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Stanford B. Dole
-His relation w/ the U.S., him and his family made the Dole pineapple company
-Effects played a prominent & active role in the overthrown of Queen Liluokalami Government(1900-1903)
-connections-family had pineapple plantations
-Led the provisional Gov. while it worked out plans for the U.S> to annex the island during the Spanish American War -
The Influence of sea powers upon history
-captain Alfred Thayer Mahan , a lecturer in naval history
-it was an analysis of the importance of the naval power
-naval power-having a nations entire military organization for sea warfare and defense -
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Henry Cabot Lodge
-Henry was Republican U.S senator
-Henry Lodge had a strong Navy which resulted in a relationship w/ Theodore Roosevelt, later differed in domestic matters
-Theodore Roosevelt & Henry Lodge wanted to introduce the U.S. to imperialism like the European country's -
USS Maine
-in 1898,USS Maine was sent to Havana to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban revolt against Spain
-Although the explosion remains unknown , the Hearst & Pulitzer News paper blamed the Spanish for sabotage-Yellow Journalism
-the sinking of Maine set off a fire storm making the people protest in the U.S. -
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Spanish American War
-Americas support of Cubans &Filipinos against Spanish rule
-location of military action .Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico ,Guam, & Asia pacific
-The effects of the peace treaty. The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of 20 million from the U.S. to Spain &the U.S. became a world power
-The navy was being created as a large defense -
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Expanding World Power
-In this time period, America changes their view from internal expansion and domestic issues to becoming a global force, both economically and militarily. -
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Theodore Roosevelt-Rough Riders
-Assisting secretary of the navy Theodore Roosevelt raised a volunteer force known as the "rough riders" acting with other army regiments. they defeated Spanish forces at San Juan hill in Cuba. -
Open Door Policy
-Cause: they wanted to build and Empire
-United States did not have a sphere of influence of economic activities
-Protect American businessmen & inventors that Americans would shut out of China by the Europeans powers
-U.S. participation wold oppose any attempt by other nations to use the rebellion as an excuse to dismember China -
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Theodore Roosevelt
-Roosevelt became president after McKinley was assassinated.
-his slogan"speak softly and carry a big stick"said because he was sending the greatly expanded the system of national parks and national forests.
-Teddy spent periods of time hunting in N.Dakota badlands seeing how over hunting and grazing damaged the land and game animals he tried to stop as president. -
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Panama Canal
-Colombia owned it first
-Reasons they needed the canal was because it provided a new route for international trade and military transport.
-22k people died
-Roosevelt sent U.S. warships to panama to protect rebels and take action,after this happened panama gave complete control of a 10 mile strip to build the canal -
Roosevelt Corollary
-The Roosevelt corollary was an addition to the Monroe doctrine.
-Roosevelt wanted to create and informal America empire in Latin America as a means of competing with the increasing imperialism of European nation.
-The Roosevelt corollary justified American intervention throughout the western Hemisphere.
-It helped keep European nation out of america affairs in north and south america. -
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Dollar Diplomacy
- purpose was to promote foreign policy goals
- intended gov. make America more money -took place in Caribbean region (central &South america) -U.S. banks banned money to Latin American countries if they couldn't repay the loans U.S. marine were sent in to assure repayment by force
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World War 1
-Central powers consist of Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the ottoman empire
-allied powers are Serbia, Russia, France, the united kingdom, Italy, Belgium, Bosnia,and the united states.
-the cause of the war the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 -
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Weapons of total war, D
-Tanks were developed for protection while in battle from machine gun fire.
-Many of the tanks broke down before they got them to work well.
-airplanes- Early forms were typically unarmed and used in the reconnaissance role until personal weapons were added and bombs for trenches. -
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Weapons of total war, C
-Canned food in WW1 could be transported safely, survive trench conditions, and not spoil .It was developed for preservation and helped feed millions of soldiers.
-Poison gas was used to injure and kill entrenched defenders.This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century. -
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Weapons of total war ,A
- U-boats submarines were used by Germans during ww1, they used them to sink british cruisers along with mines, between oct-1916-Jan , 1917 there was a grand total of 1.4 million tons of allied shipping destroyed along with mines. -Mines/land and water based were used during ww1 as sort of like a bomb , land mines were triggered by contact and water mines energized a battery to explode. Germany laid 43,000 mines resulting in the sinking of ships and U Boats killing people.
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Weapons of total war ,B
-machine guns could shoot hundreds of rounds of ammunition a minute, these machine guns were one of the main killers in the war. This was why the trench warfare started.
-Trench warfare were used as protection from the enemy's fire arms due to machine guns and were sheltered from artillery. -
Sinking of the Lusitania
-The inking of the Cunard Ocean liner RMS Lusitania occurred during the first World War ,as Germany waged submarine Warfare against the United Kingdom of Great Britain &Ireland the British royal navy blockade Germany -
German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
-Germany declared the area around the British isles a war zone , which all ships would be attacked by the German navy. A string of attacks on merchant ships followed, culminating in the sinking of the Lusitania by a German U-boat .
-the incident prompted U.S. president Woodrow Wilson to send a note to the German government demanding an end to German attacks against unarmed merchant ships, and the German navy commanders, did not accept this degree of passivity, and continued. -
Sussex Pledge
-The Sussex Pledge was a promise mad in 1916 during WW1 by Germany to the U.S. prior to the lattar'n entry into the war. Early in 1915 Germany had instituted a policy of unrestricted ships, but not passenger ships to be torpedoed without warning. -
Zimmerman Telegram
-The Zimmerman Telegram was an internal diplomatic communications issued from the German foreign office in January, 1917 that proposed a military alliance b/w Germany & mexico in the event of the United States entering world war 1 vs. Germany -
Espionage Act
-The act was designed to crush subversion and silence critics of the war. For those convicted of aiding the enemy obstructing military recruitment, protesting, conscription, or say or doing anything to impede the war effort.
-The maximum fine was up to $810,000 and 20 years in Federal prison. -
Fourteen point plan
- The fourteen point plan ideas were distributed would wide by the government writing for George Creel in the american committee on public information. -millions of copies of booklets and pamphlets that explained Wilson's plans were distributed to allied nation:and dropped from planes above Germany -Allies agreed to accept the fourteen points as the basis for the country peace negotiations if Wilson would agree to two reservations.
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American Expeditionary Force
-The commanding general was John J. Pershing
-the AEF's nickname was "dough boys"
-They had more then 500,000-1,000,000 men, the AEF sustained about 320,000 causalities and 204,000 wounded during the war
-U.S. divisions were deployed with french and British units to gains combat experience by defending relatively quiet sectors of their lines.The AEF helped push the allied powers toward victory under the command of general John J. Pershing. -
Battle of the Aragonne Forest
-Battle in 1918 near the Belgium border
-there was 600,00 soldiers and 40,000 of artilary
-it shattered the German defenses -
Alvin York U.S
-Actions he took was ordered to take his squad on surprise attack against an emplacement of German machine guns capture 132 German soldiers and officers
-His heroic help lead to the battle of Argonne Forest to Sargent
-Honors and awarded the congressional medal of honor -
Schenck Vs. U.S.
-Charles Schenck was convinced for distributions literature that encouraged men to resist the draft in WW1
-Schenck claims 1st amendment was violated
-court ruled there were limits to freedom of speech like "clear & present danger" and shouting "fire" in a crowded movie theater which is not protected by the 1st amendment -
Supreme Court
-Issue: the first amendment violated when congress makes a law that punishes opinions against the war.
-Congress passed a law called the Espionage Act which said that during wartime obstructing the draft was crime
-The court ruled that there is limits to free speech, free speech is not protected from falsely should "fire" a crowded theater and causing panic.The first amendment did not protect words that create a "dear and present danger" -
Treaty of versailles
-the treaty's terms was Germany to ta take the blame Germany had to give up land to France and 4 other countries, Germany had to pay for all the reparations and the German army was limited to 200,000 men.
-The league of nations was created.
-The U.S. saw this treaty as an unfair punishment,so Woodrow Wilson proposed 14 points.
-the us was offered to join the league but turned it down because of foreign affairs so the U.S went into isolation until the stock market crash. -
League of Nations
-inter government organization as a result of the Paris peace conference.
-purpose was to maintain world Peace
-weakness lacked there own armed forces they depended on the great powers but they were reluctant to help
-The league severely weakened when several major powers, such as the U.S. and Russia, failed to join it.
- League proved incapable of preventing aggression by axis powers and countries started withdrawing from the league -
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
-Mahan influenced the US military policy
