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Urbanization
-Mean Growth of cities.
-the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban
-What caused urbanization is industrialization and immigrants moving into America. -
Industrialization
-The large-scale introduction of manufacturing, advanced technical enterprises, and other productive economic activity into an area, society, country.
-it’s take place in Late 1800s
-workers lived in company towns which meant a shorter commute to work,forced to buy goods from the worker store,worked long hours with little pay -
Indian Removal
-The Indian Removal Act was the action of removing Indians from the lands East of the Mississippi River. The plan was finished by moving the Indians to what is now Oklahoma.
-It’s take place at The places east of the Mississippi River.
-Andrew Jackson and Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. -
Manifest Destiny
-sea to shining sea; the belief that the U.S. should own all territory between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
-the belief that it was God's plan to that the U.S. should extend all the way to the Pacific Ocean
-The United States thought that Manifest Destiny meant that they had the God-given right to take the land. -
Homestead Act
-For a $10 fee an individual could register for land available to settle (160 acres). If that person farmed, built a house, or otherwise improved the land they got the title in five years. Very hard work but the land was worth it to many.
-In 1862 congress passed the homestead act offering 160 acres of free land to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household.
-to gives public land to people in the West -
The Gilded Age
-A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twin, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era
-The influx of Europeans shifted to mostly eastern and southern immigrants,
Germany, Ireland, (trying to get away from poverty and disease that were in their homes), and China (following the gold rush)
-1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor -
Susan B. Anthony
-A leader who fought for suffrage and other rights for women and African Americans
-Devoted to the women's right movement; made speeches and organized state and national conventions on women's rights; collected signatures for a petition to grant women the right to vote and own property
-think women deserved the right to vote -
Populism & Progressivism
-progressivism is a reform movement to eliminate the abuses of American life which were created by rapid industrialization and urbanization
-the three progressive presidents are Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson
-Progressive Amendments are 16, 17, 18, 19 -
Civil Service Reform
-The effort to establish a system for selecting government employees based on merit as indicated by competitive examinations. reduce reliance on the patronage or spoils system
-Congress took action in the 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service
-this Act is an 1883 federal law that created the United States Civil Service Commission. It eventually placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system." -
Haymarket Riot
-It is the aftermath of bombing that took place at a labor demonstration.
-it start by protest rally turned into riot.
-the Cause is People wanted an eight hour work day. -
Dawes Act
-Federal law that attempted to break up reservation
-Authorized the President of the U.S. to survey American Indian tribal and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.
-Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted U.S. citizenship.
-Wanted Indians to assimilate into white culture
-Unsuccessful; Alienated Indians from each other & took lands from Natives. -
Andrew Carnegie
-led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry
-philanthropist
-dominated the steel industry by 1890
-by 1900 the Carnegie Steel Company was producing one-third of the nation's steel
-built Carnegie Hall -
Eugene V. Debs
-Head of the American Railway Union
-labor leader arrested during the Pullman Strike
-Debs ran for president five times between 1900 and 1920. In 1920, he campaigned from prison where he was being held for opposition to American involvement in World War I. -
William Jennings Bryan
addressed the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, giving his famous speech.The electrifying speech won Bryan the presidential nomination at age thirty-six.
-It has become known as the "Cross of Gold" speech. He won the democratic nomination. They compromised with the Democratic party by nominating their own candidate for vice president under William Jennings Bryan.
-William Bryan vs. McKinley McKinley won because he got the votes of business owners, banks, republicans. -
Klondike Gold Rush
-Many people traveled to find gold.
-an attempt by an estimated 100,000 people to travel to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between 1897 and 1899 in the hope of successfully prospecting for gold.
-Some miners discovered very rich deposits of gold and became immensely wealthy. However, the majority arrived after the best of the gold fields had been claimed and only around 4,000 miners ultimately struck gold. -
Initiative & Referendum
-Key components of direct democracy that are among the political reforms that came about during the progressive era
-Initiatives : citizen-led proposals that get on the ballot after a certain number of signatures are obtained on a petition
-Referendum : Legislator proposes a law, voters vote on it -
Theodore Roosevelt
-the 26th president
-known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War
-was a member of the Republican party.
-New Yorker assigned to the Civil Service Commission by B. Harrison -
Ida B. Wells
-the lynching of blacks outraged her, an african american journalist. in her newspaper, free speech, wells urged african americans to protest the lynchings. she called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores.
-She wrote pamphlets called, "Southern Horrors: Lynch Law" and "Mob Rule in New Orleans."
-an early supporter of women's suffrage (voting rights for women). IN 1913 she refused to march at the back of a white delegation of women at a suffrage demonstration -
Dollar Diplomacy
-Taft's policy that favored investment of money into Latin America - "dollars for bullets"
-term used to describe the effort of the United States to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.
-It began with Roosevelt forced through the building of the Panama Canal and ensured it would be under the control of America for a price -
Pure Food and Drug Act
-Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.
-A United States federal law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous patent medicines.
-Arose due to education and exposure from Muckrakers and researches. -
Nativism
-the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.
-the belief that native born whites were superior to newcomers
- Antiforeignism
- the favoring of native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants.
- Immigrants many which were Irish and German were viewed as culturally and religiously exotic hordes and nativists gave them a rude perception.
- afraid of being outbred/outvoted by the original Anglo-Saxon. -
Muckrakers
-The nickname given to young reporters of popular magazines. These magazines spent a lot of money on researching and digging up "muck," hence the name muckrakers. This name was given to them by Pres. Roosevelt- 1906. These investigative journalists were trying to make the public aware of problems and corruption that needed fixing.
-Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public
-A person who exposes Social Evil. -
Upton Sinclair
-Muckraker who wrote The Jungle - exposing the meat packing industry
-Sinclair wanted to aim for peoples hearts to explain what actually happened in the meat packaging industry. He wanted the people of Chicago to know what actually happened.
-The meat packing industry started in the Early 1900's. The book "Jungle" was publishes Febuary 26, 1906. -
16th Amendment
-Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.
-Passed in 1913 by Woodrow wilson, was first progressive era amendment.
-It affected less than 5% of the population because of the huge gap in the wealth distribution. -
17th Amendment
-Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.
-Senators no longer appointed by state legislatures. Now to be directly elected by citizens.
-Establishes the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote. -
Federal Reserve Act
-An act passed in 1914 that legalized a US financial system that involved 12 federally operated district banks that were supervised by the Federal Reserve Board.
-This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency.
-a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply -
18th Amendment
-Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.
-Bryan's national campaigning helped Congress pass the Amendment in 1918.
-National prohibition -
Suffrage
-West became a symbol of political equality
Western women won state by state. Women were working in the field so it made sense that suffrage took place there.
-the right to vote
-Speech to Senate on Suffrage : Gave a speech that supported women getting the right to vote. -
19th Amendment
-June 4, 1919 declared in force by the secretary of state August 26 1920
-guaranteed women the constitutional right to vote
-consistent with the values and goals of Progressivism because it expanded democracy -
TeaPot Dome Scandal
-Secretary of the Interior (Albert Fall) leased government land in California and at Teapot Dome, Wyoming to 2 oil executives- Fall became the first Cabinet official to be sent to prison
-one of The three oil reserves involved in the scandal
-Albert Fall, in his position as Secretary of the Interior, leased Elk Hill (California ) and Teapot Dome ( Wyoming) two public petroleum reserves, to private companies backed by Doheny and Sinclair -
Clarence Darrow
-A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.
-Defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial. He argued that evolution should be taught in schools.
- He earned fame defending the values of science and modernism in the 1925 Scopes Trial. -
Jane Addams
-the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes
-won worldwide recognition in the first third of the twentieth century as a pioneer social worker in America, as a feminist, and as an internationalist.
-was a leader in the woman's suffrage and pacifist movements, and was a strong opponent of the Spanish-American War. -
Immigration & the American Dream
-The widespread belief that the United States is a land of opportunity and that individual initiative and hard work can bring economic success.
- a national ethos of the US (--> an idea that is central to the American national character)
- a set of ideals (democracy, rights, liberty, opportunity, and equality)
- the ideal of freedom freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity -
Political Machines
organizations whose main goals were the rewards (money, influence, prestige) of getting and keeping power
-known for fraud and bribery
-provided relief, security, and services to voters
-popular in immigrant societies -
Third Parties Politics
-in the US, any party other than one of the two major parties (Republican and Democratic) is considered a minor party, or third party
-they introduce new ideas and/or press for a political issue
-they often revolve around a political personality (ex. Theodore Roosevelt)
