of his people
Established an ashram open to all casts
Advocate for civil disobedience
Begins a 3 week fast in 1924 to strengthen unity between Hindu and Muslim religious groups
Takes part in the Salt March in March of 1930 -
Period: to
Rasputin
a. Popular among elite
b. Probably had affairs with a lot of them
c. Alexandra brings him in to help her son
d. He gains increasing influence over her
e. When Russia entered WWI, he said that a calamity will befall the country
f. Rumors that him and Alexandra were having an affair
g. Rumors were not true – she loved
h. December 29, 1916 a group of conspirators, including Nicholas II’s cousin, decide to have him killed -
Period: to
3rd Republic of France
i. Shortly after establishment, Paris commune is going to take place, in response to the lost Germany
ii. National assembly is going to order French army in Paris to crush it and nearly 20,000 people will die
iii. Development of modern republic
1. Preserve government
2. Allowed trade unions
3. Compulsory education for all
iv. Things only go so far, and highlights how bad antisemitism is throughout all of Europe -
Period: to
Franco-Prussian War
- Napoleon III starts to freak out over the unification and decides to go to war
- Overly confident
- Bismarck sees opportunity to assert dominance
- Disastrous for the French
- Prussians win
- Napoleon III captured and forced to go to Great Britain
- 1871 - Prussians army seizes Paris; they go to Versailles and in the hall of mirrors Germany in unified
- Germany is divided religiously a. North Protestant b. South Catholic
-
Period: to
Vladmir Lenin
Considered one of the most influential people of 20th century
Lenin isn’t his real last name – he adopted Lenin in 1901 while doing underground party work – his brother was arrested and executed for plotting to assassinate Alexander III
1895 – exiled to Serbia – spent 3 years – then goes to Munich
Devoted Marxist States government must be violently overthrown
No monarchy
Proletariat (workers) must lead the revolution
Bourgeois must be overthrown -
Period: to
Elmina Castle - property of British Empire
-
Puerto Rico Abolishes Slaver
-
Egypt Nationalist Party
Ismail is forced to abdicate -
Period: to
Joseph Stalin
viii. Explores Marx but is not a true believer like Lenin
ix. Gradually makes a name for himself – Lenin appoints him to essential committee because he wants to expand power into Georgia
xii. He censors all Trotsky reporters, essentially the editor of the Pravde i. Massive industrialization
ii. Uses quotas – rapid industrialization
iii. Heavy industrial focus
iv. Forcibly pulled Russia into the 21st century Becomes increasingly paranoid
Purge and Show Trials -
Period: to
Panama Canal
U.S. armed the Panamanians and told them to rise and declare their independence - In exchange for U.S. support of them gaining their independence
U.S. was granted the Panama Canal zone
France had initially begun construction in 1881 under Gustave Eiffel - engineering and mortality issues (mosquitoes and yellow fever)
U.S. took over construction in 1904
Completed August 15, 1914
Cut shipping time
20-30 hours to go through the canal
One of the seven natural wonders of the world -
Violent anti-European Riots in Alexandria
British fleet bombards Alexandria destroying air forces and the British will occupy all of Egypt -
Chinese Exclusion Act
- Ban Chinese from immigrating to the United States
- Essentially states the United States saved the Africans through slavery and that we shouldn’t allow the Chinese to come in because they won’t let us do the same thing to them
-
Triple Alliance
- Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary
- Created in 1882
- Secret pact
- Promised mutual support if one of the others were attacked
- Renewed periodically through 1914
- All these alliances are the key reason why WWI spiraled out of control as it does
-
Period: to
Benito Mussolini
i. Socialist when he was growing up
ii. Father was a politician
iii. Expelled from the socialist party because he supported WWI i. Mussolini establishes Fascist Party in 1917
ii. Movement proclaimed opposition to social class discrimination and wanted to raise Italy up to its Roman past
iii. Military arm – black shirts – terrorize political opponents
iv. Mussolini is known as El Buch (the chief)
v. Italy descended into chaos in the 20’s
vi. Mussolini declared himself a dictator -
Period: to
Berlin Conference
- Explore the rights of what’s going on
- Laid out the basic rules of Imperialism
- No African nation or tribe is invited
- Said a nation could only trade possession of its territory thru signed treaties with local leaders and start economic divisions
- Must end slavery in the colony and bring Christianity and civilization
- Idea that they are much better than what is going on in Africa in these different regions and they aren’t civilized although they have fantastic cultures
-
Indian National Congress
Formally established
Political association working for Indian self-government - in essence, to work towards what Canada and Australia have -
Cuba Abolishes slavery
-
Period: to
Chiang Kei-Shek
i. Close ally of Sun Yat-Sen
ii. Part of the nationalist’s party
iii. Educated in Japan
iv. From a wealthy family of salt merchants
v. Much more conservative than Mao
vi. Kei-Shek and Mao hate one another i. Chiang began to purge violently members of the communist party -
Brazil abolishes slavery
-
Period: to
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Wants to rule Germany in his own rite
Forces Bismarck to resign
Ill prepared for the throne
Has chip on his shoulder - not King of British Empire nor like his cousin Nicholas II (Russia)
He believes he's right about everything
Reichstag starts to pass new laws in the wake of Bismarcks' resignation to aid workers and legalize socialist political activity -
Period: to
Adolf Hitler
Born in Austria
Father was civil servant
Mother very religious
Wanted to be an artists but rejected from premier art school in Vienna
Enlisted in German army
Increasing anti-semitism 1920's
Mein Kampf
Nazi Party -
Period: to
Francisco Franco
i. Career soldier
ii. Spain was collapsing following WWI
iii. He joined the right leaning group -
Period: to
Mao Tsetung
i. Born to peasant family
ii. Family had 3 acres so their better off than most peasants
iii. Left home at 17
iv. Part of the revolution of 1911
v. College graduate
vi. Teacher
vii. Took a job in Bejing
viii. Becomes aware of communist party
ix. Russian revolution has just happened
x. 1921 – he becomes the first member of China’s communist party iv. Mao reorganizes and establishes the Soviet Republic of China vi. 1934 – 10 million communists are under Mao -
Period: to
Herman Goering
i. Trained his whole life for a career in the military
ii. Pilot in WWI and a commercial pilot
iii. Met Hitler in 1921 – joined the Nazi Party together
iv. Hailed at the Beer Bar Push in Munich
v. Develops a lifelong addiction to pain killers
vi. Head of the Gestapo (secret police)
vii. Establishes concentration camps
viii. 2nd in command to Hitler
ix. Tries to seize power and arrested for treason
x. Surrenders to the U.S.
xi. Execution ordered
xii. He commits suicide -
Period: to
Dreyfus Affair
- Son of wealth Jewish textile manufacturers
- Joined military at 18
- Inspired to defend France following clashes with Germans
- Falsely accused/convicted of treason for selling secrets to Germans
- Highlights rapid anti-Semitism in military and country
- Case is going to split country apart
- Army manufactured evidence
- Civil libertarians support Dreyfus
- 1906 – supreme court formally overturns his conviction
- Retired 1907
- Reenters WWI
- Dies 1935
-
Period: to
Czar Nicholas II
- Never wants to be czar
- Very nice person
- His father tormented him for being too weak
- Very well educated
- Does not like making tough decisions
- Not a reformer
- Present when his grandfather was blown to bits which impacts his world view
- Married to Alexandra
Ill advised – if things go bad you can blame other people – but if you are in charge and a lot of people are dying, you’re going to get blamed for it -
Period: to
Joseph Goebbels
Born in the Rhineland
Had a club foot so he was exempt from service
Early member of the Nazi party
Wrote a Nazi newspaper called “The attack” - started in 1927
1928 he is appointed head of propaganda and was brilliant at manipulating the public
Used huge rallies geared towards converting people to Nazism
In Hitler’s will, he placed him as Chancellor of Germany
May1, 1945 after Hitlers suicide, instead of taking command, he, and his wife and 6 children committed suicide -
First Sino-Japanese War
- The loss to Japan had increased the drive to reform
- 1898 – established young reformers who had gained influence over the emperor, wanted to redesign China as a constitutional monarchy - lasted 3 months – emperor was young, and his mom was still the regent and she stepped in and emperor was imprisoned
-
Hag Agreement
Banned used of poison gas -
Boxer Rebellion
- The Boxers were a Chinese secret society who blamed china’s ills on foreigners, especially missionaries
- Lay siege to Beijing
- Dozens of foreign nations aid in ending the rebellion and must accept a long list of penalties
-
Period: to
Emerging Conflicts
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Taliban, PLA/PLO, Hamas, Iran, Iraq, Gulf War -
Period: to
Rise of the Dictators
Russia
China
Italy
Spain
Germany -
Period: to
Heinrich Himmler
Born in Munich to a conservative Catholic family
Joined Nazi party in 1923
Takes part in the Beer Hall Push
Built a reputation as a good speaker and organizer
Head of the S.S.
Entrusted with carrying out the “final solution”
On May 20, 1945 he was captured by the Red army
He eats cyanide while in British custody on May 23, 1945 -
Period: to
Moroccan Crisis
i. British had given France, Morocco
ii. Wilhelm supports a campaign for Moroccan independence
iii. Highlights the strong rise of Germany
iv. Terrifies everyone
v. Eventually the resolution essentially maintains the status quo as France keeps Morocco and Germany keeps the Congo -
Russo-Japanese War
- Huge Victory for Japan & Devastating defeat for Russians
- Fighting over warm water ports in the Pacific
- Japan comes out of no where to destroy Russian fleet a. Hey, I need land and I’m going to keep going b. It’s all going to culminate in 1941 c. Gradually keep pushing out of their home islands as they expand out to create new empire
- Showed Russia was not as ahead as they thought
- Teddy Roosevelt will win the Nobel Peace prize for negotiating the peace terms of this
-
October Manifesto
i. Grants full civil rights
ii. Promised the duma real legislative power
iii. Allow Nicholas II to remain in power -
Bloody Sunday
a. Massive workers protest outside the Winter Palace & they want to share their demands
b. Attacked by Nicholas’ guards
i. 96 dead & 300 injured
ii. Bad PR when you have peaceful march and you get mowed down
c. Strikes
d. Peasant uprisings
e. Military is going to mutiny -
Period: to
Chief Advisor Piotr Stolypin
wants to bring western technology to Russia
aware that he must still be conservative – seems more open minded because of this
never able to get most people behind him
issues with increasing strikes and riots
he orders everyone to come down hard
military communal issued – lasting 4 days
nooses used were called Stolypin neckties because so many are executed during this time he wants to turn peasants into capitalists
1911 – assassinated while at the opera -
Triple Entente
Great Britain, France and Russia
Seen as a counterweight to the Triple Alliance -
Period: to
Balkan War
Increased tensions in Bosnia-Herzegovina - 1908
Holy Roman Empire annexed in 1908 - violation of treaty of Berlin
Bulgaria declare independence from Ottoman Empire
1. Series of Balkan Wars
2. They want to kick the Turks out
3. First time the Balkans are united against a common threat
4. Peace eventually restored
5. Highlights that Russia and Austrians are never going to get along -
Schlieffen Plan
German plan to invade
20 years old plan - a two-front war
Very carefully planned out but very exact timetable
Must make rapid assaults in Belgium as they move into France
Must defeat France within 6 weeks
Invading Belgium will spark a war so they must move quickly
Germany must defeat France during or fight a two-front war
The biggest concern is the British have a lot of troops (150,000)
Belgians mount hearty resistance - slowed them down & destroys the timetable -
Christmas Day Truce
On Christmas Eve in Flanders, Belgium
i. The British and French on one side – Germans on the other
ii. The Germans see lights go up and Christmas trees go up on both sides
iii. The Germans start singing “Silent Night” in German and the British start singing along
iv. The Germans stop singing and the British start singing “Oh, Holy Night” and the Germans join in
v. The next morning, they spend Christmas together
vi. They go into No Man’s Land and celebrate Christmas together -
July Crisis of 1914
- Austrian-Hungarians move against Serbs - Germany supports
- Russia must support the Serbs
- Nicholas II debates this – he doesn’t want to fight against Germany – after pressure from his advisors he does form an alliance with France and the UK
- Wilhelm II and Nicholas II (cousins) try to work it out through a series of telegrams and Willie and Nickie letters
-
Period: to
WWI
-
Period: to
Battles of Tananberg and Masurian Lakes
a. Small German troops slaughter the Russians
b. The Russians will lose 250,000 men
c. Russia is pushed out of German because of technological advancements compared to Germany
d. 92,000 Russian POW’s -
Sarajevo
i. Black Hand “Unification or Death”
1. Extremist group
2. Hate Franz Ferdinand
3. Triple Monarch - Austria, Hungary, Serbian Empire
a. The Black Hand sees this as threat to Serbian independence
ii. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
iii. There is not outpouring of grief
iv. Germany says they’ll support Austrian situation
v. Negotiations begin taking place with Serbians
vi. An ultimatum was support by the British
vii. Serbians will not give up their sovereignty -
Austrians declare war on Serbia
-
Germany declares war on Russia
-
Germany declares war on France and Invades Belgium
-
British declare war on Germany
-
Plan 17
Scheme of mobilization for the French army
Center an attack on a region known as assails Lorraine, which is a territory that is bounced back and forth between the French and Germans
Defeated at the battle of the frontiers & pushed back to the Marne River
British forces arrive in Northern France French Advantages
Better artillery shells – more of them – fire further
Germany also must worry about supply lines
Germans can only fly for 50 miles and the French can fly for 150 miles -
Period: to
First Battle of the Marne
Germany wants a rapid defeat of France
France led by commander Chief Josef Jaufrey saw a gap in the lines and ordered an attack
Battle goes back and forth ending in a slim victory for the Entente
Over 2 million men fight
Estimated at least 500,000 dead
Everyone shocked
Entire towns wiped out by the end of the year -
Period: to
Gallipoli Campaign
a. The British quickly realize that it’s not working
b. They decide a water battle won’t work and choose to land troops
c. A devastating loss for the British – Ottomans crushes them
d. Churchill is blamed for the entire thing and he is fired
e. Casualties
i. British – 489,000 men fight – 302,000 dead or wounded
ii. Ottomans – 315,000 men fight – 229,000 dead or wounded -
HMS Lusitania
- British ocean liner traveling from New York to Liverpool
- 1900 people on board
- Newspapers issued travel warnings due to this German unrestricted warfare
- Ships were also told to zigzag to confuse the U-boats
- The Lusitania captain does not heed the warnings
- Ship exploded, and it was hit by a torpedo – it sank off the coast of Ireland within 20 minutes – 1100 people died
- The U.S. will maintain that it was a neutral ship but it was carrying 173 tons of war munitions
-
Period: to
Battle of Verdun
German planning for this began in 1915
They didn’t think that the territory was that important, but they needed to kill as many French as possible
Their Motto began “To be bleed than white”
Full scale slaughter took place
Bodies are all over the battlefield and cannot be moved
Machine guns, barbed wire and flame throwers were all used
The battle becomes meaningless because the lines don’t change -
Period: to
Battle of the Somme
French national importance
The British have a plan, they think they can shell the German lines for one week, this would destroy the German lines and they can move in with the British troops
They hope the war will be a war of movement again
British will bomb German lines until July1st, and they think that all the Germans are dead
As the British move across No Mans Land, the Germans open fire
1.2 million casualties
one of the bloodiest battles in all human history -
Zimmerman Telegram
i. The U.S. decides to enter WWI because of the telegram from Germany to Mexico, intercepted by the British, who broke the code
ii. It proposed a German Mexican alliance iv. Germany wants Mexico to declare war on the U.S. in order to keep the U.S. out of the war in Europe
v. In exchange, Germany will help Mexico regain the lost territory in the Mexican American War -
U.S. enter WWI
-
February Revolution
i. Series of military defeats throughout 1916
ii. Things are very bad for Russia
iii. Cost of everything is increasing
iv. Not enough coal – people are freezing to death
v. Strikes are happening -
October Revolution
i. Provisional government had been censoring Bolshevik press
ii. Reds are on the move, they seize post offices, police stations, telegraph and finally the winter palace -
Period: to
Battle of Passchendaele
a. Third Battle of Ypres
b. British and French launched a massive assault near Flanders
c. They learn nothing from previous battles
d. Weather was bad – rained a lot – mud is a huge issue
e. French troops become very vocal about the issues
f. French Mutiny
i. Troops will defend France but will no longer partake in what they called suicide missions
ii. Fortunately, the Germans never catch wind of what’s going on and France will no longer do full frontal assaults because of this -
Treaty of Brest-Lestaf
a. Communists take over in December 1917
b. Lenin pulls out in February 1918
c. Treaty of Brest-Lestaf signed between Russia and Germany
d. Germany is granted massive land
i. Summer Offensive
1. Germany thinks that they have troops for a final push
2. Goal was to finally break through the trenches and make the war, a war of movement again
3. The British and French are going to say no -
Period: to
Red and White Civil War
i. Reds – Bolsheviks – communists
ii. Whites – literally everyone else who was not in support of Lenin
- Most influence in eastern and central Russia
iii. Lenin and Leon Trotsky will leave
iv. Execution of the Romanovs, July 17, 1918 - shot by firing squad, bodies covered in acid and placed in unmarked grave By 1920, whites are falling apart
War doesn’t end until 1922 but it’s essentially done in 1920, the Bolsheviks are in power -
Period: to
Second Battle of the Marne
i. Germans make a massive push & they fail
ii. They lack the reserves to keep going
iii. Beginning of the end
iv. Casualties
1. France – 95,000
2. British – 16,500
3. U.S. – 12,000
4. Germans – 139,000
v. Germans are now being pushed back
vi. Germany on the defensive, series of worker strikes going on in Germany and Austria
vii. Loss of men and materials
viii. November 1918, the German Navy is going to mutiny -
Armistice Day @ 11:11 a.m. - End of WWI
i. Germany accepted defeat
ii. Austrian-Hungarian and Ottoman Empire will collapse
1. U.S. – Veterans Day
2. Europe - Remembrance Day -
Paris Peace Conference
a. 14 Points
i. Very idealistic
ii. Open claims to government
iii. Evacuate Russian, Belgian and French territory
iv. Adjust the Italian border
v. Autonomous development of what had been the Austrian-Hungarian empire
vi. Turkey will gain sovereignty
vii. Poland will be independent
viii. League of Nations created -
Treaty of Versailles
- Only for Germany – not present at negotiation
- Germany would be disarmed
- They cannot have more than 100,000 men in their military
- Navy is going to be decreased to just a coast guard
- They will have no air force
- Germany will take full responsibility for the war & must pay the allies for it
- Germany was not invited – it is disastrous
- Germans – Hitler are confused as to why they lost the war because the war is not fought in Germany at all
-
United Soviet Socialist Republic
- Formally established
- not recognized internationally until treaty signed with Germany
- The U.S. will not recognize it as a government until 1933
- Because of this, it became increasingly isolated and bitter
-
Adolf Hitler elected Chancellor
Seizes opportunity
stating that communism is a big threat
given emergency powers
beings to install Nazi's slowly until everything is in control
Jews slowly moved out of society -
President Paul von Hindenberg dies - Hitler merges offices of President and Chancellor
-
Nuremberg Laws
a. Institutionalize Nazi racial theories
b. Marriage is not legal between a German and a Jew
c. Does not define a Jew as someone of religious belief, they are defined as anyone who had 3 or 4 Jewish grandparents
d. Reich citizenship was German blood only
e. Disagreements within the party
i. Radicals say – any Jews should be excluded from society
ii. Moderates say – there are various levels
f. Identification cards are issued for all Jewish and Romas -
Period: to
Holocaust
-
1936 Olympics
a. Germany holds Olympics in Berlin
b. Highlights German superiority and recovery
c. They do not allow Jewish athletes to participate
d. While the Olympics were going on, Nazi’s moderated anti-sentiment, they removed signs saying that Jews were not welcome
e. Hitler does not want international criticism -
Period: to
Spanish Civil War
i. King Alfonso VIII authorized elections
1. Overwhelmingly decided to end the monarchy
2. The Spanish Republic is proclaimed – dominated by socialists and middle-class liberals
3. Increasing concern in the military, especially that the communists were taking over
4. July 18, 1936 – Spanish garrisons rise up across Spain
5. Germany, Italy and American companies support Franco because he’s not a communist -
Period: to
Stalin's Purge and Show Trials
- Rounds of thousands of high and midlevel party officials and puts on show trials – verdict is already preestablished
- You are already guilty and publicly executed right away
-
Invasion of the Rhineland
a. Demilitarized zone near the Rhine river in western Germany
b. Violation of the Treaty of Versailles
c. France is the only one who seems to care
d. Everyone else is dealing with their own issues revolving around the Great Depression
e. France is unable to stop the invasion but continues to discuss these issues because they are the most threatened by an expanding Germany -
Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
- Chiang is forced to flea the capital of Neking
- Quickly loses control of the coast
- He’s going to go eventually to Taipei (now Taiwan) – he stays there and has a proxy government
- Japan is defeated in 1945
- Mao sets his sights on controlling all of China
-
Rape of Nanking
Japanese soldiers are going to seize the city of Manchuria
Begin murdering Chinese civilians
Perpetrate widespread rape and looting
Castrate the men following them having to witness the rape of their wives and their daughters
30,000-300,000 killed
Remains a tense issue between the Japanese and Chinese
Japanese maintains to this day that while violent acts were committed, there was no massacre -
Evian Conference
iii. Held in Evian France
iv. Discuss the number of Jewish refugees flooding into Western Europe and eventually wanting to get to the U.S.
v. An agreement between U.S. and British that they will not bring up the U.S. as a point of settlement. In return, the U.S. will not bring up Palestine as a possible area of settlement
vi. Australian representatives stated they do not have a race issue and are not about to import one -
Munich Pact
ii. Germany will get the Sudetenland and in return they won’t invade Czechoslovakia
1. Negotiations without the Czechoslovakians
2. Hitler won’t allow the Czech’s to be present
3. France is furious
4. Chamberlain (British Prime Minister) returns to England and states “we have peace in our time” -
Expulsion of Polish Jews
a. Polish Jews living in Germany were expelled back to Poland
i. Herschel Grynszpan – Jewish refugee of Polish descent and was raised in Germany – he kills the German foreign minister Ernest Von Roth in Paris, saying he was avenging Jewish persecution – makes it easier for the Germans to attack the Jews, see we told you that they’re trying to undermine the German regime, here is an example -
SS St. Louis
German ocean liner set sail from Hamburg
Majority of those on board are Jewish, nearly 1,000
All had been given tourist visas and had lottery numbers for the U.S.
June 2nd, they are forced to leave Havana and they slowly sail along the Florida coastline. The coastguard is called to prevent entry by those aboard from jumping overboard and trying to swim onto shore
They sail back to Europe, where France, England and Belgium are going to take the refugees -
Annex of Austria
a. Violation of the Treaty of Versailles
b. Nazis wanted to unite the nation
c. 90% of population of Austria speaks German
d. They’re happy together - Essentially, they vote, and say yes, let’s go be part of Germany
e. Hitler accompanied troops when they crossed border
f. British and Americans don’t really care German
g. France is concerned because Germany is clearly violating the Treaty of Versailles -
Kristallnacht
i. Night of Crystal – Night of Broken Glass
ii. Goebbels orders the attack by the S.A.
iii. Hitler and Hitler youth units take part
iv. 267 synagogues destroyed
v. 7,500 Jewish owned businesses were destroyed
vi. Most devastation in Vienna and Berlin
vii. At least 91 Jews were killed
viii. Burning of Berlin Synagogue symbol of the attacks
ix. Jews are fined for the damage and were not allowed to file insurance claims for the damage -
Germany Invades of Czechoslovakia
a. Nazi troops cross the border - met with little resistance
b. Evening of March 15th, Hitler was in Prague
c. Obviously and violation of the Munich Pact
d. Hitler used it as a negotiating ploy to delay the inevitable -
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Hitler and Stalin- Split eastern Europe into Soviet and German spheres of influence
- Poland becomes the tool they use
- Western Poland goes to Germany
- Eastern Poland goes to USSR
- Soviets will also get the Balkans
- Both are aware that this pact is stupid and is never going to last, it is just a delay tactic – we can hold off going to war with one another for as long as possible
-
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WWII
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Soviet-Finnish Winter War
i. Finland had territory that the Soviet Union wanted
ii. Finland has a very well-trained army
iii. Stalin thinks it’s going to be very quick
iv. Finland had a well defended border
v. December 1939 – Soviet’s invade
vi. The Red Armies only advantage is that they have more soldiers and they quickly overwhelm the Finns
vii. Finland is forced to surrender – February 1940 -
WWII Begins
i. Germany attacks Poland
ii. British and French declare war on Germany
iii. Germany moves quickly through Poland which is disconcerting to the Soviet Union
iv. Poland is defeated by the end of September -
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Battle of Britain
i. The fact the Britain never surrenders is miraculous
ii. Largest sustained bombing campaign in known history
iii. The Luftwaffe bombed airbases, civilians and factories iv. UK
1. Effective air raid system
2. Best pilots
3. Great commanders v. Germans
1. Don’t have a navy
2. Unprepared amphibious assault
3. Luftwaffe suffer heavy losses
4. Poor intelligence vi. UK’s success & turning point of the war -
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Occupied France
i. Paris fell June 14th
ii. Eight days later Paten signed an armistice with Hitler
iii. Germany annexed half the country
iv. The other half – Beshee France – Free Zone – puppet government – led by Patem
v. His good will only helped and destroys any of his international status after what happens
1. Resistance movement begins – led by Charles De Gaulle
a. Fled German control – resistance movement begins harassing German troops, particularly communications
b. Aided by the British -
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Belzec Camp
- South Eastern Poland
- One of the earliest camps
- Runs 1940-1943
- Killings do not start until 1942
- Estimated 434,500 Jews, Poles and Roma – most killed
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Period: to
Auschwitz-Birkenau
- The largest, most famous, and deadliest
- German-Polish border
- Established in 1940 as a Russian POW and labor camp
- At its peak, 12,000 were killed per day
- As soon as you left the train, you were sorted a. Dr. Josef Mengele – camp physician i. Iris coloration ii. Gangrene iii. Disease infection e. Liked to work with twins – identical twins – because they are genetically identical
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Germany invades France
- Nazi’s invade through Belgium
- Belgium immediately appealed to the UK for help a. Chamberland resigns b. Winston Churchill - Prime Minister May 10, 1940 c. Churchill goes to France d. Government has no idea what they are supposed to do e. Churchill immediately reports back to England that France will not be able to stave off the Nazi’s
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Dunkirk
Evacuation of British troops
Largest evacuation in known human history
Last port available to leave
Everybody with a seaworthy vessel is going to be called upon – fishing boats, yachts, lifeboats – all braved mines, bombs and torpedoes to get the soldiers out
Royal Airforce (RAF) resisted the Luftwaffe
Evacuation took place over a nine-day period
Ended June 4th, as the Nazi’s closed in
Nearly 200,000 British were saved, and 140,000 French soldiers made it to England -
Tripartite Pact
i. Signed between the Japanese, Nazi’s and Italians
ii. Completes the Berlin, Rome, Tokyo axis (axis powers)
iii. US immediately sanctions them when Japan has already left the League of Nations at this point
iv. They’re rising in power, because of their shortage of oil and natural resources they expand outward
v. Driven by ambition to displace the US as the dominant Pacific power
vi. Began attacks on the British and Americans in Asia,
vii. Seize resources in south and eastern Asia -
Lend-Lease Act
a. End the neutrality acts
b. Permits shipment of weapons and other materials to nations who defense was considered vital to American security
c. Initially on the British but expands to include Russians and China
d. Nazi’s begun to see US tanks and jeeps in the Soviet Union during Barbarossa
e. $11.1 billion to April 30, 1943
i. 1.9 – shipping, repairs, production facilities
ii. 1.6 – agricultural products
iii. 2.4 - industrial items
iv. 5.2 – munitions -
Operation Barbarossa
i. Lasts most of the war
ii. Largest land invasion in known history
iii. Nearly 3 million German soldiers will take place
iv. 150 divisions
v. 3,000 tanks
vi. Invasion of the Soviet Union
vii. “Surprise attack”
viii. Stalin had spies in Nazi Germany, and they told him the exact date that the German’s were going to launch Operation Barbarossa -
Pearl Harbor Attacked
-
U.S. declares war on Japan
-
Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.
-
Operation Torch
i. 1st big campaign in Europe
ii. Stalin had been pushing hard for western allies to open new front against Germany, Stalingrad is under siege and they really need the Germans to be focusing on something else
iii. British don’t feel they are strong enough to launch an attack
iv. Once US joined, commanders feel a US-British attack can launch
v. Churchill is still not sure
vi. FDR relents, agreeing with Churchill
vii. They decide to attack in North Africa -
Bataan Death March
i. The troops in the Philippines were rounded up and marched
ii. Walked 65 miles
iii. Broken into groups of approximately 100
iv. Takes 5 days for each group
v. Unknown number of men die in this journey but thought to be well into the thousands
vi. Taken into a POW camp where thousands more are tortured and die -
Battle of Midway
i. Effectively destroyed the Japanese naval strength when we destroyed 4 of their aircraft carriers
ii. “the most stunning and decisive blow in history of naval warfare”
iii. Japanese had hoped for an American defeat
iv. The US have excellent code breakers
v. 307 American soldiers killed, 1 carrier, 1 destroyer and 15 aircraft
vi. Japanese have 3,057 killed, 4 carriers, 1 cruiser, and nearly 250 planes -
Development of Zyklon B
– cyanide-based pesticide
1. Originally used as a rat poison
2. Discovered that if you mixed it with water, it turns into a gas
3. Used beginning in 1942 to kill many Jews at a given time
4. Becomes the number one way that Jews will be executed – they walk into showers and turn the water on – once the water mixes with the Zyklon B it turns into a gas and you die quite quickly -
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Battle of Stalingrad
Set their sights on Stalingrad - under siege for the next 3 years
German’s encounter Russian Winter
Stalingrad is nearly taken by the Germans, but Reds have more
Germany doesn’t invade
Russia is a huge country
Stalin had been preparing for Japanese invasion in the east – he takes all the troops from the east and sends them to the west – freaks out the German’s because they think that they are Japanese
Red army attacks north and south of Stalingrad
Nazis forced to surrender -
Period: to
Treblinka
- 50 miles from Warsaw
- Originally a transit camp
- 3 zones – reception area, living area, and a killing area with a place known as the Tube - Camouflaged path led from the reception area to the gas chamber which was labeled ‘showers’
- Between 870 and 925,000 killed
- Had a fake railway station so you were not sure where you were going when you arrived
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Wannsee Conference
German officials discuss the “final solution”
Breakdown how many Jews they think are in each country, estimated 11 million Jews will be eliminated
They outline the history of Jewish problem in Europe
Some will work and some will die
They treat Jewry as a disease
The Nuremburg Laws will determine who is a Jew and who is not
While not specifically said, the policy is aimed at the annihilation of the Jewish population -
Doolittle Raid
First airstrike by the United States on Japanese islands
Designed to provide moral boost for the US
Planned and led by Lieutenant James Doolittle
16 US air force B-25 Mitchell Bombers launched from the USS Hornet in the western Pacific Ocean
Some estimates say upwards of 250,000 Chinese civilians were executed by Japanese while searching for US servicemen -
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Battle of Guadalcanal
i. First major military campaign fought against Japanese by US
ii. On the South Solomon Islands which is near the Mariana trench
iii. Objective was to deny the use of Solomon Islands to Japanese to threaten supply and communication routes
iv. US overwhelmingly outnumbered by the Japanese
v. Several land and sea battles along with daily airstrikes
vi. Japanese forced to concede the Solomon Islands to allies
vii. Battle was a transition for the US from a defensive to an offensive -
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WWII May-September 1943
i. Erwin Rommel “The Desert Fox”
1. He faces troops led by Eisenhower and Paten (American) and then the British who command all of it (Berner Montgomery)
2. Defeat the Desert Fox in Africa
ii. In June Eisenhower formerly appointed commander of all US troops
iii. Between July and September – allies capture Sicily and Northern Italy
1. Benito Mussolini is overthrown and imprisoned
iv. Hitler is forced to send troops to defend the southern front -
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Casablanca Conference
i. Churchill & FDR
ii. Stalin is unable to attend
iii. Churchill wants to promote an invasion of Sicily and future military campaigns
iv. FDR wants to advance a policy of axis surrender
v. Outcome – they plan a combined bombing offensive against Germany, they will invade Sicily, begin preliminary discussions of Operation Overlord (D-Day)
vi. French resistance leaders also attend
vii. Hold a press conference and FDR announces the policy of unconditional surrender -
Period: to
Teheran Conference
Stalin, FDR and Churchill
Churchill’s objectives – necessity of the Mediterranean offensive,
Stalin wants to open a second front - going to gain increasing post-war territory
Normandy invasion - timed with a counterattack by the Red army
Stalin pledges to assist in the war against Japan following a Nazi defeat
Poland is discussed – possibility of dividing it up -
Period: to
Saipan
- Part of the Mariana islands
- Airfields would allow B-29’s within striking distance of the Japanese mainland
- Also known as the battle of the Philippine sea
- Largest aircraft battles in history
- Significant because it is the US’s first instance of realization of the Japanese war psyche – death over surrender
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Period: to
WWII February - May 1944
February, German aircraft production centers become targets of massive bombing campaigns by the US army air corps.
600 US bombers began raiding Berlin
Germany maintains weapons and Luftwaffe
By June, allies have captured Rome
By November, Hitler is aware of the threat of invasion
Hitler put Rommel in charge of defensive operations
Rommel oversees planning of the Atlantic wall
January, Eisenhower appointed commander of Operation Overlord and leads a massive deception by the allies -
Period: to
Battle of Leyte Gulf
- Led by Douglas McArthur – his return to the Philippines
- The first time that we really see the Kamikaze Attacks a. Essentially suicide attacks – pilot guided missiles b. Kamikaze means “Spirit went” in Japanese c. If you are going to die, or say that they shot at your plane, you are going to nosedive your plane into a ship and use it as a bomb d. 15,000 American and 65,000 Japanese casualties
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D-Day
Led Germans to think the Norway was another potential location
They use fake equipment, use a phantom army led by Paten, double agents and fraudulent radio transmissions
Launch 5,000 ships & landing craft carried 56,000 men and supplies from England. More than 11,000 planes mobilized to provide them with air cover
Amphibious invasion began at dawn
156,000 allied troops had successfully destroyed Normandy
4000 allied troops die, thousands or more missing and wounded -
Liberation of Paris
French resistance revolts against Beshee.
Liberated by Patens 4th infantry division and Frances 2nd division.
Hitler had ordered the destruction of the city, but his German officers refused, believing that Paris was too pretty
Paris is one of the few cities in all of Europe who wasn’t really touched during WWII, where London and Berlin were essentially leveled
Charles de Gaulle lays the liberation down the Chan del lize
Paris had been under occupation since June 14th, 1940 -
Firebombing of Dresden
i. Dresden is the capital of Saxony region - Industrial center
ii. 4 raids
iii. 722 heavy RAF bombers, 527 heavy US bombers
iv. Drop nearly 4,000 high explosive bombs and firebombs
v. Fire storm destroys 15 square miles
vi. Between 22 and 25,000 will be killed
vii. Civilian deaths make this controversial -
Yalta Conference
i. Stalin, FDR and Churchill meet in Kremia
ii. Approve France as an occupying power
iii. Settle unresolved issues r/t United Nations
iv. Stalin wanted USSR to be guaranteed a sphere of influence and collect reparations from Germany
v. Divided Germany up into four zones - USSR, UK, US and France
vi. Poland’s post war battles still point of contention
vii. Agree to give portion to Soviet Union
viii. Declaration of the Rights of Europe signed -
Red Army Liberates Auschwitz
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Philippines Campaign
- Largest army that the US will commit - 1.2 million
- Defended by 530,000 axes
- When it is over, Manila is completed destroyed, as well as the capital of the Philippines
- The navy blew up the harbor and destroyed its old city
- Gorilla warfare will continue throughout the rest of the war by Japanese troops because they refuse to surrender
-
Period: to
Iwo Jima
- Small little rock in the middle of the Pacific Ocean
- Strategic as it makes a good airstrip to get to Japan
- Perfect for B-29’s
- Japanese have heavy fortifications there
- Bunkers, hidden artillery, underground tunnels
- The battle will last 6 weeks
- Incredibly bloody
- One of the few battles where US casualties exceed that of Japan
- US will have 7,000 dead and 24,000 wounded
- Japanese will have 20,000 out of 30,000 are going to be killed
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Okinawa
i. The war in Europe has ended when Okinawa starts
ii. Final land battle of WWII
iii. Island was supposed to be used for planned US invasion
iv. Outlying island of Japan
v. Bloodiest battle of the pacific
vi. Last 82 days of brutal warfare
vii. Japanese are going to use Gorilla tactics, kamikaze attacks and underground tunnels
viii. Devastating
xii. They were already hesitant of this Japanese invasion
xiii. Aware of this idea that Japanese would rather die than do anything -
U.S. liberates Buchenwald
over 20,000 prisoners -
Mussolini Executed
tied upside down and people throw rocks and spit at him -
Hitler kills himself and his dog
-
Italy Surrenders
-
Berlin Surrenders
-
Victory in Europe Day
i. Allies accepted unconditional surrender ending formally the 3rd Reich
ii. Channel Islands (part of England) had been occupied by the Germans – surrender May 9 -
Period: to
Potsdam Conference
i. Held in Germany
ii. Atley, Truman and Stalin- British want to guarantee free elections in Poland
- Stalin wants to promote a puppet government in Poland
- Truman wants to involve Soviet Union in war in the Pacific
- Council foreign ministers
- Soviet Union given a lot of power in Poland
- Detailing terms of surrender for the Pacific
- Stalin told of a new weapon – as Truman is leaving
- Stalin agrees that the Soviets will join the war in August
-
Hiroshima Bombing
- Enola Gay and “Little Boy” – Captain Lieutenant Kernel Paul Tibbets – named after his mom – he always told his mom, don’t worry, I’m going to come home – this was his tribute to her, that she would always be with him
- Little Boy was boarded onto Tibbets plane on the Tinian islands in the Marianas
- Leave Tinian at 2:45 am
- Little Boy is dropped at 8:16 am
- Explodes 1900 feet over a hospital in Hiroshima
-
Nagasaki Bombing
- Soviet Union declared war
- “Fat boy” loaded into Charles Sweeney’s Bockscar
- Nagasaki is not the original target – original target was Pakora
- List of 10 cities – 4 of them most preferable because there weren’t any American POW camps
- 7:50 am Air raid siren goes off, but nothing happened
- By 10:50, they thought that is must have been recognizance planes that had tripped the wire
- 11:01 am “Fat boy” is dropped in the Nagasaki industrial valley - 1,539 feet above ground
-
Japan Surrenders
i. Emperor Hirohito agrees to terms of surrender
ii. Not an unconditional surrender
iii. He also gives a statement to the Japanese people, essentially saying that he is not all powerful
iv. His speech and concession are given in English and not Japanese, so it’s not really revered by the Japanese
v. The imperial head is still there
vi. Japan cannot provide their own military
vii. They can have a small national guard, but the US oversees their defense -
Period: to
Battle of the Bulge
i. Major German offensive launched through the densely forested region of Arden’s, on the border of France, Belgium and Luxembourg
ii. Caught allied forces off guard
iii. Costliest battle that the Americans will face
iv. Battle where the US are the primary participants
v. Severely depleted German resources causing a break in the lines
vi. Beginning of the end for the Nazi’s
vii. Catastrophic casualties
viii. US are going to be successful -
Mountbatten Plan
Formally creates the independent India, which will be Hindu and an independent Pakistan, which is Muslim -
India's Independence
i. Aftermath there is an explosion of violence – hundred of thousands are killed, nearly 5 million refugees
ii. The battle is still to control an area known as Kashmere, in the northern tip – it is part of India, but is primarily Muslim – Pakistan would like the land because it is rich in natural resources -
Creation of Israel
i. British control Palestine and increase in conflicts between following WWI there was a massive influx of Jewish immigration
ii. Decolonization, they withdraw from the region in 1947
iii. UN agrees to create a Jewish state of Israel which is done as an immediate reaction to the Holocaust
iv. Palestinians oppose
v. May 14, 1948 – Creation of Israel
vi. 900,000 Palestinians flea/expelled after declining partition
vii. Increased bitterness towards Israeli’s, the British and the U.S. -
People's Republic of China
- Mao institutes sweeping reforms a. Great Leap Forward i. Catchup with more advanced nations ii. 5 Year Plan
- Promotes agriculture and technology
- Wants to become more self sufficient
- Fields are destroyed for factories
- Imprisons or kills anyone who challenges b. Effects i. At first, the reports are promising but after 3 years there are a series of bad harvests ii. Massive Famine
- Estimated 40 million people died of hunger
-
Elmina Castle - Ghana Independence
-
Palestinian Liberation Army/Organization (PLA/PLO)
i. Founded by Yasser Arafat
ii. Established 1964
iii. Originally a terrorist organization
iv. Evolved out of a group known as Black September which Yasser Arafat also founded
1. Munich Olympics Massacre, 1972
a. Execution of the Israeli Olympic team
b. Yasser Arafat helps with the planning
c. Book and documentary - “On day in September” -
Period: to
6 days War
i. Syrian and Egyptian armies amassed on their borders
ii. June 5th the Israeli’s launch surprise attack
iii. destroyed most of the Syrian, Egyptian and Arabian air force
iv. Israel takes over the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza strip, the west bank, east Jerusalem, and the gold heights
v. The Israeli’s show that they are one of the preeminent military forces and they have selected as being one of the most well-trained military in the world -
Bangladesh Independence
i. Originally when it was divided into India and Pakistan – Pakistan was two separates with an entire country in between
ii. Both are Muslim but there is a thousand miles between which makes it rather difficult
iii. They also have different language and ethnic background, social customs which led to the rise of tensions in the 1960’s
iv. Declares independence in 1971 -
Yom Kippur War
ii. Forces led by Syria and Egypt launch an attack
iii. Israel was successfully counterattacked
iv. Closing in on Cairo and Damascus when a cease fire is reached
vi. Palestine Question
1. 1987 – Intifada took place
2. Palestinians launched an uprising against Israeli rule
vii. 1993 Agreement at Camp David
1. Between and Israel and the PLO
3. Israeli’s recognize Yasser Arafat as leader of the Palestinians
4. Palestinians will be granted self-rule in Gaza and the west bank -
Struggles in Pakistan
i. Switched between both a civil and military rule
ii. Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq ruled from 1977-1978, he overthrew the government in 1976 and imposed martial law, he aided the Afghans during the Soviet invasion
iii. He develops close ties with the U.S.
iv. Dies in a plane crash
v. Nuclear Weapons
vi. 170 million people – expected to grow to 250 million by 2030
vii. Afghan refugees in Pakistan -
Struggles with Bangladesh
i. Political stability has remained elusive for them
ii. Number of political assassinations, revolts
iii. Concerns include the increasing rise in extremists and ordered killings by the government
iv. Problems with natural disasters – country settled on the Ganges delta – they are subject to annual monsoons, tornados, and cyclones
v. Issues dealing with population – 8th most populated country – 160 million people – most densely populated in the world, as well as one of the poorest -
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
i. Russia’s Vietnam
ii. A lot of comparison to the U.S. being in Afghanistan and not being able to formally pull out
iii. Travel culture and struggles with a centralized government
iv. Soviet Union imposed military and social reforms
v. Economic measures make things worse which lead to revolts
vi. Revolts were eventually violently crushed
vii. Estimated 1 million Afghans died
viii. 8,000 public executions -
Iranian Revolution
i. Shah – Mohammed
Close ally with the U.S. since WWII
We helped overthrow the previous regime
Iran was one of the twin pillars in the middle east
1979 – Ayatollah overthrow the Shah
Caused oil disruption leading to energy crisis in U.S.
Shah seeks asylum in US
Iranian militants seize U.S. Embassy taking 52 hostages
Following signing of the Algiers Accord, the hostages are released in January 1981 -
Period: to
Saddam Hussein
- Iraq’s dictator
- Ruthless
- Ordered invasion of Kuwait
- Kuwait is tiny country
- Oil rich and is an ally of the U.S.
- U.S. issues UN sanctions pushed by George H.W. Bush
- 31 nations opposed Iraq’s invasion
- U.S. issues largest commitment there
- Half million troops, 1800 aircraft, 100 ships
- Saudi Arabia – led by King Faud invited American troops to protect the kingdom from possible Iraqi invasion
- Voted to congressional support
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Period: to
Gulf War
- UN fights the war
- UN set deadline of January 15, 1991 for Iraq to withdraw, called the line in the sand
- February 23 – ground war launched – lasts 100 hours before Iraq collapsed
- Bush rides a massive (brief) popularity – will not win the election
- War has been criticized because it stops short of toppling Saddam Hussein, who is seen as a fatal flaw for what will transpire later
-
Taliban
i. When there was power backing, Taliban emerged
ii. Promised to restore peace and security with their own version of Islamic law
iii. Controversy - Black mark on Reagan’s administration
iv. Taliban were fighting against the Soviet’s throughout the 1980’s and the U.S. helped arm the Taliban’s defense
v. The enemy of the enemy is my friend
vi. Using the weapons that they received in the 1980’s and 1990’s
vii. Afghanistan became sanctuary for members of Al Qaeda -
Hamas
i. Radical Sunni Muslim political party
ii. Won most of the Palestinian legislature in 2006 – taking control from the PLO
iii. 2007 seize control of the Gaza strip