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Werner Heisenberg (5 DEC 1901-1 FEB 1976) - 1925 (Quantum mechanics)
The quantum theory of the early 1920's was modeled an atom as having electrons in fixed quantized orbits around a nucleus. Heisenberg objected to this model, and began the creation of quantum mechanics that relied only on properties that could be observed. With the help of colleagues introduced matrix based quantum mechanics using position and velocity. Ref:
Heisenberg, Werner. "Quantum-Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinematic and Mechanical Relations" July 29, 1925. University of Göttingen. -
Werner Heisenberg (5 DEC 1901-1 FEB 1976) - 1927 (Principle of Uncertainty
In 1927 Werner Heisenberg stated that the position and the velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time, even in theory. The significance of this lies in small masses of atoms and subatomic particles. This is because an attempt to measure precisely the velocity of a subatomic particle will knock it unpredictable, making the measurement invalid.
Ref:
W. Heisenberg: Uber den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik and Mechanik. Zeitschrift für Physik.1927 -
Werner Heisenberg (5 DEC 1901-1 FEB 1976) - 1932 (Nobel Prize in Physics)
In 1932 Werner Heisenberg received a Nobel Prize in Physics for his theory on Matrix Based Quantum Mechanics. The Principle of Uncertainty, and his Quantum Mechanics model offered an explanation for discrete energy states through matrices, and led to the discovery of Allotropic forms of Hydrogen.
Vid on Quantum Mechanics:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpwZgOumTrs
Ref: Heisenberg, Werner. "Quantum-Theoretical Reinterpretation. of Kinematic and Mechanical Relations" July 29, 1925. Göttingen -
Werner Heisenberg (5 DEC 1901-1 FEB 1976) - 1942 (S-Matrix)
In 1942 Werner Heisenberg released his first paper of a three-part series on the scattering matrix, or S-Matrix, in elementary particle physics. The S-matrix described the states of incident particles in a collision process, the states of those emerging from the collision, and stable bound states. However it didn't reference intervening states, because he used the same principle of observation as he did in his Quantum Physics.
Ref:
W. Heisenberg. "Theory of Elementary Particles". 23 Dec 1955